Socioeconomic Resources Research Articles

Creating the Map of Interactive Services Aiding and Assisting Persons With Disabilities (MSAADA) Project: Tutorial for the Novel Use of a Store Locator App.

An estimated 15% of the global population is living with a disability. In Kenya, children with disabilities remain among the most vulnerable populations, experiencing substantial barriers to wellness and inclusion. Smartphone ownership and internet access have been increasing across sub-Saharan Africa, including in Kenya. Despite these advances, online or mobile resources remain limited and difficult to find and navigate. This paper aims to describe the novel use of a store locator app to develop an interactive map of organizations that provide medical, educational, and socioeconomic resources to individuals with disabilities in Kenya. The target audience is individuals with disabilities, medical professionals, and organization leaders. A comprehensive list of organizations, government county offices, educational assessment and resource centers, and institutions was compiled. Organizations were contacted via email, WhatsApp, or in person for semistructured interviews. Based on the services offered, each organization was assigned categorical search tags. The data were entered into a third-party store locator app. The resulting map was inserted into a page on the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) website. The Map of Interactive Services Aiding and Assisting Persons With Disabilities (MSAADA; this abbreviation is also Swahili for "help") was launched in July 2020 in both English and Swahili. The map included 89 organizations across Kenya. Of these, 51 were reached for an interview (for a 57% response rate). Interviewees cited limited paid staff and dependence on grant-based funding as primary challenges to growth and sustainability. MSAADA is an interactive, virtual map that aims to connect individuals with disabilities, medical professionals, and organization leaders to resources in Kenya. The novel use of a store locator app to compile resources in remote settings has the potential to improve access to health care for a wide variety of specialties and patient populations. Innovators in global health should consider the use of store locator apps to connect individuals to resources in regions with limited mapping.

De novo transcriptome assembly and its utility in development and characterization of the first set of genic SSR markers in cashew

Cashew is an industrially important nut tree grown in over 30 countries. The demand for cashew is increasing due to its nutritional value and industrial applications. Despite socio-economic importance, genomic sequence and marker resources are very limited in cashew. De novo transcriptome sequencing allows the discovery of genes and molecular markers cost-effectively. In the present study, for the first time, we de novo assembled and characterized the transcriptome of cashew shoots and developed novel genic SSR markers. About 24.78 million high-quality Illumina sequences were used for de novo transcriptome assembly and it resulted in the identification of 71571 transcripts. The size of transcripts ranged from 201 to 23,274 bp with an average size of 687 bp. The N50 value of transcriptome was 1011 bp and the L50 sequence count was 13520. BUSCO analysis showed assembly completeness of 94 %. A total of 39836 transcripts had at least one BLAST hit against the Viridiplantae database. The functional annotation by KAAS analysis identified a total of 203 pathways. In silico SSR mining from assembled transcriptome identified 4271 SSRs. Tri-nucleotide (49.12 %) was the most dominant class of SSRs. The frequency of Class I SSRs (≥20 bp) was 32.1 %. Fifty-four of 80 primers synthesized successfully PCR amplified the cashew genomic DNA and 36 of them were polymorphic. Cross-species amplification rates of SSRs were 100 % in two Anacardium species whereas 61 % in Semecarpus anacardium and 87 % in S. prainii. Nineteen SSR markers were used for genetic diversity analysis in 64 accessions detected a total of 206 alleles and grouped the accessions into three major clusters. PCoA could differentiate the cashew accessions based on geographic regions to a certain extent. The population structure analysis using the Bayesian model-based clustering revealed the existence of three genetic subpopulations (K=3). The annotated transcriptome data and informative genic SSR markers developed in this study provide valuable tools for deciphering agronomically important genes and QTLs, the genetic variations in populations, and molecular breeding in cashew.

The impacts of earthquake disaster on educational accessibility, affordability and continuity in Nepal

Disasters can directly impact educational learning activities. Lower accessibility to socio-economic resources can directly impact into lives and livelihoods of a landless household. The study has explored how resourceless household struggle with their kid’s education accessibility, especially in earthquake disasters scenario in Gorkha Nepal. The research paper has explored existing education accessibility issues of pupils in the landless community. It has explained the major obstacle in educational accessibility impacted by the Gorkha earthquake of 2015 in Nepal. Descriptive and explanatory research methodology has been used. Primary information has been collected from a close-ended and open-ended questionnaire through local informants. Landless, education issues in disaster, and community-based initiatives related to publication information have been considered secondary sources of the study. Descriptive analysis has been used for qualitative data, and inferential data analysis has been for quantitative data. Education accessibility in the study area is hindered by a lack of local resources, additional earnings, insufficient savings, remoteness, weak physical structures, and a lack of social support. It is possible to enhance education accessibility for landless household pupils through community-based socioeconomic empowerment, collective engagement, and social protection provision.

Risk assessment of marine oil spills using dynamic Bayesian network analyses

Oil spills are serious threats to the marine ecosystem. Especially when an oil spill is faced with extreme weather, the consequences might be more severe. Until now, no such researches focus on the risk of these extreme scenarios. This paper proposes a novel dynamic assessment method to quantify the risk of oil spills in extreme winds based on dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs). The physical models of advection, spreading, evaporation, and dispersion are transformed into DBNs, and the vulnerability model is established according to coastline types and socio-economic resources. By integrating all the sub-models, the overall DBN to quantify the dynamic risk of oil spills occurring in extreme winds is obtained. The proposed method is demonstrated by the Laizhou Bay. The developed model is validated by a three-axiom-based approach. Temporal and spatial dynamics of risk caused by oil spills in potential locations could be calculated. Based on the developed DBN, the risk of the Laizhou Bay coast caused by oil spills in annual extreme wind speeds corresponding to different mean recurrence intervals is studied. In addition, the effects of the occurrence time of annual extreme winds are also researched.

"I Use Sunglasses . . . the Sun Can Ruin the Eyes": Latino Day Laborers' Lay Strategies to Reduce Dangers at Work.

Latino day laborers (LDLs) are at a high risk for injury and accidents at work and have limited socioeconomic resources to deal with their consequences. While little is known about LDLs' perceptions of their own vulnerability at the workplace, less is known about the strategies they adopt to confront these risks. The purpose of this qualitative study was to assess LDLs' perceptions of their workplace dangers and to document the strategies they adopt and endorse to confront them. Guided by a participatory research approach, four focus groups stratified by age were conducted with 34 LDLs in Houston, Texas. Main focus group themes were identified using a combination of qualitative analysis methods involving a thematic analysis conducted by the interview team, LDL advisors, and bilingual Latino researchers. All participants were Latino males (mean age = 40), the majority reported having completed sixth grade or less (64.2%) and having lived in the United States for an average of 12.7 years. We described three categories of strategies to reduce risk for workplace injury generated by local LDLs (practical knowledge and job experience, interpersonal, and personal). These strategies should be explored and encouraged to assist in planning risk-reduction programs, presented in the voice and language of Latino "inside experts" with firsthand experience. The findings of the focus group suggest that LDLs already possess a broad repertoire of strategies to cope with risks at work that can be incorporated in safety programs for LDLs and other immigrant Latino workers.

Abstract 13236: Equitable Policy Lever? : State Minimum Wage Increases and Black - White Disparities in Hypertension

Introduction: Non-Hispanic Black adults are disproportionately burdened by hypertension compared to White adults. Because Black adults are overrepresented in lower-wage occupations - and lower income is associated with elevated risk of hypertension - minimum wage increases have been explored as a potential policy lever to address Black-White disparities in hypertension. States have the authority to increase minimum wages for workers in their jurisdiction; and 31 states have exercised this authority. However, research suggests that minimum wage increases may have no significant impact on health among Black adults due to “diminished gain” of health effects from socioeconomic resources. This study examines whether Black-White disparities in hypertension persist after states increase minimum wage limits. Methods: This study merged state-year minimum wage data from the US Department of Labor with pooled cross-sectional survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess the relationship between state-level minimum wage increases and Black-White disparities in hypertension over time (2001 - 2019). Separate difference-in-difference models were estimated to individually compare the odds of hypertension among Black and White adults in states with and without minimum wage increases. A difference-in-difference-in-difference model estimated whether minimum wage increases had a differential impact on the odds of hypertension among Black adults compared to White adults. Results: Compared to Black and White adults in states without minimum wage increases, both Black (OR= 0.86; p-value=0.04) and White (OR= 0.86; p-value=0.02) adults had a significantly lower odds of hypertension following state increases in the minimum wage. However, the Black-White disparity in hypertension significantly increased following minimum wage increases (OR= 1.50; p-value<0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that minimum wage increases may benefit White adults significantly more than Black adults, resulting in an increased Black-White disparity in hypertension. As such, increasing minimum wage alone may not be an equitable policy approach to address this disparity.

Abstract 9446: Psychosocial Readiness Assessment for Heart Transplant Candidates

Background: Psychosocial evaluation for heart transplant suitability has long been required by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services as a condition of participation for transplant programs in the US. There is no regulation regarding follow-up psychosocial care and re-assessment of patients waitlisted for transplantation. Heart transplant candidates require a thorough initial evaluation of multiple psychosocial factors and are at risk of negative outcomes with mental health problems and/or unstable socioeconomic resources. Purpose: A descriptive surveillance quality improvement project was developed to evaluate the effects of psychosocial readiness assessments for waitlisted United Network for Organ Sharing status 3, 4, and 5 adult heart transplant candidates in the outpatient setting, addressing basic socioeconomic needs and mental wellness in preparation for transplantation. Methods: To determine acceptability, rescheduled readiness visits and no-show rates were measured. A post-implementation period Qualtrics RM survey was administered to measure team member perceptions of feasibility. Socioeconomic elements of caregiver support, housing, transportation, and insurance status were assessed by simple using “yes/no” questions. The General Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 were used to assess anxiety and depression, respectively. Results: Fifty-seven patients were assessed during the 12-week period. The primary aim of feasibility was achieved with 93% of visits performed with freedom from rescheduling or patient no-show. Seventy five percent of team members reported the readiness assessments were achievable. More than twenty-four percent (24.56%) of patients required follow-up from a transplant Social Worker with 94.74% of those referrals due solely to elevated mental health questionnaire scores. Conclusion: Addressing non-medical and mental health needs in waitlisted heart transplant patients allows transplant programs to maintain candidates with necessary resources. The readiness assessments are feasible in practice and may serve to reduce untoward outcomes in the post-transplant phase by providing targeted care prior to the time of transplant.

Abstract 12558: Social Determinants of Health and 90-day Readmissions Among Pediatric Patients With Cardiac Disease

Introduction: Social determinants of health (SDoH) impact general pediatric readmissions and pediatric cardiac surgical mortality. Yet, little is known of their influence on readmissions in pediatric cardiac disease. Hypothesis: Children with cardiac disease from underrepresented populations, under-resourced neighborhoods or on public insurance are more likely to experience readmission. Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective study of patients <18 years with a cardiac diagnosis and index hospitalization with survival to discharge in the Pediatric Health Information System database (1/1/2017-12/31/2020). The outcome was 90-day all-cause non-elective readmission. SDoH examined were race/ethnicity, insurance type, income, and child opportunity index (COI; a composite variable of residential socioeconomic resources). Mixed effects multivariable logistic regression models were performed. Results: Of 249,222 cardiac-related admissions in 161,039 patients, 90-day readmissions were 55,770 (22.4%). Overall mortality was 2.8% (1.8% in readmissions). Clinical factors associated with readmission were infancy, non-surgical index admission, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, greater length of stay, and non-cardiac comorbidities. Controlling for these factors, there was greater adjusted odds of 90-day readmission in patients with public or other insurance (vs private), Hispanic or Non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity (vs Non-Hispanic White) and lower COI area residents (vs higher) [Table]. Sub-analysis in the 38,711 cardiac surgical admissions (15.8% 90-day readmission rate), found similar observations for race and insurance in adjusted analyses. Conclusions: Children with cardiac disease from under-resourced areas, underrepresented populations and/or on public insurance have higher odds of 90-day readmission. Our data provide insights for future interventions to optimize hospital discharge planning in this population.

Virtual sovereignty? Private internet capital, digital platforms and infrastructural power in the United States

Abstract Infrastructural power in the United States, which is the capacity to extract and deploy social resources and initiate and harness technological innovation, is increasingly generated by private internet capital and exercised by digital platforms. In this article we argue that while these private actors do not possess legitimacy, this is a form of ‘virtual sovereignty’ which complicates the capacity of the US state to exercise infrastructural power. Though internet software was designed largely by US corporations, commercial users operate increasingly in deterritorialized global spaces, where citizen consent and the interests of the US state are not business priorities. Moreover, much of the internet's hardware is financed by private internet capital within global wealth chains and digital spaces populated by US and non-US corporations. We argue that digital platforms acquire infrastructural power through the accumulation and commercialization of big data, from which they curate individual thinking and behaviour. We point to the targeting of US liberal democratic resilience by hostile, domestic and foreign actors weaponizing social media, and the potential ramifications of the exercise of virtual sovereignty for the return of great power rivalry in international relations. The article concludes that private internet capital's command of vast socio-economic resources reinforces the digital platforms' leadership in technological innovation and challenges the sovereign state's monopoly over national security.

One of these things is not like the other: Predictors of core and capital mentoring in adolescence.

Informal mentoring has many demonstrated impacts on young people, including increased educational attainment, economic mobility, and both physical and mental health. Emerging work on a typology within informal mentoring suggests that "core" mentors are often extended family members and provide emotional support, while "capital" mentors are connected to formal institutions and provide valued advice and social capital. The present paper contributes to this emerging body of work by examining which qualities of a young person and their environment lead to core versus capital mentoring using a nationally representative sample of youth (N = 4226). Using both a series of regression analyses and conditional inference trees, findings demonstrate the importance of racial-ethnic identity and socioeconomic status. Peabody Picture Vocabulary score, a likely indicator of socioeconomic resources, was consistently a robust indicator of capital mentoring. Implications for both practice and research are discussed.

제주지역 성인의 정신적 습관 성향과 영향 요인 분석

This study identifies the types of negative mental habits caused by negative habit tendencies, and to presents basic data for establishing healthy mental habits in adults by analyzing the characteristics of adults. The research questions to achieve the research purpose of this study are as follows. What are about adults' negative mental habits? How does the general characteristics of adults affect the types of negative mental habits? The main results of this study are as follows. First, adults' negative mental habits tendencies consist of helplessness and anxiety, egocentric perception tendencies, self-avoidance, and negative judgment tendencies. Second, with the influence of external control and the influence of internal control, the number of stress-related factors had an influence on negative mental habits tendencies of adults. In addition, negative mental habits tendencies were more likely to appear in the younger group, which is the group with less socioeconomic resources, and the group with poor physical health. The results of this study have important implications as data to improve the negative mental habit tendencies of adults.

Social, political and legal determinants of kidney health: Perspectives from lower- and middle-income countries with a focus on India.

The social determinants of health (SDoH) are the non-medical factors that influence kidney health outcomes directly or indirectly in a substantial manner and include conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age. Many such challenges in lower- and middle- income countries have an unfavourable impact on kidney health. These conditions potentially influence economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies, and political systems. In addition, many political and legal factors also determine and modify the ultimate outcome in patients with kidney disease. Legal factors that ensure universal health care, promote gender and racial equality, prevent malpractices and regulate strict laws in the field of kidney transplantation are the paramount determinants for the provision of necessary kidney care. Converging lines of evidence have supported the impact of social variables such as socioeconomic resources, social inclusion, housing conditions, educational attainment, and financial status on kidney health, particularly affect vulnerable and disadvantaged groups and result in challenges in kidney care delivery. Furthermore, the climate is an important SDoH that plays a crucial role in the occurrence, prevalence, and progression of kidney diseases as highlighted by the presence of higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease in hot tropical countries. The rising incidence of water and vector-borne diseases causing acute kidney injury is another consequence of disruptive environmental and climate change which is detrimental to kidney health. Political risk factors such as conflict also have a devastating influence on kidney health. The relationship between SDoH and kidney health outcomes requires more clarity. Gaps in the current knowledge need to be identified to inform the development of appropriate interventions to address upstream socio-economic risk factors for kidney disease.

How can policies to reduce obesity be more effective and equitable following the COVID-19 pandemic?

Abstract Despite being a public health priority in the UK for decades, rates of childhood obesity are continuing to rise along a highly unequal socioeconomic gradient. COVID-19 has radically changed daily life, altering the economy, work, social lives and engagement with the food environment. This research aimed to investigate families’ lived experiences of food in the COVID-19 pandemic to understand how policies to reduce obesity can be more effective and equitable. We conducted a remote longitudinal qualitative study, engaging 62 parents of school or nursery age children in England. Participant demographics were diverse in terms of socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Participants took part in semi-structured interviews and photo-elicitation three times at six-month intervals between October 2020 and December 2021. The role of food in day-to-day life shifted in the context of changes brought about by the pandemic. Whether this led to healthy or unhealthy food practices was shaped by socioeconomic resources. Food became a key source of pleasure in daily life as social and leisure activities were restricted in lockdowns. As schools and childcare closed, when this work fell on one parent food became a source of relentless work and parents sought more convenient options. Those with financial resources were able to access healthier convenient options (e.g. meal boxes), while low incomes restricted parents to low-cost options (e.g. ready meals and fast food). For those experiencing financial insecurity, food became a financial management strategy and parents sought discounts and promotions to save money to cover other non-food essentials. These contexts have the capacity to occur again both on a large scale (e.g. disruptions to the food system) and in the context of an individual’s lifetime (e.g. ill health or job loss). Policy now has a window of opportunity to implement learnings from this period and shape obesity prevention policy to be more effective and equitable. Key messages • COVID-19 has revealed the multiple resources and systems of support that underpin families’ ability to eat well and, when disrupted, can limit capacity to procure and prepare nutritious foods. • Policies designed to improve diets must consider the multiple roles food plays in everyday life, beyond just a source of nutrition, to ensure actions are effective and equitable.

Socioeconomic resources are associated with distributed alterations of the brain’s intrinsic functional architecture in youth

Little is known about how exposure to limited socioeconomic resources (SER) in childhood gets “under the skin” to shape brain development, especially using rigorous whole-brain multivariate methods in large, adequately powered samples. The present study examined resting state functional connectivity patterns from 5821 youth in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, employing multivariate methods across three levels: whole-brain, network-wise, and connection-wise. Across all three levels, SER was associated with widespread alterations across the connectome. However, critically, we found that parental education was the primary driver of neural associations with SER. These parental education associations with the developing connectome exhibited notable concentrations in somatosensory and subcortical regions, and they were partially accounted for by home enrichment activities, child’s cognitive abilities, and child’s grades, indicating interwoven links between parental education, child stimulation, and child cognitive performance. These results add a new data-driven, multivariate perspective on links between household SER and the child’s developing functional connectome.

Ethnic enclaves, early school leaving, and adolescent crime among immigrant youth

Abstract Spatial concentration of immigrant minorities raises concerns about the intergenerational consequences of place-based ethnic inequalities. This study asks how socioeconomic properties of the ethnic neighbourhood environment during adolescence predict future criminal behaviour and early school leaving among immigrant youth using administrative data from Norway. The results show that immigrant youth’s adolescent exposure to better-educated immigrant neighbours from the same origin country is related to lower risks of criminal engagement and higher likelihoods of completing upper-secondary education, while growing up in areas with less-educated coethnics is associated with adverse outcomes. Although effect sizes are modest, these relationships are robust to adjustment for a broad set of background characteristics and fixed effects at the level of neighbourhoods and national-origin groups. Coethnic neighbours’ educational resources are more strongly associated with adolescent crime and early school leaving among immigrant youth from disadvantaged family backgrounds. Overall, these findings support the predictions of influential theories of assimilation which emphasize that access to social capital and socioeconomic resources found within local ethnic enclaves shape the future life chances of immigrant youth.

Behavior change interventions regarding WASH and its impacts on sustainable community development: A study of district Gujrat, Pakistan

ABSTRACT Behavior change interventions are fundamental to achieve sustainability in communities through the identification of new, and strengthening the existing positive practices. It is considered central to the quest for sustainable future and solves multidimensional community problems, which require large scale shift in human behavior with regard to their health, social, physical activities and long held habits. Individual behavior is non-linear and unpredictable complex system, with diversity of agents in the living environment. Numerous aspects of life such as health conditions, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices among others are at the core of behavior change interventions. The complexities of communities are multilayered and cannot be addressed with single approach, but need integrated interventions with indigenous knowledge of socio-economic, cultural, traditional, religious factors, and available resources at community level. In this context, the study examines the role of behavior change interventions with the help of integrated behavior model for water and sanitation hygiene (IBM-WASH). IBM-WASH is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) which explains the interdependence among individual behavior and actions. The primary data was collected from district Gujrat (Pakistan) through stratified random sampling. The hypotheses were tested with smartPLS software. Findings revealed that the behavior change interventions regarding WASH have significant impacts on sustainable community development.

A dual-path psychosocial model of social determinants of health in the community: Results from the Cause Commune program.

We tested a dual-path psychosocial framework of social vulnerability that considers the impact of socioeconomic resources and cognitive social capital on health, and whether they were mediated by an enabling psychosocial path (collective efficacy) and a disabling path (loneliness). A total of 1401 people (53.6% female, Mage = 48.7, SD = 18.1) from a community in Switzerland participated in the study. Structural equation models showed that psychosocial factors were related to both social determinants and health outcomes and partially mediated their interrelation. Our model showed an adequate fit to the data (χ2 = 1,377.56, df = 341, p = 0.000, comparative fit index = 0.93, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, standardized root mean-squared residual = 0.05). The findings highlight the role of psychosocial-relational factors in the processes of social vulnerability and would be of interest to researchers working on social vulnerability in the community.

Long-term household material socioeconomic resources and cognitive health in a population-based cohort of older adults in rural northeast South Africa, 2001–2015

Material resources owned by households that affect daily living conditions may be salient for cognitive health during aging, especially in low-income settings, but there is scarce evidence on this topic. We investigated relationships between long-term trends in household material resources and cognitive function among older adults in a population-representative study in rural South Africa. Data were from baseline interviews with 4580 adults aged ≥40 in “Health and Ageing in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” (HAALSI) in 2014/2015 linked to retrospective records on their household material resources from the Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) from 2001 to 2013. Household material resources were assessed biennially in the Agincourt HDSS using a five-point index that captured dwelling materials, water and sanitation, sources of power, livestock, and technological amenities. Cognitive function was assessed in HAALSI and analyzed as a z-standardized latent variable capturing time orientation, episodic memory, and numeracy. We evaluated the relationships between quintiles of each of the mean resource index score, volatility in resource index score, and change in resource index score and subsequent cognitive function, overall and by resource type. Higher mean household resources were positively associated with cognitive function (βadj = 0.237 standard deviation [SD] units for the highest vs. lowest quintile of mean resource index score; 95% CI: 0.163–0.312; p-trend<0.0001), as were larger improvements over time in household resources (βadj = 0.122 SD units for the highest vs. lowest quintile of change in resources; 95% CI: 0.040–0.205; p-trend = 0.001). Results were robust to sensitivity analyses assessing heterogeneity by age and restricting to those with formal education. The findings were largely driven by technological amenities including refrigerators, stoves, telephones, televisions, and vehicles. These amenities may support cognitive function through improving nutrition and providing opportunities for cognitive stimulation through transportation and social contact outside of the home.

Climate change perception and the adoption of innovation among mango plantation farmers in the Yilo Krobo municipality, Ghana

Mango production has the potential to boost Ghana's socioeconomic growth and development. However, mango is susceptible to climate change risk resulting in the adoption of innovations among mango farmers. Drawing on the protection motivation and the innovation diffusion theories, this study assesses the effect of climate change perceptions on the adoption of innovations among mango farmers in the Yilo Krobo Municipality, Ghana. The study used data collected from 204 randomly selected farmers through a questionnaire survey. Data collected were subjected to basic descriptive and inferential analysis. Results show that mango farmers associated post-harvest losses, frequent droughts, rising temperature, declining rainfall, and pests and diseases to climate change. The participants have adopted management, technological and process innovations such as the application of improved seedlings and agrochemicals, practising irrigation farming and using social media and networks to market their business. Results further reveal that mango farmers' adoption of innovation is largely determined by their contextual and compositional demographic characteristics such as age, education, size of plantation and years of farming experience. In addition, climate change perceptions particularly frequent droughts influence smallholder farmers' adoption of innovation. Government and other stakeholders need to increase access to socioeconomic resources and education to enhance farmers' adaptive capacity and improve their adoption of innovations.

1950년대 북한 사회주의 건설과 민족문화유산 계승 문제

The policy of inheritance and development of national cultural heritage has been a consistent policy of North Korea after the Liberation. In the early 1950s, North Korea needed internal integration and mobilization of internal resources in order to reorganize the Workers’ Party and the state system and to carry out post war reconstruction projects. Accordingly, the importance of national cultural heritage was further emphasized in terms of both ideology and practical use. In 1955, Kim Il-sung directed the establishment of ‘Juche’ based on the National Cultural Tradition and the Anti-Japanese Revolutionary Tradition. After the policy of socialist construction was fixed at the 3rd Congress of the Workers’Party of Korea in 1956, the project to inherit national cultural heritage was carried out with the goal of socialist construction. In particular, the advanced and reforming aspects were rediscovered in Silhak ideology. North Korea justified its radical socialization path through the ideology of Silhak. On the other hand, national cultural heritage in each sector, such as traditional science, architecture, weaponry, medicine, crafts, musical instruments, and clothing, was directly utilized and applied to the construction of socialism in North Korea as socio-economic resources, and it was closely related to the lives of the residents. Inheriting the tradition and realizing it in the present era was the realization of Juche, and it contained the orientation of the people's sovereignty in the sense that the people enjoy the nation’s treasures. Through the inheritance of national cultural heritage, North Korea’s socialist construction was ideologically reversed and utilized practically. In this way, North Korean socialism and national cultural traditions were closely related, and thus the nationalistic character took root in the North Korean socialist system.(University of North Korean Studies)