Sodium Borate Research Articles

Influence of size of Ag NP on spectroscopic performances of Eu3+ ions in sodium borate glass host

In this contemporary technological world, Eu3+ ions doped metal nanoparticles embedded amorphous materials are receiving overwhelming interest due to their potentiality in developing LEDs and solid-state lasers for photonic devices applications. Due to which, in the present investigation, we made an attempt to enhance the spectroscopic performance of Eu3+ ions in the proposed glasses. A new set of Eu3+ ions doped Ag NPs precipitated sodium borate glasses were fabricated using a simple conservative melt quenching method. The results of XRD support the glasses' amorphous phase by exhibiting a large diffuse ring at 20–40°. The optical absorption spectra results reveal that the observed absorption peaks originated from 7F0 and 7F1 ground states to various excited states of Eu3+ ions and as usual the observed SPR peak induced by Ag NPs underwent regular red-shift. The presence of spherical and well-dispersed Ag NPs in the glass matrix was confirmed by HR-TEM images. PL emission spectra of the studied glass samples showed that the highest peak emission intensity for NLE-1 glass, and also observed that the enhanced peak intensities for all NLE glasses with precipitation of Ag NPs. This PL intensity improvement is due to the transfer of energy from small clusters of Ag NPs to Eu3+ ions. The yield of the 5D0→7FJ emissions is demonstrated utilizing the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram. In addition, the emission of Eu3+ ions has been analyzed using the Judd-Ofelt emission theory.

Experimental investigation of zinc sodium borate glass systems containing barium oxide for gamma radiation shielding applications

Sodium zinc borate glasses doped with dysprosium and modified with different concentrations of barium oxide (0–50 mol %) were fabricated using the melting quenching technique. The structural properties of the prepared glass systems were characterized using XRD and FTIR methods. The absorption spectra of the prepared glasses were measured to determine their energy gap and their related optical properties. The density of the glasses and other physical parameters were also reported. Additionally, with the help of Photon Shielding and Dosimetry (PSD) software, we investigated the radiation shielding parameters of the prepared glass systems at different energy values. It was found that an increase in the density of the glasses by increasing the concentration of BaO significantly improved the gamma ray shielding ability of the samples. For practical results, a compatible irradiation set up was designed to check the shielding capability of the obtained glasses using a gamma ray source at 662 keV. The experimentally obtained results strongly agreed with the data obtained by PDS software at the same energy. These results demonstrated that the investigated glass system is a good candidate for several radiation shielding applications when comparing it with other commercial shielding glasses and concretes.

A study of alkali polyphosphate/borate/carbonate for high temperature lubrication of silicon steel using ball-on-disc tests

For hot metal forming at high temperatures, lubricant is required to reduce friction and wear, as well as improve the product surface quality. Inorganic compound has been regarded as a candidate to replace the traditional oil/water lubricant for the forming process. Friction and wear behaviour of three inorganic compounds, including sodium polyphosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium borate were evaluated under ball-on-disc tests at high temperature for high speed steel/silicon steel counterparts to simulate the hot rolling process. The results show that all the three compounds can reduce the friction and wear. Sodium polyphosphate is more corrosive with the oxide scale than others, which is believed to contribute to the descaling of red scale of silicon (Si) steel. Mechanisms by which the inorganic compounds improve the tribological behaviours were discussed here. Simulation results indicate that the molecules of sodium polyphosphate and sodium borate show a much higher binding energy on the iron oxide surface than that of sodium carbonate. The binding energy is mainly contributed from the ionic and the covalent interactions. The ionic part comes from the interaction between the Na+ cations and the oxide surface, while the covalent part comes from the chemical bonds between Fe and oxygen of the lubricants. Both of them contribute to the adhesion of the lubricants on the steel surface and are vital to the friction and wear performance of the lubricants.

Microwave Heat Treatment to Manufacture Foam Glass Gravel


 
 
 
 Abstract 
 The paper aimed at the experimental manufacture of a foam glass gravel type by sintering at over 900 ºC a powder mixture composed of recycled glass waste (92%), sodium borate (6%), kaolin (0.3%), silicon carbide (1.7%) and water addition (12%). The originality of the work was the application of the unconventional technique of microwave heating through a predominantly direct heating procedure. The product foamed at 908 ºC had a very fine porous structure (pore size between 0.05-0.20 mm) and a compressive strength above the usual level of foam glass gravels (7.8 MPa). The apparent density of 0.28 g/cm3 corresponding to a bulk density of 0.20 g/cm3 and the thermal conductivity of 0.075 W/m·K ensures the thermal insulating character of the material required for use in the specific field of applications of foam glass gravel. The manufacturing process had an excellent energy efficiency, the specific energy consumption decreasing up to 0.70 kWh/kg.
 
 
 

Acoustical parameters of sodium borate metallic glass - Na2CO3-B2O3-Na2O

In recent decades, one of the very popular and kind of advanced materials is Metallic glasses. Metallic glass materials can easily versatile for their manufacturability with plastics because of their complex shapes. Presently, Glassy alloys pivotan extraordinaryexploration in the worldwide community of metals.In this paper we have presented about Sodium Borate Glass-(Na3bo3) nature, glasses in the system Na3bo3, by melt quenching technique has been prepared. The structural investigation has been carried out by X-Ray Diffraction studies. Debye temperature and Elastic properties have been analyzedby utilizing measurements of sound velocity. The purpose of Na2O in the B2O3is to change the host structure by changing the borate network structural units from BO3 to BO4. Sodium diborate is a type of borate glass. Borate glass of this typeattractsmany researchers attentionbecause of their improved optical and electrical properties. Infra Red spectroscopy is one of theviabletools for the local arrangements structure resolution in glasses. The UVvisible optical analysisis used to study about the optical spectra. These results are utilized to find the refractive index of glasses and optical band gap.

Spectroscopic Properties and Judd-Ofelt Analysis of Eu3+ doped Ba-Na-B Glasses for Photonic Applications

In this work, barium sodium borate glasses doped with europium ions were fabricated by melt-quenching technique with the compositions of 10BaO:25Na2O:(65-x)B2O3:xEu2O3(where x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mol%). The density, molar volume and refractive index were carried out at room temperature. The densities of the Eu3+-doped glass samples are around 2.6663 to 2.7850 g/cm3, the molar volumes are around 28.5337 to 29.3455 cm3/mol and the refractive indexes are around 1.5379 to 1.5624. The absorption spectra, recorded in the UV-Vis-NIR region from 350 to 2500 nm, showed the highest peak at 393 nm (corresponding to the 7F0→5L6 transition) in Vis region. The emission spectra, observed with 394 nm excitation wavelength, showed the peaks centered at 590, 613, 652 and 700 nm (corresponding to the 5D0→7F1, 7F2, 7F3 and 7F4 transitions, respectively). The luminescence lifetimes were found to be 1.948, 1.938, 1.924, 1.913 and 1.901 ms for 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mol% of Eu2O3 doped in the glass samples, respectively. The color coordinates of the emitted light for all glass samples were found to be (0.65, 0.35) in the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram (located in reddish orange region). The emission spectra showed that the glass with 1.5 mol% of Eu2O3 provided the highest peak for all glass samples because of the concentration quenching effect. Judd-Ofelt analysis was also employed in this work to investigate the radiative properties of the glass samples.

Nonlinear optical, optical limiting and radiation shielding features of Eu3+ activated borate glasses

Effect of trivalent europium ions on optical nonlinear and limitng features of antimony sodium borate gasses was studied at 532 nm using Z-scan method with pumping under nanosecond laser pulses. The Z–scan profile of studied glasses in open aperture configuration showed two photon absorption which is because of reverse saturable absorption. As the Eu2O3 concentration is elevated in the composition, the two–photon absorption coefficients were increased while the opposite trend has been noticed in optical limiting threshold values. This endorse, the high Eu3+ doped antimony sodium borate glasses are potential materials for fabricating the optical limiters to work in visible region for the safeguard of delicated instruments and also human eyes from high energy laser radaitions persuaded damages. Further, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) revealed the incorporation of Eu2O3 enhances the LAC and thus an improvement on the shielding competence of the fabricated glasses occurs with the addition of Eu2O3. The effective atomic number (Zeff) results showed that the maximum interactions between the photons and the atoms of the glasses occurs at 0.122 MeV and the glass samples have a good blocking ability to the photons. The half value layer (HVL) found that to reduces as the Eu3+ content elevated to higher level in the composition. The radiation shielding factors showed that SNBEu2 glass with the 2 mol % of Eu2O3 is the superior shield out of the fabricated SNBEux samples.

Borate mineral loading into acrylic bone cements to gain cost-effectivity, enhanced antibacterial resistivity, and better cellular integration properties

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), called as bone cement, has been used in implant surgery, initially in dental practices, then in arthroplasty surgery for decades. Bone cement is a highly preferred chemical in the field of orthopedics due to its bone-like hardness and mechanical strength. Meanwhile, antibiotic-loaded cements are used in joints and similar surgeries are generally due to the risk of infection. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of borate mineral loading into bone cement on enhancing the antibacterial resistivity and cell integration as well as retaining mechanical properties. Moreover, the incorporation of minerals into bone cements makes them much more cost-friendly biomaterials for surgical operations. Herein, antibacterial properties were evaluated by using vancomycin- and gentamycin-susceptible strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus whereas cell viability tests were performed by osteoblast cell lines. Three sets of the bone cements, plain, calcium borate-, and sodium borate-loaded, were prepared through commercial procedures and subjected to mechanical, antibacterial and cell viability tests. Percentage deformation determined by compression tests under 0.100 MPa pressure was determined in the range of 12.58%–10.67% in respect to the amount of sodium borate mineral loaded whereas that was determined in the range of 12.54%–9.87% in respect to the amount of calcium borate mineral loaded. Micro-CT results also supported good mineral integration and structural features of the composite bone cements. Furthermore, mineral incorporation enhanced the cell viability, in other words, cellular integrity, up to 101.28% for sodium borate-loaded (NB75, 7.5 g mineral) and 72.04% for calcium borate-loaded (CB75, 7.5 g mineral) bone cement according to the negative control group, fresh culture medium. As a conclusion, both of these minerals could be classified as promising alternatives for developing bone cements with better antibacterial resistivity and cellular integration properties.

Development of a Simple and Sensitive Pre-column Derivatization HPLC Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Miglitol Intermediates

In the synthesis of hypoglycemic agent miglitol, the quantitative analysis of two key intermediates, N-2-hydroxyethyl glucamine and 6-(N-hydroxyethyl)-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-L-sorbofuranose, has long been a challenge. In this study, derivatization reagents were screened, and then a novel HPLC method coupled with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatization was developed for the quantitative analysis of the two miglitol intermediates. The derivatization was performed by reacting Fmoc-Cl and the intermediates at a molar ratio of 16:1 and sodium borate at a final concentration of 0.2 mol/L at pH 8.0, 35 °C for 40 min, followed by the addition of 1.5 times the volume of acetic acid (0.1%, w/v). The analysis was achieved on Hypersil ODS2 (4.6 mm × 250 mm) column applying an isocratic mobile phase containing acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid aqueous solution (45:55, v/v) at 0.8 mL/min flow rate and an injection volume of 10 μL. The analyte was detected at 254 nm. The method showed good linearity, precision, and accuracy. It was capable of detecting both intermediates at low concentrations. Interestingly, we found that a small amount (> 5%) of N-2-hydroxyethyl glucamine was not converted to 6-(N-hydroxyethyl)-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-L-sorbofuranose in the biotransformation. This method was reliable and efficient for the analysis of miglitol intermediates.

Viscosity of the Sodium–Borate Melts Containing Mechanically Activated Samarium, Europium, Erbium, and Thulium Oxides

Viscosity of the Sodium–Borate Melts Containing Mechanically Activated Samarium, Europium, Erbium, and Thulium Oxides

Efficacy of Eu3+ on improving the near–infrared optical nonlinearities and optical limiting properties of antimony sodium borate glasses

Efficacy of Eu3+ ions nonlinear optical and optical limiting performances of antimony sodium borate gasses was investigated and discussed in detail. Nonlinear optical absorption and refraction features were evaluated in open and closed aperture Z–scan modes, respectively. The open aperture Z–scan profiles of the glasses demonstrated a reverse saturable absorption behaviour attributed to two photon absorption. The closed aperture Z–scan profiles exhibited positive type nonlinear refraction due to self–focusing effect. The two photon absorption coefficients demonstrated an increasing trend while the optical limiting threshold values demonstrated a decreasing trend as the function of Eu3+ concentration in the composition. This improved two photon absorption and decreased OL threshold coefficients with respect to Eu2O3 concentration in the compositions endorse the glasses as contending materials for the fabrication of optical limiters, which are promising use for protection of eyes and other sensitive instruments from laser induced damages.

Metastable Equilibria of the Quinary System NaCl + Na2CO3 + Na2B4O7 + KCl + K2CO3 + K2B4O7 + H2O at 273.15 K

The metastable phase equilibria of the quinary system NaCl + Na2CO3 + Na2B4O7 + KCl + K2CO3 + K2B4O7 + H2O were studied at 273.15 K using an isothermal evaporation method. The solubilities and densities of the equilibrated solution in this system were determined. On the basis of the experimental data, the stereo metastable phase diagram and the projected phase diagram saturated with the salt Na2B4O7 of the quinary system at 273.15 K were constructed. In the space diagram there are seven crystallization fields corresponding to the crystalline phase regions of KCl, NaCl, K2B4O7·4H2O, Na2B4O7·10H2O, Na2CO3·10H2O, K2CO3·3/2H2O, and K2CO3·Na2CO3·12H2O. The projected phase diagram saturated with sodium borate consists of five crystallization fields, seven univariant curves, and three invariant points. The five crystallization fields correspond to NaCl, KCl, K2B4O7·4H2O, Na2CO3·10H2O, and K2CO3·Na2CO3·12H2O. The forms of sodium and potassium borate are Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O and K2B4O5(OH)4·2H2O, respectively. The forms of potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and double salt are K2CO3·3/2H2O, Na2CO3·10H2O, and K2CO3·Na2CO3·12H2O; comparing with the phase diagram of the subsystems containing sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, they have the same crystallization forms.

Electrolysis of iron with oxygen gas evolution from molten sodium borate electrolytes

ABSTRACT Molten oxide electrolysis can be used to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from ironmaking. In this paper, we electrochemically decompose iron oxide (Fe2O3) into iron (Fe) and oxygen (O2) using boron trioxide and sodium oxide (B2O3–Na2O) as the molten oxide electrolyte at 1000°C that is less than the temperature of other molten oxide electrolysis. The formation of Fe at the cathode and O2 at the anode is identified by analysing products from both electrodes. The results suggest that the cathodic current efficiency of electrolysis at 2 V is about 54.7%, energy consumption is about 5.27 kW h kg–1 of Fe at 2 V electrolysis, and purity of the reduced Fe was more than 97 mol.%. With respect to the process temperature and product yield, B2O3–Na2O molten oxide has potential as a supporting electrolyte to reduce Fe2O3 to Fe without consuming any carbon.

Effect of composition on structural evolution and NMR parameters of quadrupolar nuclides in sodium borate and aluminoborosilicate glasses: a view from high-resolution 11B, 27Al, and 17O solid-state NMR

In this study, using 11B, 27Al, and 17O 3QMAS NMR spectroscopy, we investigated the compositional effect on the structures (particularly, topological evolution of boron species and their spatial proximity) and the NMR parameters of B, Al, and O configurations in binary sodium borate and sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses in NaBSiO4–NaAlSiO4 and NaBSi3O8–NaAlSi3O8 joins. Noble structural findings of the current study include the two distinct [4]B species in sodium borate glasses with low alkali content and the presence of Na–O–B peak in NaAl0.25B0.75SiO4 glasses. The proximity between [3]B and [4]B in NaAlSiO4-NaBSiO4 glasses was revealed via 11B double quantum MAS NMR. The changes in quadrupolar coupling constants and isotropic chemical shift for diverse coordination B and Al environments and oxygen clusters provide improved insights in the effect of composition on the changes in the 2nd nearest neighbors environments and the extent of topological distortion.

Development of bismuth sodium borate glasses for radiation shielding material

Abstract Glass samples of the bismuth sodium borate (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 mol%) have been prepared in laboratory by melt quenching technique. The radiation shielding properties including the mass attenuation coefficient, the effective atomic number, the effective electron density and the half value layer (HVL) of glass samples have been measured by using the gamma ray from radioactive source Ba-133, Na-22, Cs-137 and Co-60 at the energies 356, 511, 662, 1173 and 1332 keV for these experiment and those were compared with theoretical approach by WinXCom program. The results found that, the mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number, and effective electron density were increased with the increase of Bi2O3 concentrations, and those values were decreased with the increasing of gamma-ray energies. The glasses in this work showed good radiation shielding properties by providing less the HVL than some standard shielding materials at 662 keV of gamma ray

Whole-rock trace element analyses via LA-ICP-MS in glasses produced by sodium borate flux fusion

Abstract Trace elements provide crucial information about the origin and evolution of the Earth. One common issue regarding their analyses is the reduced analyte recovery during hot plate acid digestion for some geological samples. To overcome this, alkali fluxes (e.g., Lithium borate) have been used to produce an homogeneous synthetic glass that can be used then for both X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In this sense, we developed a method for LA-ICP-MS whole rock trace element analyses in glasses prepared by mixing high-purity sodium tetraborate and rock powders at high-temperature. We selected six international reference materials including peridotite (JP-1), basalt (BRP-1), kimberlite (SARM-39), pyroxenite (NIM-P), diorite (DR-N) and andesite (JA-1). Glasses were produced in a fully automatic fusion machine with step heating. Run products analyses were carried out on a Thermo® Element2 SF-ICP-MS coupled to a New Wave Research® Nd:YAG (213 nm) laser ablation system and on a Thermo® Element XR ICP-MS coupled to an Analyte G2 (193 nm) LA system. Results show that glasses are homogeneous and there is good agreement (generally > 90%) between our data and literature values for most trace elements, including large ion lithophile elements (LILE), high-field strength elements (HFSE) and rare-earth elements (REE).

Determination of folic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect chemiluminescence detection.

A capillary electrophoresis method with on-line inhibited chemiluminescence (CL) detection was first used to determine folic acid (FA). This method was established based on the quenching effect of FA on the CL reaction of luminol with a Ag(iii) complex in alkaline medium. The separation was conducted with a 20.0 mM sodium borate buffer containing 1.0 mmol L−1 luminol. Under optimized conditions, FA was baseline separated and detected in less than 10 min. The limit of detection of FA was 1.3 mg L−1, with a linear range of 5.0–150.0 mg L−1 (r = 0.9953). The RSD value was 2.8% for intra-day precision and 5.4% inter-day precision. The recoveries of the standard addition of tablets and human urine ranged from 90.3% to 107.5% and from 82.0 to 105.7%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine FA contents in commercial pharmaceutical tablets and human urine samples. Results suggested that this method was simple and robust.

Thermodynamic Modeling of Boron Species in the Ternary System Na2O-B2O3-H2O at 298.15 K

The solubilities; concentration of four boron species B(OH)3, B(OH)4−, B3O3(OH)4−, and B4O5(OH)42−; and H+ (OH–) in the system Na2O–B2O3–H2O were calculated with the Pitzer model. The boron species B5O6(OH)4− was not considered in the model calculation. The calculated solubility and pH data are in accordance with the experimental results. The Pitzer model can be used to describe the experimental values. The distributions of the four boron species in the solution were obtained. The mole fractions of the four boron species are mainly affected by the ratio of B2O3 and Na2O in the solution. The dominant boron species in the solution saturated with different salts vary greatly. The results can supply a theoretical reference for sodium borate separation from brine.

Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt By Electrowinning from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Molten Salt Electrolytes

Electrodeposition of metals is of wide interest with application in several fields such as electroplating, electrorefining and electrowinning (EW). Particularly, electrowinning is used in the fabrication of commercially pure copper and zinc, with approximately 20% of the world refined copper (Cu) produced by this process. One of the main advantages of EW is the high purity achieved of the final product. Electrowinning has been implemented recently as one of the final steps in the hydrometallurgical recycling process of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to recover some of the valuable metals present in the battery such as cobalt and nickel.This work describes advances in the recovery of metals from spent LIBs, by using a two-phase molten salt of sodium borate/sodium chloride at high temperature. The study takes advantage of the versatility of the molten salts used as electrolytes - sodium borate’s easiness for dissolving metal oxides, and sodium chloride as the chosen electrolysis media. For the study, two different cathode chemistries were used, NMC 111 and NCA. The electrolytic cell comprises of a gas-tight vertical tube furnace under argon atmosphere, possible in a single-vessel configuration by utilizing the immiscibility of the two liquid phases used (see Figure 1). The experiments are conducted in a three-electrode setup, using graphite (C) as counter electrode, and tungsten (W) as pseudo-reference and working electrodes. The process operates within the temperature range of 800-900℃, where both salts are in liquid state. The reduction potentials were applied stepwise using chronoamperometry to record the current output. Cyclic voltammetry was used beforehand to corroborate the reduction potential for each metal, and to compare it to the reported ones by Amietszajew et. al. The plating potentials and recovered metals quality are reported (see Figures 2-3), indicating successful process proof-of-concept.Evaluation of the energy efficiency of the process and purity of the deposited metals is compared with the current commercial processes for metal recovery employed to recycle batteries from portable devices. The system demonstrates stability, and gives the possibility to be used in joint with other metal recycling sources and process. It has the possibility to solve some of the issues related to the hydrometallurgical methods including significant amounts of water waste, sulphates by-products presence and toxic acids resulting in highly detrimental effects on the environment. The reduction in energy consumption and hazardous gases generation that the common pyrometallurgical process adds to the advantages. Furthermore, the method developed is inclusive of a range of metals, which is of high importance considering the growing and future complexity of the battery waste stream. Figure 1

Observation of structural, spectral characterizations and correlation of physical parameters on VO<sup>2+</sup> ions doped Cadmium Lithium Sodium Borate glasses

A series of quinary 0.1 mol% VO2+ doped Cadmium Lithium Sodium Borate (CLNB) glass system with varying alkali (Li2O/Na2O) content were prepared by the classical melt quenching technique. The current research was carried out to observe the physical, structural and spectral parameters alter with the variation of alkali content in nonlinear manner. Physical properties such as the oxide ion polarizability ), optical basicity of prepared glass (th), Yamashita and Kuroswa’s interaction parameter ) and the third order nonlinear optical polarizability (c(3)) are calculated by compared with altering the alkali mol% and also correlate them with each other. Physical parameters are varying in non-regular pattern and were substantiated to presence of the mixed alkali effect in glass system. No sharp peaks were exhibited in XRD pattern and suggest that the prepared VO2+ doped CLNB glass systems possess the amorphous nature. FTIR spectra of glasses are revealed about the functional groups existed and bonding linkages between them. Optical absorption and EPR spectra of the vanadyl ion doped CLNB glass systems are confirmed the site symmetry of the dopant ion as tetragonally compressed octahedral site symmetry. The evaluated molecular bonding coefficients values are confirming the bonding nature of dopant ion.