Sodium Bicarbonate Concentration Research Articles

The Optimization of the Concentrations of Sodium Lactate (Nal), Sodium Erythorbate (Nae), and Sodium Bicarbonate (Nab) Applied to Beef Trimmings for Ground Beef Production

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to identify optimal concentrations of NaL, NaE and NaB applied to beef trimmings to assess their impact on quality of ground beef patties.Materials and MethodsBeef trimmings (∼50kg) were fabricated from beef forequarters (N = 5) 14 d postmortem, combined and aerobically stored (5°C) for an additional 6 d to simulate the collection, storage, transportation and receipt of a combo of beef trimmings. A 23 central composite response surface design (RSM) was used to generate 15 treatment combinations containing NaL (0.1–1.5 M), NaE (0.1–0.6 M), and NaB (0.1–1.5 M) with water used as a control. After aerobic storage, the beef trimmings (∼20% fat) were coarse ground (12 mm) and the treatment/control solution applied to the coarse ground trimmings (∼454 g) at 2% (w/w). The trimmings were reground (3 mm) and 120 g of treated sample was placed into a Petri dish and overwrapped with oxygen permeable film (OTR: 21,700 cc/m2/24h at 25°C) to form patties. The patties (2 per treatment/control) were stored under simulated retail conditions: 5°C, cool white fluorescent light (200–300 lux) and analyzed at Day 0, 3, 6, and 9 of storage to assess the effectiveness of each treatment in preventing further quality deterioration. Objective color (L*, a*, b*), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) determinations, GC–MS for off-odor assessment and aerobic plate counts (APC) were conducted. The least squares means of results were generated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD to identify significant differences (P 11 and TBA values < 0.52.ConclusionResults of this study suggest that a combination of NaB, NaE, and NaL can be applied to improve color stability, reduce lipid oxidation, and control off-odor of ground beef patties.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate residue on some characteristics of processed meat products

Using sodium bicarbonate (SB) in cooking meat products is a controversial subject. The aim of this study was to estimate an effect of different SB concentrations on the quality characteristics and organoleptic properties of meat in Kubideh Kebab, an Iranian popular meat product. Ground meat was divided into four groups (a, b, c, and d). After that, SB was added in ratio 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 g/kg respectively. A sample without SB was considered as a blank sample. The Kebab samples were prepared and cooked properly at 350°C for 4–6 minutes and at 450°C for 2–4 minutes. A significant difference was observed in the pH values and the cooking loss between the blank sample and those Kebab samples that were cooked at 350°C and 450°C and pre-treated with SB in the amount of 0.25–2.00 g per 1 kg of meat (P &lt; 0.05). The amount of residual bicarbonate ions increased significantly in the cooked Kebab samples at both treatment temperatures in the a-d group in comparison with the blank sample, as well as between the groups (P = 0.00). The organoleptic properties did not change in the a-d groups in comparison with the blank sample.

FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF FLOATING TABLETS OF CLOPIDOGREL BISULPHATE USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

Objective: The present study aimed at designing of floating matrix tablet of clopidogrel bisulphate by design of experiments.Methods: The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K15 (HPMC) as a matrix polymer and sodium bicarbonate as a gas generating agent. In order to optimize the concentration of HPMC (X1) and sodium bicarbonate (X2), a 32 full factorial design was employed. The tablet formulations were evaluated for floating lag time (Y1), floating or buoyancy time (Y2), percent water uptake, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in vitro drug release (Y3).Results: The formulation variables, HPMC concentration, and sodium bicarbonate concentration exerted a significant effect on floating behavior and drug release characteristics of the tablet. The optimized formulation, with 15% sodium bicarbonate concentration and 30 % HPMC concentration resulted in 5±2.6 sec of floating lag time, 22.0±0.6 h of floating time and 42.0±0.99% of clopidogrel bisulphate release in 8 h of dissolution study. The drug release mechanism was identified as nonfickian. The water uptake studies revealed that with an increase in HPMC concentration, there was an increase in swelling index of tablet whereas higher sodium bicarbonate concentration supported the faster erosion of matrix tablets. DSC study revealed no interaction of drug and polymers. The lower percentage error between predicted and observed responses of the optimized formulation validated the design.Conclusion: The study demonstrated successful designing of floating clopidogrel bisulphate tablet with factorial design.

Formulation development and optimization of orally disintegrating tablets of montelukast sodium by Design- Expert

Purpose: To prepare orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) of montelukast sodium using Design-Expert for improved patient compliance. Methods: Central composite design was selected to delineate and optimize the formulations. Concentrations of crospovidone (X 1 ) and sodium bicarbonate (X 2 ) were selected as the variables, and responses were based on friability (Y1) and disintegration time (Y2). Varying amounts of super disintegrating agents and effervescent bases were used with microcrystalline cellulose to prepare montelukast sodium ODT. Results: Carr’s index of montelukast sodium was 4.76±0.075, indicating the good compressibility of powder. Whereas the Carr’s value for microcrystalline cellulose and mannitol were 30.14±0.021 and 22.41±0.053 respectively. The FTIR spectra indicated that there were no major shifting and loss of functional groups in drug and excipients blends. Formulations were evaluated, check point batch (CPB, F2) was selected using Design-Expert. The friability of CPB tablets was found to be 0.27 ± 0.085; hardness, 4.96 ± 0.093 kp; wetting time, 28 ± 0.17 s; disintegration time (DT), 28.34 ± 1.78 s; and drug release, 85.5 % within 5 min. Conclusion: The ODT of montelukast sodium has successfully been formulated by direct compression and optimized within a short period, thus demonstrating the suitability and stability of the formulation. Keywords: Direct compression, Montelukast sodium, Orally disintegrating tablets, Super-disintegrants, Design Expert, Crospovidone

Sodium bicarbonate regulates nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage cell lines stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ

Macrophages are known to play pivotal roles in host-defense through inflammation via both innate and acquired immune systems, and so on. In an earlier paper, we showed the influence of the type of culture medium, Ham's F-12 or DMEM, on activated macrophage phenotypes induced by LPS and IFNγ. The production of nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-1β, as well as the induction of superoxide-generating activity of J774.1/JA-4 cells was different depending on the type of culture medium. In this present study, we showed that sodium bicarbonate concentrations in these culture media, 14 mM in Ham's F-12 and 44 mM in DMEM, were crucial to explaining the differences in the induction of activated macrophage phenotypes, especially in that of iNOS. A concentration-dependent change in pH did not result in any remarkable difference in iNOS expression or NO production. Moreover, high sodium bicarbonate in culture medium increased not only NO production but also TNFα production in the activated macrophages. These results suggest that sodium bicarbonate would be a regulatory factor of NO and TNFα production in macrophages and that its concentration has a crucial role in macrophage activation.

Physico-chemical and compositional analyses and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural concentration as indicators of thermal treatment intensity in experimental dulce de leche.

This Research Paper addresses the hypothesis that the type of dulce de leche formula affects formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) during production and storage. Milk and sweetened condensed milk are products in which the Maillard reaction (MR) defines important characteristics such as colour and taste. There are few studies on the effects of pH, time, concentration, and sugar type on the formation of HMF or other MR markers in DL. Four formulas (varying in the addition of sodium bicarbonate and the type of sugar) were analysed for moisture, lipid, protein, ash, carbohydrate, water activity (Aw), and soluble solids. We found low variability in physicochemical and compositional attributes, but an elevation of HMF indices throughout the manufacturing. We determined that the addition of glucose and the use of relatively high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate caused these HMF indicator increases. These results inform DL research and production by the dairy industries and the scientific community, and highlight the importance of control in manufacturing.

FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF GASTRO RETENTIVE BILAYER FLOATING TABLET OF FAMOTIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE

The present study aims to formulate bilayered tablets of famotidine hydrochloride with a fast release layer using sodium starch glycolate, cross povidone and a sustaining floating layer using polymers like HPMC K100M and HPMC K15M by effervescent approach. The release characteristics were studied on the basis of gel forming polymer, methocel with different concentration of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. The in vitro buoyancy and floatability were found to be optimum in combination of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and methocel at concentration of 13 mg, 6 mg and 90 mg respectively. The drug release from floating tablets was found to be 93.87% for F1 with methocel K15M. The drug release was sustained for a period of 20-24 hours. When compared different grades of methocel (K100M and K15M), the methocel K15M (low viscosity grade) provided better-sustained release characteristics with excellent in vitro buoyancy. The IR study reveals that there is no any possible interaction between drug and excipients used for such formulation. The data from release studies were fitted in different models viz. zero order, first order and Korsemeyer’s equation. The result indicated the coupling of swelling and diffusion mechanism so called as Fickian diffusion of famotidine from floating tablets. Keywords: Bilayered tablets, Fast release layer, Floating layer, Polymers: HPMC, K100M, HPMC K15M, Methocel, Citric acid, Sodium bicarbonate, Famotidine hydrochloride.

Potential of using sodium bicarbonate as external carbon source to cultivate microalga in non-sterile condition

In this study, a saline-alkaline tolerant microalgal strain was isolated and identified as Chlorella sp. LPF. This strain was able to grow at pH values up to 10 and at salinities up to 5%, and tolerated to 80 g L−1 of sodium bicarbonate. The utilization of bicarbonate as carbon source significantly promoted microalgal growth and lipid production. In the non-sterile cultivation supplying with 80 g L−1 of sodium bicarbonate, the microalgal growth had no difference with their growth in the sterile medium; however, the bacterial growth was suppressed and the cell number decreased to low levels after six days cultivation. This study gives an insight into the potential that using high concentration of sodium bicarbonate as external carbon source to cultivate microalga in non-sterile condition, and suggests a possibility of using bicarbonate as growth promoter and antibacterial agent for the microalgal outdoor cultivation.

Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR-ICU): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial

Acute acidaemia is frequently observed during critical illness. Sodium bicarbonate infusion for the treatment of severe metabolic acidaemia is a possible treatment option but remains controversial, as no studies to date have examined its effect on clinical outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether sodium bicarbonate infusion would improve these outcomes in critically ill patients. We did a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial. Local investigators screened eligible patients from 26 intensive care units (ICUs) in France. We included adult patients (aged ≥18 years) who were admitted within 48 h to the ICU with severe acidaemia (pH ≤7·20, PaCO2 ≤45 mm Hg, and sodium bicarbonate concentration ≤20 mmol/L) and with a total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of 4 or more or an arterial lactate concentration of 2 mmol/L or more. We randomly assigned patients (1:1), by stratified randomisation with minimisation via a restricted web platform, to receive either no sodium bicarbonate (control group) or 4·2% of intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusion (bicarbonate group) to maintain the arterial pH above 7·30. Our protocol recommended that the volume of each infusion should be within the range of 125-250 mL in 30 min, with a maximum of 1000 mL within 24 h after inclusion. Randomisation criteria were stratified among three prespecified strata: age, sepsis status, and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) score. The primary outcome was a composite of death from any cause by day 28 and the presence of at least one organ failure at day 7. All analyses were done on data from the intention-to-treat population, which included all patients who underwent randomisation. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02476253. Between May 5, 2015, and May 7, 2017, we enrolled 389 patients into the intention-to-treat analysis in the overall population (194 in the control group and 195 in the bicarbonate group). The primary outcome occurred in 138 (71%) of 194 patients in the control group and 128 (66%) of 195 in the bicarbonate group (absolute difference estimate -5·5%, 95% CI -15·2 to 4·2; p=0·24). The Kaplan-Meier method estimate of the probability of survival at day 28 between the control group and bicarbonate group was not significant (46% [95% CI 40-54] vs 55% [49-63]; p=0·09. In the prespecified AKIN stratum of patients with a score of 2 or 3, the Kaplan-Meier method estimate of survival by day 28 between the control group and bicarbonate group was significant (37% [95% CI 28-48] vs 54% [45-65]; p=0·0283). [corrected] Metabolic alkalosis, hypernatraemia, and hypocalcaemia were observed more frequently in the bicarbonate group than in the control group, with no life-threatening complications reported. In patients with severe metabolic acidaemia, sodium bicarbonate had no effect on the primary composite outcome. However, sodium bicarbonate decreased the primary composite outcome and day 28 mortality in the a-priori defined stratum of patients with acute kidney injury. French Ministry of Health and the Société Française d'Anesthésie Réanimation.

Optimasi Formula Tablet Effervescent Dispersi Padat Meloksikam Menggunakan Desain Faktorial

&#x0D; An effervescent tablet of meloxicam solid dispersion has been developed for geriatric patients who have difficulty swallowing. The objective of this research was to know the optimum concentration of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate which produce the best effervescent tablet. A 2² factorial design was applied to investigate the effect of two factors: concentration of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate (effervescent materials) on hardness, dissolve time, and %drug released t30. Citric acid (6-18 mg) was used as acid source and sodium bicarbonate (18-105 mg) was used as base source. Software Design Expert trial version 10.0.5. was used to determine the optimum formula. The result showed that all formula satisfied the limit of hardness 2-4 kg/cm2 and friability &lt;1%, but only formula (1), b, and ab that satisfied the limit of dissolve time &lt;300 sec and %drug release t30 &gt;70%. Formula A showed dissolve time 436 sec and %drug release t30 less than 70%. Desirability value of 0.917, which indicated the optimum formula, was obtained from the use of citric acid 6 mg and sodium bicarbonate 105 mg.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: meloxicam, effervescent tablet, solid dispersion, factorial design&#x0D;

Properties of class F fly ash based geopolymer mortar produced with alkaline water

In this study class F fly ash based geopolymer mortar is produced with water containing an alkaline substance such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Subsequently, compressive strength, density, absorption and porosity of the produced mortar mixture were tested after 28 days and compared with controlled geopolymer mortar produced with pure distilled water. A mixture of NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions along with an elevated curing regime of 70 °C for 24 h was used to activate the geopolymerization process. The entire process involved in designing 21 mortar mixtures in 04 different batches by varying three processing parameters with different levels. The processing parameters and levels varied are as follows: Concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution expressed in molarity (10 M, 12 M and 14 M), the ratios of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (1.0, 2.0 and 2.5) and varying concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L, 1.5 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 7.5 g/L and 15 g/L) spiked in distilled water. A ratio of 3.0 fine aggregate to fly ash was kept constant for all mortar mixtures. Results indicated that with 12 M NaOH solution, 1.5 proportion of Na2SiO3 to NaOH solution, 1.0 g/L concentration of sodium bicarbonate in distilled water, geopolymer mortar of 41 MPa compressive strength with low porosity and good quality of mixture along with a low rate of absorption could be produced. Up to a concentration of 1.5 g/L of sodium bicarbonate in water is beneficial and higher levels are detrimental towards the properties of geopolymer mortar.

Assessment of Nannochloropsis gaditana growth and lipid accumulation with increased inorganic carbon delivery

Algal biomass refineries for sustainable transportation fuels, in particular biodiesel, will benefit from algal strain enhancements to improve biomass and lipid productivity. Specifically, the supply of inorganic carbon to microalgal cultures represents an area of great interest due to the potential for improved growth of microalgae and the possibility for incorporation with CO2 mitigation processes. Combinations of bicarbonate (HCO3−) salt addition and application of CO2 to control pH have shown compelling increases in growth rate and lipid productivity of fresh water algae. Here, focus was placed on the marine organism, Nannochloropsis gaditana, to investigate growth and lipid accumulation under various strategies of enhanced inorganic carbon supply. Three gas application strategies were investigated: continuous sparging of atmospheric air, continuous sparging of 5% CO2 during light hours until nitrogen depletion, and continuous sparging of atmospheric air supplemented with 5% CO2 for pH control between 8.0 and 8.3. These gas sparging schemes were combined with addition of low concentrations (5 mM) of sodium bicarbonate at inoculation and high concentration (50 mM) of sodium bicarbonate amendments just prior to nitrogen depletion. The optimum scenario observed for growth of N. gaditana under these inorganic carbon conditions was controlling pH with 5% CO2 on demand, which increased both growth rate and lipid accumulation. Fatty acid methyl esters were primarily comprised of C16:0 (palmitic) and C16:1 (palmitoleic) aliphatic chains. Additionally, the use of high concentration (50 mM) of bicarbonate amendments further improved lipid content (up to 48.6%) under nitrogen deplete conditions when paired with pH-controlled strategies.

A comparative study on the effect of l-tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate on the growth and characterization of KDP single crystals

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) is one of the efficient inorganic single crystals employed in second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion applications. Present work describes the growth and characterization of optically transparent single crystals of KDP and KDP in presence of two different concentrations of l-tartaric acid and three different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate by slow evaporation solution growth technique at ambient temperature. FT-IR analysis did not reveal any main vibrations of LTA or NaHCO3. The UV–Vis–NIR study suggest that the crystals are highly transparent in the region 373–1200 nm and percentage of transmittance slightly increased in case of KDP crystals grown in presence of 0.1 M% sodium bicarbonate. Improvement in SHG efficiency was observed in KDP grown in presence of 0.1 M% l-tartaric acid. Thermal stability of the KDP grown in presence of impurities showed marginal increase when compared to pristine KDP.

Influence of operating parameters during electrocoagulation of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solutions using aluminium electrodes

Sodium salts are common in solutions used in electrocoagulation (EC) studies especially in relation to treatment of produced water. However, the influence of sodium salts upon electrocoagulation operating parameters is not well understood. Therefore, a multi-electrode electrocoagulation cell with aluminium electrodes was used to investigate the impact of polarity reversal period, electrode history, sodium chloride/sodium bicarbonate concentration, floc characteristics and starting solution pH. Effluent pH exhibited oscillating behaviour which related to electrode passivation, with cleaner electrodes raising pH and electrodes with oxide coatings decreasing pH due to variations in anode dissolution and oxidation of water. Polarity reversal could lower cell resistance by de-passivating the electrode surface with a 3 min reversal time recommended. However, electricity (2.56 kWh/kL) and electrode consumption (0.448 g/min) were enhanced. Imaging revealed that the presence of sodium chloride induced extensive pitting corrosion of the aluminium electrodes, whereas pitting was only observed with high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate suppressed pH oscillation due to electrode passivation. The amount of electrode consumed was greater than predicted from Faraday’s Law and as such non-electrochemical processes occurred. The wear of electrodes was uneven with those with highest load at the EC cell extremities wearing the fastest. Floc settling rates were relatively slow and not significantly impacted by salt concentration. The settled volume after 1 h was still greater than 60% of the initial volume, which may cause issues with floc separation. Residual aluminium ions in the effluent were present which may impact downstream membrane performance.

Novel Natural Disinfectants for Contaminated Cosmetic Application Tools

&#x0D; Background: Makeup can get contaminated by inadequate preservative capacities, poor handling procedures during manufacturing and in use contamination. Makeup application tools like tweezers, scissors, and a variety of brushes and sponges are also a potential breeding ground for bacteria. Bacterial growth can occur when these tools are shared or used for a prolonged period of time without washing. &#x0D; Aim: The present study attempted to find a novel, effective, economic and easy to use natural disinfectants that can be effective in inhibiting bacterial contaminants from cosmetic application tools. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: A total of 35 multiuse tools (10 brushes and 15 face sponges) were collected from University Girls' Dormitory/ University of Mosul. Two concentrations (1,5, and 10%) of Aluminum potassium sulfate ( alum) and sodium bicarbonate ( baking soda) were evaluated for the first time for antimicrobial activity. &#x0D; Results: Microbial analysis showed that brushes harbored more bacterial contamination than sponges. The most prevalent pathogenic bacteria were found to belong to the genera Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Proteus, Klebsiella and other lactose and non-lactose fermenters. Results showed that both compounds were effective in inhibiting growth of all bacterial isolates over a 24 hr. treatment period especially at higher concentrations (10%). &#x0D; Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of alum used in debridement removing activity and a disinfecting agent based on antimicrobial activity against facultative anaerobic bacterial isolates which are best representing sponge and brush contaminants An advantage of NaHCO3 and alum over other antimicrobial agents is its safety, availability , ease and low cost.

In-house preparation of pentavalent 99mTc labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid [99mTc(V)DMSA], its quality control and clinical applications

Background: A convenient method was developed for the preparation of pentavalent 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid using a commercially available meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) kit. The effects of various parameters, including incubation time, pH, and concentration of sodium bicarbonate on radiochemical purity (RCP) yield were evaluated. To determine tri- and pentavalent fractions, RCP yield of the labeled DMSA was measured using different solvent systems. Methods: The RCP yield was studied using a thin-layer chromatography on silica gel as the stationary phase and n-butanol/acetic acid/distilled water (3:2:2) as the mobile phase. Results: It was observed that hydrolyzed 99mTcO2 and 99mTc(III)-DMSA remained at the origin (Rf = 0–0.1), and 99mTc(V)-DMSA at (Rf = 0.5–0.6), while free pertechnetate, 99mTcO−4 moved to the solvent front (Rf = 0.9–1). However, in acetone, 99mTc(III)-DMSA, 99mTc(V)DMSA, and hydrolyzed 99mTcO2 stayed at the origin (Rf = 0–0.1), while free pertechnetate, 99mTcO−4 moved to the solvent front (Rf = 0.9–1). When developed with 5% glycine, 99mTcO2 stayed at the origin and the other species migrated to the solvent front. The labeling efficiency of the 99mTc(V)DMSA was 96.6± 0.5% and was stable for 24 hours at room temperature. Conclusion: Higher labeling yield, easy preparation with low cost, and good stability make 99mTc(V)-DMSA, a promising radio drug for clinical use.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate on quality of pear fruits under low temperature storage

The aim of study was to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate on physiochemical and enzymatic changes of ‘Patharnakh’ pear fruits stored at low temperature. Pear fruits were dipped in different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%) and stored at 0–1°C and 90–95% RH for 70 days. Physical and biochemical attributes of the fruits were determined at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 70 days during storage. Exogenous applications of sodium bicarbonate reduced cellulase, PME and PPO enzyme activities. As compared to control, sodium bicarbonate (3%) resulted in 27 per cent higher fruit firmness, 14.3% greater sensory quality and 26.4% higher total phenolics content at 60 days of storage. Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate application effectively retarded the degradation of titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, weight loss and total soluble solids. Thus, sodium bicarbonate was found to be useful for extending the shelf life and maintaining quality of pear fruits during low temperature storage.

Whey Neutralization with Different Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Bicarbonate

Whey Neutralization with Different Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Bicarbonate

Use of FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis as a Screening Tool to Identify Adulterants in Raw Milk

The objective of this study was to use Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis to identify adulterations in raw milk and in samples from producers. Five levels of concentration of sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, starch, sucrose and urea were used. A total of 620 samples previously adulterated, frozen and lyophilized were analyzed in FTIR-attenuated total reflection (ATR) equipment and 15 peaks of the spectra were obtained. With the multiple linear regression method for samples adulterated with sodium bicarbonate, sucrose and urea, a coefficient greater than 75% was obtained, and with artificial neural networks all adulterated samples obtained a percentage of correctness greater than 76.6%, making it possible to identify adulterants from 0.1%. Of the 249 samples of producers analyzed, 2.4% were adulterated. With the use of FTIR allied to the multivariate analysis as a screening method, it was possible to obtain a satisfactory classification for the adulterated samples in this study.

Design and In-vitro Evaluation of Cefuroxime axetil floating Microbeads for Treatment of acute Bacterial caused Chronic Bronchitis

Aim: The point of the this work is to get ready floating microbeads of cefuroxime axetil as model medication to accomplish an expanded maintenance in upper GIT which brings about upgraded ingestion, in this manner enhances bioavailability and dodging various dosing for interminable bronchitis. Methods: In the present examination microbeads were set up by particle gelation technique utilizing polymers like sodium alginate, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M, 100M), citrus extract, gas shaping specialist like sodium bicarbonate. Calcium chloride and Barium chloride arranged as gas curing operators. Arranged microbeads were assessed for Micromeritic property, molecule size and morphology, in-vitro buoyancy study, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro medicate discharge dynamic examinations. Results: The microbeads exhibit free-flowing and good-packing properties and have irregular surface with pores which is confirmed by scanning electron microscope. The mean particle sizes as well as the drug content of the floating micro beads were found to be increased by increasing the amount of sodium bicarbonate concentration. The prepared microbeads exhibited prolonged drug release for 12 hrs and remained floatened up to 8 hrs. Barium chloride connected microbeads demonstrated better drug release of 99.48 rate and drug content of 99.39 rates when contrasted with calcium chloride connected. In-vitro discharge contemplates exhibited non-Fickian dispersion of medication from the microbeads. Conclusion: It is observed that antibiotics like cefuroxime axetil can be designed and formulated as optimized floating microbeads which are effectively used to cure chronic bronchitis.