Socioeconomic Resources Research Articles

Unequal effects of disruptive events.

Disruptive events have significant consequences for the individuals and families who experience them, but these effects do not occur equally across the population. While some groups are strongly affected, others experience few consequences. We review recent findings on inequality in the effects of disruptive events. We consider heterogeneity based on socioeconomic resources, race/ethnicity, the likelihood of experiencing disruption, and contextual factors such as the normativity of the event in particular social settings. We focus on micro-level events affecting specific individuals and families, including divorce, job loss, home loss and eviction, health shocks and deaths, and violence and incarceration, but also refer to macro-level events such as recession and natural disasters. We describe patterns of variation that suggest a process of resource disparities and cumulative disadvantage versus those that reflect the impact of non-normative and unexpected shocks. Finally, we review methodological considerations when examining variation in the effect of disruptive events.

The Gender Gap in Political Participation: Evidence from the MENA Region

ABSTRACT This paper investigates gender differences in political participation across 10 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using data from the World Values Survey (2010-2014). A distinction is made between two different participation types, institutional and non-institutional. We use an ordered logit model to evaluate whether the gender gap in both forms is mediated by demographic and attitudinal controls and assess whether variables influencing participation affect men and women differently. We find that most socioeconomic resources and political attitudes are correlated with higher levels of participation. However, the analysis reveals a persistent gender gap that can be generalized to the entire spectrum of engagement in the MENA, with larger gaps for less institutionalized forms.

Ethnicity and protective policies in Sikkim: Consolidation and reconfiguration

This article examines how ethnicities in the state of Sikkim have evolved and emerged as fluid but potent instruments that are deployed by the state’s constituent ethnic groups in their efforts to marshal and retain control over its socio-economic and political resources, in conjunction with the policies of the central government. The process of validating ethnic identities that began in the colonial period has now been strengthened and shapes the protective polices of governments at both levels, the central and the state, for Sikkim. The processes of modernisation and development set in motion after Sikkim’s merger with India have resulted in consolidation and reconfiguration of ethnicities across the structural and cultural spheres of Sikkimese society.

Analysis of the impact of political isolation of ethnic groups on the growth of terrorism

The presented work examines terrorist violence at the subnational level, taking into account the fact that the regions of residence of politically excluded ethnic groups are exposed to a higher terrorist risk. Moreover, this risk may be exacerbated by the high population density of the region, the level of economic development and the type of political regime of the country. There is some reason to believe that the influence of political isolation may also be more likely to motivate cases of ethnic violence when this exclusion is combined with numerous local and country conditions that increase awareness of group competition and unequal distribution of socio-economic resources. The study uses geocoded incidents of terrorist attacks within States in combination with a set of data on ethnic groups' access to political power in the country and an additional set of control variables. The analysis focuses on the assessment of domestic terrorism incidents for 185 countries in 1970-2019. Logistic regression with random effects was used to verify the assumptions made. In general, it was found that ethnic political isolation is an important risk factor for local terrorist violence. It was also revealed that more densely populated and affluent regions are at much greater risk of violence if at least one excluded ethnic group is present in them. These trends are much more pronounced in democratic countries, in which cases of political isolation are deviations rather than the norm.

Health and information disparities among non-adopters of smartphones

ObjectivesMobile health technologies have gained increasing popularity in the healthcare industry, even though inequity in their adoptions has been documented. This study aimed to describe sociodemographic and clinical vulnerabilities among non-adopters of smartphones, identify their alternative ways of seeking health information, and explore potential outreach venues to these individuals. MethodsSmartphone users, basic cell phone users, and nonusers of mobile devices were identified from the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). The three groups were compared on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Their health information seeking outcomes were compared in latent factor models, path models, and multinomial regression models. ResultsCompared to smartphone users, the nonusers were more likely to be older, less educated, have lower income, speak English less well, have a chronic condition, report poorer health, have lower self-care efficacy, and less likely to have family and friends to talk about their health. In the covariate adjusted models for health information seeking characteristics, compared to smartphone users, basic cell phone users and nonusers of mobile devices showed persistent disparities (less tendency) in search of health information with technology (p’s<.001) and access to online medical records (p’s <.01). Nonusers of smartphones were more likely to report no internet access and feeling uncomfortable with computers as the reasons not to access online medical records. ConclusionmHealth technologies may create additional barriers to health equity in the absence of equitable distributions of socioeconomic resources and access to mobile devices and the Internet. Education and training are warranted to make technology beneficial to the vulnerable population.

The effect of informal caregiving on physical health among non-migrants and Ethnic German\xa0Immigrants in Germany: a cohort analysis based on the GSOEP 2000\u20132018

BackgroundThe number of people in need of care in Germany has been rising since decades, which is related to an increasing need and relevance of informal caregiving. Likewise, the number of people with a migration background has been increasing. This study aims to analyse the impact of informal caregiving on physical health in comparative perspective for Ethnic German Immigrants (EGI) – the largest and oldest immigrant group in Germany – and non-migrant Germans (NMG).MethodsThe sample was drawn from the years 2000–2018 of the German Socio-Economic Panel (n = 26,354). NMG (n = 24,634) and EGI (n = 1,720) were categorized into non-caregivers (n = 24,379) and caregivers (n = 1,975), where the latter were distinguished by 1) their caregiving status and history (current, former, and never caregiver) and 2) the number of years in the caregiver role. Generalized Estimating Equations were applied to examine main effects and the interaction effects of caregiving status and migration background for changes in physical health (n = 102,066 observations).ResultsAdjusting for socioeconomic, household related, and individual characteristics, NMG and EGI had similar caregiving patterns and physical health. However, the interaction between migration background and caregiving revealed significantly higher declines in physical health for currently caregiving EGI. Sensitivity analyses indicated that particularly socioeconomic resources moderated this effect.ConclusionsFindings suggest that caregiving is associated with declines in physical health, particularly in the long term and for EGI. This implies that care-related disadvantages accumulate over time and that the association of caregiving, health and associated determinants are culturally diverse and shaped by migration background. Both the health disadvantages of caregivers and EGI might be mitigated by a positive social and socioeconomic setting, which highlights the relevance of supporting structures and benefits for these subgroups.

Characteristics and patterns of health and social service use by families with babies and toddlers in Germany

ObjectivesIn the field of family health, cross-sectoral collaboration is promoted to reach vulnerable groups and overcome the prevention dilemma. To understand the extent to which these measures counteract the effects of social inequality with respect to health and social service uptake, we aim to identify socio-economic, health-related and psychosocial characteristics and patterns that are associated with the (non-)use of services. Study designThis was a German representative cross-sectional study of 6860 mothers with a child younger than 48 months who answered the written questionnaire during child developmental examinations at paediatric practices in 2015. MethodsAssociations were measured using logistic regression, and characteristics of user patterns were analysed using latent class analysis. ResultsMothers using universal services were less likely to report psychosocial stress and had more likely more socio-economic resources than mothers who did not use these services. The selective services pregnancy counselling (18.2%) were predominantly used by mothers who considered abortion during pregnancy (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.9), mothers who received social welfare benefits (OR = 2.4), single parents (OR = 1.6) and mothers without social support (OR = 1.5). Four patterns of service use were identified: multi-service users (5.6%), low-service users (22.5%), medical service users (30.5%) and medical and social service users (41.6%). Families with less socio-economic resources were found in both the low-service group and the multi-service group; multi-users were more likely to have children with adverse perinatal characteristics and parenting stress. ConclusionWe discuss whether low-service users are hard to reach, whereas multi-users are difficult to supply. Overall, there is a need to strengthen early psychosocial support.

Gender and the lived body experience of academic work during COVID-19

ABSTRACT The rapid transition to online teaching in response to Covid-19 presented unprecedented challenges for academic communities. Staff had vastly different experiences of engaging with technology, and these experiences are shaped by factors including gender, (dis)ability, socio-economic resources and caring responsibilities. We report findings from an intersectional interview examination of how 412 staff in a large London-based university adapted to teaching and researching from home at the beginning of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we construct grounded theory around the divisibility of the body, and the conflicts arising from the need to span home and work-life, our findings illustrate how patterns of inequity for women academics converge to construct ways of managing the boundary work of home and work with different degrees of successes. We document how management support and/ or existing expertise were vital to enable women academics to overcome obstacles to equitable work.)

Late Woodland settlement ecology of the Appalachian Summit

ABSTRACT The Late Woodland (ca. AD 800–1500) was a time of socioeconomic and environmental change in the Appalachian Summit. Changing climatic conditions and the introduction of maize agriculture made permanent settlement in these high-elevation mountain landscapes possible for the first time. We adopt a settlement ecology approach to examine how Late Woodland communities situated themselves in the landscape. Drawing upon geospatial analyses of legacy datasets, we document how Late Woodland communities prioritized access to different socioeconomic resources in the New River Headwaters region of northwest North Carolina. The New River Headwaters was an important source of natural resources, including mica and copper, as well as an important corridor for the movement of people and resources throughout Eastern North America. Our analyses demonstrate that Late Woodland communities balanced access to arable land, copper sources, and long-distance trade routes when situating their settlements. Larger sites had access to more land suited for maize agriculture than smaller sites. The largest sites in the region were also well-positioned with nearby access to copper sources and trade routes along the New River. Regional approaches to Late Woodland occupation in the Appalachian Summit reveal the dynamic relationship between humans and the environment in mountain landscapes.

Neighborhood Disadvantage and Self-Esteem—Do Socioeconomic and Relational Resources Matter?

Extensive research suggests that living in a socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with poor mental health. Few studies, however, have examined (1) whether neighborhood disadvantage is associated with residents’ self-esteem; and (2) the extent to which individual-level socioeconomic resources such as income and education, and relational resources such as marriage and social support moderate the association between neighborhood disadvantage and self-esteem. This study employs data from the Americans’ Changing Lives panel survey (hereafter ACL), a 15-year panel study of the U.S. adult population ages 25 and older in original sample. Because hierarchical linear model was employed to analyze data, findings provide fixed effect coefficients for independent variables at both the individual and census tract levels while controlling for random intercepts between census tracts. Findings based on data from the 4th wave of ACL reveal that neighborhood disadvantage is not associated with self-esteem. We do, however, find that living in a disadvantaged neighborhood worsens self-esteem for those who have lower levels of informal social support and are currently unmarried. These findings imply that while neighborhood disadvantage does not necessarily impact self-esteem, neighborhood disadvantage is detrimental to the self-esteem of those who report lower level of relational resources.

Порівняльний аналіз визначень терміну «цифрова економіка»

The highlighted achievements of digitization should become a new source of innovative development of Ukrainian business entities of all types of economic activity, as these achievements lead to the digital transformation of the basic elements of business models and processes. Namely: channels and methods of interaction with the client (supplier, partner) are replaced by digital ones, new sources of data collection and accumulation (Internet of Things, mobile computing devices) appear, volumes of information and data grow exponentially.Among the achievements of digitalization of society should be attributed the following: deep penetration of IT into socio-economic spheres, creation of conditions for constant generation of digital data flow and its processing, readiness of citizens to use digital technologies, state policy in the field of IT. Active use of IT by citizens in business and personal communications allows collecting data (digital footprints) about their activity, interactions with mobile applications, web services, place and time of interactions. The popularity of new channels for business entities to communicate with clients and partners, for example, through messengers, is growing. As a result of the acceleration of information flows, the volume of scientific, technical and socio-economic information resources, which constitute value for innovative activity, increases many times. The intensive development of the IT infrastructure leads to the growth of computing power available in the economy, which can be simultaneously used in the processing and transmission of a growing amount of information. Important in the development of the country's digital economy is the creation of legal support in the field of IT and information use.The work presents an analysis of the theoretical and methodological provisions of the formation of the concept of «digital economy» in the context of modern trends in the digitalization of social life, and the actual definition of the concepts of «digitalization» and «digital economy» is derived.

Racial Variations in Shock Presentation and Outcome

Working toward inclusive strategies for data sampling, trials, and triage is essential. Whatever the approach, it is important to do better than what has been done in the past when considering race and ethnicity in patient care. Although there may be limited publications with information on this topic, they have shown clear differences in patient outcomes with possible associations with gender, race, and ethnicity. It is critical to view the implications of this on socioeconomic status, access, resources, patient phenotypes, and patient desires and expectations. The disparities must first be recognized before any treatment options can be identified.

Dimensions of family-school partnerships for autistic children: Context and congruence.

Family-school partnerships are crucial for promoting positive outcomes and serving as a protective factor for children at-risk for poor school outcomes (Christenson & Sheridan, 2001). This may be particularly important for autistic children, who are at increased developmental risk (Garbacz et al., 2016). However, little research has examined variables related to dimensions of these partnerships for parents and teachers of autistic children. The present study examined family socioeconomic resources in relation to two dimensions of family-school partnerships (relationship quality and family involvement) among parents of autistic children, as well as dyadic perceptions of relationship quality among parents and teachers of autistic children. Data were collected across two time points (Time 1 N = 68 parents, child ages = 5-11; Time 2 parent-teacher dyad N = 22, child ages = 7-13). Results suggest that (a) higher appraisal of financial resources was associated with higher parent-reported family involvement after controlling for child autism spectrum disorder (ASD) characteristics and (b) higher parent-reported relationship quality and family involvement at one time were significantly associated with positive independent (parent and teacher) and congruent ratings of parent-teacher relationship quality 2 years later. Study limitations, future directions, and practical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

YE. CHIKALENKO IN THE ETHNO-POLITICAL SPACE OF KYIV

The article studies urban tourism as a sociocultural practice endowed with considerable professional, heuristic, economic and social potential for the development of a modern city. It is highlighted the role of modern creative innovations in urban development and the need for their correlation with a historical tradition of every urban space. The author regards urban tourism as a basic post-industrial socio-economic resource focused on fulfilling the cultural- heuristic potential of every tourist and citizen. It is differentiated between urban tourism as a modern cultural practice on the one hand and traditional cultural-educational tourism on the other. The research proves that the progress of the infrastructure of urban tourism is mainly driven by heightened popular interest in the use of cultural goods. It is covered the strategic importance of the progress of urban tourism as a component of modern effective urban management and the intensification of international economic relations.

Parent time investments in their children's learning during a policy-mandated shutdown: parent, child, and household influences

State-level policies in Ohio during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States involved physical school closures and work-from-home requirements when possible. Presumably, these policies and resulting impacts on homes with children would alter parent time investments in their children with respect to home-learning activities. In this study, we assessed parent time investments specific to home-learning activities with their children, and key predictors of these investments. Using data from a comprehensive survey completed by 559 caregivers of children (aged birth to 9 years) during a state-mandated stay-at-home order and widespread school closure, we assessed whether parent time investments in children's learning were associated with: (1) parents’ mental health and social connectedness, (2) children's level of emotional distress, and (3) household characteristics including chaos, social needs, and structure. Results indicate significant negative associations between each of parent loneliness, children's emotional distress, and household chaos with parent time investments in children's learning, controlling for parents’ socio-demographic and economic status. This suggests that parent time investments during the early stages of the pandemic were limited by a number of factors outside of socioeconomic resources. Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of home environments, including parent time investments in children's learning, on child development during this unprecedented time in world history.

SOCIAL COHESION: A TOOL TO COUNTER PANDEMIC EFFECTS

This research paper explores the role of social cohesion during the pandemic crisis. The adverse impact of pandemic crisis challenged the existence of human beings affecting social stability, economy and mental well-being of people. With the threat of the arrival of concurrent waves of pandemic the people are living in fear and anxiety. In order to understand the role of social cohesion database searches were done in Scopus, Google scholar, Research Gate and PLoS One. From the identified 120 relevant articles, 52 articles were selected and included for review in this paper. These articles helped in preparing the base for proposing 3P model. The 3P(P1= Promoting Participation by Minimizing Inequities, P2= Priority setting, P3= Policy Formulation and Planned Intervention) model suggested in the paper focuses on creating the strategy highlighting that as pandemic creates strain on socio-economic resources, the social cohesion in the society helps in dealing the crisis. The suggested model outlines the importance of social cohesion in dealing the critical situations and emphasizes that social cohesion can act as buffer for people in reducing vulnerabilities to the pandemic crisis in an effective way and crafting reality based approach to deal with crisis from time to time.

Socioeconomic geography of climate change views in Europe

Climate change views have their socioeconomic foundations but also specific geographies. In merging these perspectives, this analysis uses ESS Round 8 data from 23 European countries to examine whether climate change scepticism and concern, pro-environmental personal norm and a willingness to engage in energy-saving behaviour exhibit, first, urban–rural and/or regional differences, and second, if these attitudes can be explained at individual level by socioeconomic position and wellbeing resources. We find that climate change scepticism and concern do exhibit urban–rural differences, where living in a country village is associated with greater climate scepticism and lower concern compared to living in a big city. Also, higher climate change concern and pro-environmental norms are associated with living in a region with constant population growth. These geographical differences are independent of individual-level socioeconomic attributes as well as one’s political orientation. Additionally, the results show that both climate change attitudes and reporting energy-saving behaviour are strongly stratified by level of education and reveal that those in lower income deciles feel less pro-environmental norm but nonetheless report greater engagement with energy-saving behaviour. In sum, the results highlight that climate change mitigation is not a uniform project either spatially or within certain socioeconomic strata. Hence, our results suggest that socioeconomic disadvantage (belonging to the lowest education and income levels) and spatial marginalisation (living in more rural surroundings and declining regions) should be better acknowledged when reworking climate change and environmental policies in the EU.

Mortality disparities between Black and White Americans mediated by income and health behaviors

BackgroundRace disparities in health outcomes including mortality risk are well known, but mediating mechanisms that link race to mortality risk have rarely been formally tested. MethodsWe analyzed public NHANES III data from 1988 to 1994 linked to mortality outcomes prospectively through 2015. Participants included 10,460 non-Hispanic Black (40.5%, n = 4233) and non-Hispanic White (59.5%, n = 6227) adults. Proportional hazards regression models examined mortality risk in association with race, demographics, income, and an index of risky health behaviors including smoking, poor diet and low physical activity. A mediation approach under the counterfactual framework was used to test effects of income and risky health behaviors as mediators between race and mortality risk. ResultsConsidering only race, age and sex, Black participants had significantly higher mortality risk than Whites (HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.35–1.58). When income and education were added, the race effect was lower but remained significant (HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.30). In the subsequent model that also included risky behaviors the association between race and mortality was no longer significant (HR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.92–1.20); both higher income and healthier behaviors contributed to lower mortality risk. There was a significant indirect effect of race on mortality mediated through income, and the direct effect of race on mortality was not significant when the mediating effect of income was considered. Likewise, the risky behavior score significantly mediated the association between race with mortality, and the direct effect of race was not significant. In the separate models, income mediated 62% of the association between race and mortality and lifestyle mediated 61% of the relationship. ConclusionsEfforts to reduce race-based mortality disparities may focus on policies to reduce income-based disparities and promote positive health behaviors that consider variations in socioeconomic resources and personal preferences.

Methodological principles of systematics of recreational goods

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The article presents an overview of modern directions and approaches to systematics of recreational resources (goods). The purpose of our study is to develop methodological principles of systematics of recreational goods, taking into account their subject specificity and modern research approaches to the systematics of natural, historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions and resources. The article has been used development by domestic and foreign scientists, as well as preliminary author’s studies. Working-out of a scheme of recreational goods systematics took place on the basis of a dialectical approach, which requires all phenomena and processes in their development, interconnection, and interdependence. The article presents an overview of modern directions and approaches to the systematics of recreational goods and provides a general methodological scheme of systematics of recreational goods. The proposed scheme includes the division of recreational goods to natural, cultural and historical and socio-economic, as well as directions of use by recreational goods – public, collective and personality. The intersections of these categories are marked by the main methodological approaches to the evaluation of recreational conditions and recreational resources. For each direction of the classification and systematics of recreational goods, it is necessary to develop methodological principles and methodological means of inventory and assessing the corresponding combination of recreational conditions and resourceswith forms of use by recreation goods. Such justification also requires enclosed blocks of recreational conditions and resources and social varieties of use. Recreational conditions and resources of public usage are available for all users without restrictions of property rights; they are considered as global civilization goods as the “property” of the world community; they do not have the content of the goods and do not form appropriate market relations, as a rule, a global or regional spatial scale. Recreational conditions and resources of collective usage form natural and geographical objects and phenomena with different forms of ownership (state, corporate) and collective (group) use. They can be shared by common goods, do not have a form of commodity and not take part in market commodity- money circulation. Recreational conditions and resources of individual usage are private or group property of vacationers. They remain outside the economic assessment, but can also form their market environments with competitive relations and be objects of commodity-money circulation.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Estuarize-WIO: A socio-ecological assessment of small-scale fisheries in estuaries of the Western Indian Ocean

Estuaries provide unique ecosystem goods and services and have been focal points for human settlement andresource use throughout recorded history. In the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, the effects of human population growth, rapid economic development and climate change on estuaries threaten their ecological functioning and the sustainability of estuary-dependent livelihoods. Governance systems are ill-equipped to deal with the mounting challenges. Long-term datasets that describe estuary-scale trends are scarce, and socio-ecological interactions that support sustainable use of resources are incompletely understood. To address these gaps, the Estuarize-WIO project (2016-2019) compiled datasets on biophysical, ecological, socio-economic and fisheries aspects of selected estuaries in Mozambique (Bons Sinais), Tanzania (Ruvu) and Kenya (Tana), analysed trends per estuary, and used a socio-ecological systems (SES) framework to integrate information from multiple sources at local and regional levels. The introductory paper of this Special Issue of the Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides regional context and reviews the relevant literature available for WIO estuaries. In succeeding papers, estuarine circulation is inferred from hydrological measurements, seasonal and decadal trends in land cover and land use are investigated using remote sensing images, household surveys are used to investigate socio-economic circumstances and resource use, and long-term catch survey data and field samples are used to describe small-scale fisheries. In the synthesis paper, a SES framework is constructed to investigate linkages and feedback loops in individual estuaries. A regionally comparative analysis across the WIO region was conducted, and recommendations were made for future research and governance. The methodological approach developed for Estuarize-WIO is well-suited to research of data poor systems with limited accessibility and research infrastructure.