Background: Pathological scarring (PS) following surgical procedures, burns, or trauma poses significant clinical, psychological, and socio-economic challenges. Despite the high prevalence of PS, reliable information resources are limited, often leading individuals to depend on unvalidated online sources. To address this gap, we developed MyScarSpecialist.com, an evidence-based website providing comprehensive information on scar types, characteristics, and treatment options. This study aimed to optimize the website through co-creation with patients and clinicians. Methods: Semi-structured focus group meetings were conducted with patients and carers; sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: From the 3 focus group meetings with 15 patients with scars and 3 carers, four key themes emerged: (1) Information Sources: The Role of Professionals, Peers, and Digital Media in information sharing; (2) Desired information: From scar typing to treatment outcomes to psychosocial impact; (3) Website design: Audience preferences on content layering, information load, and image positioning; (4) Readability: Optimizing content for comprehension. Participants highlighted the need for enhanced peer support and resources addressing the psychological impact of scarring. Conclusions: These findings provide comprehensive insights for optimizing medical educational websites, ensuring inclusivity, accessibility, and empowerment for patients through co-designed strategies.

ABSTRACT Grounded in the polycrisis concept, Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT), and Construal Level Theory (CLT), this study examines how public sentiment and thematic discourse emerged on social media in response to Kenya’s 2024 Finance Bill protests, a crisis intensified by intersecting socio-economic challenges. Sentiment analysis and topic modeling of 99,576 X posts reveal a predominantly negative public sentiment (70.35%), reflecting widespread frustration with the Kenyan government’s fiscal policies. Key themes identified include opposition to the Finance Bill, economic hardship, demands for political accountability, active civic engagement, and media influence on public opinion. The analysis further demonstrates distinct patterns of sentiment expression, with original posts displaying heightened emotional intensity compared to replies, and user influence shaping sentiment, as high-follower accounts amplified unique sentiment trends. These findings hold practical implications for policymakers, media strategists, and crisis communicators, highlighting the importance of transparent, empathetic communication strategies that address public grievances and resonate in complex polycrisis contexts. By advancing the application of SCCT and CLT in the study of socio-political crises, this research highlights social media’s vital role in capturing and shaping public sentiment amid multifaceted crises.

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) remain a major clinical and socioeconomic challenge, frequently resulting in motor weakness, sensory loss, and chronic neuropathic pain that cause long-term disability and restrict daily function. Functional recovery is limited by slow axonal regrowth, Wallerian degeneration, interstitial fibrosis, and progressive denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Although microsurgical epineurial repair and autologous nerve grafting are standard treatments, clinical outcomes remain inconsistent, especially in long-gap or delayed repairs. These limitations underscore the need for more effective regenerative strategies that address both the structural and biological barriers to nerve recovery. Contemporary research on PNIs focuses on four interconnected domains: structural reconstruction, biological acceleration, functional remodelling, and anatomical restoration. Advanced nerve-guidance conduits offer biomimetic, aligned pathways that reduce axonal misdirection and complement microsuture or autograft repair. Biological approaches, including localized delivery of neurotrophic factors, mesenchymal stem cells, induced-pluripotent stem cell derivatives, and their exosomes, enhance Schwann cell reprogramming, angiogenesis, and pro-regenerative immune polarization while reducing risks associated with live cell transplantation. Non-invasive biophysical stimulation modalities, such as electrical stimulation, magnetic fields, photobiomodulation, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, and piezoelectric scaffolds, further promote axonal growth and neurotrophic signaling. Emerging integrated strategies that combine stem cell-derived exosomes with physical cues demonstrate synergistic regeneration in preclinical models, representing promising avenues for treating critical-sized nerve gaps. Multi-omics technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and spatial profiling, have deepened mechanistic understanding of Schwann cell plasticity, axon-glia communication, and injury-induced inflammatory dynamics. However, clinical translation remains constrained by heterogeneity in study design, biomaterial manufacturing, regulatory requirements, and the lack of validated biomarkers for monitoring nerve regeneration. Overcoming these obstacles will require coordinated efforts across surgery, biomaterials engineering, stem cell biology, pharmacology, neuromodulation, and rehabilitation medicine. Recent progress in biomaterial conduits, cell-free biologics, and biophysical stimulation is transforming PNI treatment and providing options that surpass conventional microsurgical repair. Continued advancement will require reliable biomarkers, standardized production and evaluation methods, and well-designed randomized controlled trials. Coordinated collaboration across research, clinical practice, industry, and regulatory agencies is essential to develop safe, effective, and widely applicable neuroregenerative therapies that restore meaningful function after peripheral nerve injury.

Urban agriculture (UA) has emerged as a key response to the challenges associated with urbanization, addressing urban poverty, food insecurity, livelihood vulnerability and environmental stress. This study examines key catalysts and constraints influencing UA in the Thiruvananthapuram corporation, Kerala, India. Using mixed-methods research design, data were collected from 124 urban farmers across 20 purposively selected wards through pre-tested questionnaires and focus group discussions during 2024. The identified catalysts were categorized into three groups: socio-economic benefits, ecosystem services and fitness and well-being. Analysis revealed significant differences among these three categories, with fitness and well-being emerging as the most influential catalysts, followed by socio-economic benefits and ecosystem services. Psychological well-being and reduction of lifestyle disorders were the primary catalysts, indicating the role of UA in mental and physical health. Socio-economic benefits included improved access to fresh food, income generation and preservation of cultural practices, while ecosystem services contributed to sustainable development, biodiversity and improved environmental quality. The constraints were grouped into institutional and socio-economic categories, with the lack of timely information, extension services and agricultural inputs identified as the major institutional barriers. Socio-economic challenges included poor soil fertility and high costs of specialized inputs and labour. The findings collectively elucidate the key catalytic factors and constraints shaping the adoption and practice of UA.

The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme is a vital initiative designed to provide farmers with timely and affordable access to credit, reducing their reliance on informal lending sources. Despite its importance, several institutional, financial, and socio-economic challenges such as complex application procedures, inadequate rural banking facilities, high default risks, and limited financial literacy continue to hinder its effectiveness. This review highlights major policy measures and best practices aimed at enhancing the adoption, accessibility, and efficiency of the KCC scheme. The integration of digital innovations, including online application systems, Aadhaar-based verification, mobile banking, and AI-supported credit monitoring, has simplified loan processing and strengthened financial security. Furthermore, expanding KCC eligibility to tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and women farmers has improved rural financial inclusion. Initiatives such as financial literacy programs, community-based awareness campaigns, and Financial Literacy Centers (FLCs) have also contributed significantly to educating farmers about digital banking and credit management. Although these developments mark substantial progress, continued investment in technology, policy reforms, and financial education is crucial to fully realize the potential of the KCC scheme and promote long-term financial stability and empowerment among India’s farming community. KeywordsKisan Credit Card (KCC), Financial inclusion, Digital banking, Agricultural credit, Financial literacy.

Purpose: This study explores how green bonds and impact investments contribute to advancing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) objectives within Zambia’s evolving financial landscape. It responds to the country’s exposure to climate vulnerability, energy insecurity, biodiversity loss, and persistent socio-economic challenges, positioning sustainable finance as a key mechanism for mobilizing long-term capital toward inclusive and low-carbon development pathways. Methodology: The study employs a qualitative analytical approach based on a review of policy frameworks, regulatory instruments, and market evidence related to sustainable finance in Zambia. Particular attention is given to the Zambia Green Finance Taxonomy (ZGFT), early green bond issuances, and selected impact investment initiatives, assessing their alignment with national development priorities and ESG principles. Findings: The analysis finds that green bonds finance renewable energy, climate-resilient infrastructure, and environmental conservation while delivering social co-benefits such as employment and community development. Impact investments complement these outcomes by supporting health, education, and biodiversity projects, strengthening governance and measurable ESG performance. Nevertheless, regulatory fragmentation, limited technical capacity, and weak project-preparation mechanisms continue to constrain market scalability in Zambia’s context. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study contributes to sustainable finance theory by extending ESG and impact investment analysis to a climate-vulnerable, lower-income economy. From a policy perspective, it underscores the importance of regulatory harmonization, capacity building, blended-finance approaches, and project-preparation facilities to de-risk investments. Practically, it offers insights for policymakers, investors, and development partners seeking to position Zambia as a regional leader in sustainable finance, leveraging green bonds and impact investments to enhance climate resilience and inclusive economic growth.

Ecotoxicological impacts associated with fluorescent lamp waste leachates on the marine macroalga Ulva sp.

Obstetric fistula, a preventable consequence of prolonged obstructed labor, inflicts profound physical, psychological, and social suffering, leaving many women described as "living dead." In Ethiopia, where the burden remains high, little is known about women lived experiences and coping strategies beyond clinical outcomes. This review was conducted to synthesize qualitative evidence, illuminate these challenges, and inform holistic interventions. To synthesize available evidence on the lived experiences and coping mechanisms of women with obstetric fistula in Ethiopia. This study employed a qualitative meta-synthesis approach. This review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review and meta-synthesis methodological guidance and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. ATLAS.ti software, Version 25, Lumivero was used for analysis. A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases up to May 25, 2025, including both published and unpublished studies examining the lived experiences of women with obstetric fistula. All eligible studies were critically appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program to ensure methodological rigor. Data were systematically extracted and analyzed using thematic synthesis, and the results are presented through tables, narrative summaries, and illustrative diagrams, providing a coherent and evidence-based synthesis of women's experiences and coping mechanisms. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing the diverse experiences of women with obstetric fistula in Ethiopia. Four major themes were developed: physical challenges such as pain, foot drop, odor, and urinary incontinence; psychological challenges including hopelessness, grief, and suicidal ideation; socioeconomic challenges like stigma, isolation, divorce, loneliness, social disintegration, and economic difficulties; and coping mechanisms such as self-isolation and wearing multiple layers of clothing. Women with obstetric fistula face intersecting physical, psychological, and socioeconomic burdens that erode dignity and social participation. Coping strategies such as self-isolation and layering clothes, while adaptive, often reinforce stigma and exclusion. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive interventions that go beyond surgical repair to include psychosocial support, stigma reduction, and economic reintegration programs. Registered with PROSPERO 2025 CRD420251064015.

To investigate the potential long-term impacts of adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Observational, retrospective matched cohort. UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database of primary care records with linkage to deprivation, secondary care and mortality data. Adults registered with CPRD between 31/03/2002 and 29/03/2021. Individuals with GHD were exact matched up to 1:4 with unaffected controls on sex, age group (by decade) and general practice with propensity score matching on age, ethnicity and deprivation. Mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis, fractures, depression, time off work and unemployment were investigated using Cox proportional hazards modelling. 1573 adults with GHD were matched to 6234 unaffected controls. Median follow-up was 5.2 years for cases (IQR 2.2, 10.6) and 5.1 years for controls (IQR 2.2, 10.3). Adult GHD was associated with an increased risk of premature mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.61; 95% CI 1.27, 2.03), CVD (aHR 2.38; 95% CI 1.84 to 3.07) and osteoporosis (aHR 4.03; 95% CI 2.88 to 5.65), but there was no evidence for an increased risk of fractures. A higher rate of depression (aHR 1.72; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.40) and unemployment (aHR 2.06; 95% CI 1.56 to 2.71) was also seen in adults with GHD, although there was no evidence for increased time off work. GHD in adults is associated with increased risk of premature mortality, CVD, osteoporosis, depression and socioeconomic challenges such as unemployment. Timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment and comprehensive support are critical to mitigating these adverse outcomes.

Mental illness and related health inequities are disproportionately concentrated in economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a rise in mental illness prevalence, with women generally at greater risk than men. Urban areas facing multiple structural and socioeconomic challenges may have limited capacity to meet the mental healthcare needs of residents, leading to increased reliance on emergency departments (EDs) for acute care. This ecological study uses data over four years (2018–2021) and examines spatial variations in ED utilization at the census tract level, focusing on geographic areas with women of reproductive age diagnosed with mental illness to compare patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 22,565 ED visits in the four-year period, 12,832 occurred before COVID-19 and 9733 during COVID-19. Our findings highlight persistent structural disparities in mental healthcare access across census tracts characterized by high concentrations of vulnerable women of reproductive age. Understanding these spatial disparities allows for geographically targeted interventions and the prioritization of resources for neighborhoods identified as most underserved.

Women and girls with bleeding disorders (WGBD) face challenges in accessing timely and specialized care. There is a need for comprehensive data, particularly regarding care and clinical management, to inform advocacy initiatives and policy decisions to standardize and improve access to care. To conduct a survey of World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) National Member Organizations (NMOs) on the provision of care and various services for WGBD. WFH NMOs completed a questionnaire comprising six themes related to care for WGBD: (1) socioeconomic and cultural challenges, (2) access to healthcare services/programmes/treatments, (3) level of awareness of patients and providers regarding WGBD, (4) availability of programmes and services, (5) challenges in addressing specific needs and (6) challenges in data collection for advocacy, education, and training. Socioeconomic and cultural challenges included women not recognizing/identifying themselves as patients, poverty-related barriers, discrimination and sexism. Obstacles to receiving care encompassed limited awareness and use of diagnostic tools and lack of special clinics. Level of awareness on topics related to WGBD varied greatly across NMOs. Almost half (45%) of NMOs responded they collected data for advocacy purposes; challenges in data collection were mainly due to limited access to reliable and comprehensive data sources. The survey identified key challenges in providing and delivering care to WGBD. Strategies and initiatives should focus on raising awareness, expanding access to care, establishing special clinics, and improving outreach, as well as increasing women's representation on committees and boards and increasing education initiatives.

Flood disasters pose persistent socio-economic and environmental challenges, particularly in tropical regions such as Sumatra, Indonesia. Traditional hydrological and GIS-based approaches often struggle to capture complex interactions among terrain, rainfall, land use, and human activities. This review critically examines recent applications of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) for flood disaster mapping, focusing on machine learning models, geospatial data sources, and computational workflows. Analysis of selected studies highlights that satellite imagery and digital elevation models remain dominant data inputs, while Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, Convolutional Neural Networks, and hybrid models are most frequently applied. Workflow patterns reveal recurring stages of data preprocessing, model training, and post-processing, yet gaps persist in model explainability, feature selection, and generalization across regions. The study underscores the importance of integrating multi-source data, standardizing workflows, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance operational flood risk management. Findings provide a foundation for advancing GeoAI research and translating methodological innovations into practical flood preparedness and mitigation strategies.

Women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa face several barriers, including poverty, cultural stigma, intense social pressure and a lack of accessible services, which prevent them from addressing drug use and mental health issues. The study aimed to explore the impact of socio-economic and psychological factors on substance use among women aged 25-34. This study was conducted at community centres and private schools across several cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, including Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Swabi and Mardan. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys from 120 participants to analyse drug use patterns and qualitative interviews with 20 participants to investigate personal and social challenges through in-depth interviews. Quantitative data indicated that unemployment, financial hardship and low education significantly predicted drug use, whereas moderate depression, anxiety and stress exacerbated it. Perceived stigma serves as a protective role in this study. Qualitative findings highlight themes such as socioeconomic challenges, mental health issues, cultural pressures and barriers to treatment that exacerbate these problems. This study highlights the importance of rehabilitation centres and community counselling services tailored to women's specific needs, along with legislative measures to address gaps in support and resources for women facing drug use issues. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex relationships between mental health, socioeconomic status and cultural factors influencing drug use among women and aims to inform public health policy and strategy.

Urban agriculture (UA) is increasingly acknowledged as a critical component in enhancing food security, sustaining livelihoods, and fostering sustainable urban development across African cities. This paper adopts a qualitative case-study approach to examine the motivations, operational dynamics, land access challenges, and legislative contexts of UA in two contrasting urban settings: Cape Town (South Africa) and Norton (Zimbabwe). Guided by the social capital theory and interviews with key stakeholders and policy analysis, the study reveals divergent trajectories. In Cape Town, UA is semi-institutionalised, supported by governmental and civil society actors, and framed within broader agendas of food justice and community development. However, practitioners face significant constraints related to land access, urban policy fragmentation, and competition over space. In contrast, UA in Norton is largely informal, operating as a survivalist strategy in response to persistent socio-economic challenges, with minimal formal support but relatively flexible regulatory conditions. Here, land-tenure insecurity and the threat of eviction are pressing concerns. The study highlights the role of context-specific legislative frameworks, secure land rights, and inclusive urban planning in enabling UA. By situating UA within broader debates on land governance and urban informality, this paper contributes to understanding the institutional and spatial conditions necessary for advancing UA.

Socio-economic challenges faced by tuberculosis (TB) survivors in Indonesia remain substantial, particularly stigma that restricts employment opportunities and hinders social reintegration. This community service program aimed to strengthen the economic capacity of TB survivors through a community-based empowerment approach and health information dissemination via social media. The program involved a TB survivor community in the partner area of the Lampung Sehat Initiative. A participatory method was applied through entrepreneurship training, digital content production assistance, and the distribution of health education materials using Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. The results indicate that social media was effective not only as a platform for health education but also as a promotional tool for participants’ micro-business products. In addition to improving public literacy regarding TB, social media contributed to stigma reduction by delivering positive narratives and reinforcing the collective identity of the survivor community. The program also encouraged behavioral change, supported the emergence of local leadership, and expanded participants’ social and economic networks. These findings suggest that integrating social media into community-based empowerment initiatives can serve as a social transformation strategy that enhances the sustainability of economic development and social support for TB survivors.

BackgroundPeriprosthetic joint infections pose clinical and socioeconomic challenges. Gram-negative pathogens are associated with poorer outcomes compared with Gram-positive organisms. Rising antimicrobial resistance limits treatment options. The new combination of cefepime/enmetazobactam offers a promising carbapenem-sparing therapy.ObjectivesTo investigate the distribution and the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration for cefepime and the time above the threshold concentration for enmetazobactam during the first and third dosing intervals in tissues relevant to periprosthetic joint infection, following either intermittent short-term infusion or continuous infusion in a preclinical, randomized porcine model.Materials and methodsSixteen pigs were randomized to receive cefepime/enmetazobactam either as a short-term infusion (2 g/0.5 g over 2 h) or continuous infusion (initial dosage of 1 g/0.25 g administered over 15 min followed by 2 g/0.5 g over 7 h and 45 min) in three dosing intervals of 8 h. Microdialysis was used to dynamically sample interstitial fluid concentrations of cefepime and enmetazobactam from cancellous bone, subcutaneous tissue and synovial fluid. Plasma samples were collected as reference. The following dosing interval targets were applied: for cefepime, 60% T > MIC of 8 mg/L and for enmetazobactam, 45% of T > Ct of 2 mg/L.ResultsAll pigs reached the predetermined targets in all investigated compartments following both administration forms. For all targets, compartments, dosing intervals and administration forms, the mean T > MIC for cefepime was ≥92% and mean T > Ct for enmetazobactam was ≥99%.ConclusionCefepime/enmetazobactam demonstrated robust tissue distribution, reaching the applied pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets in all investigated tissue compartments, regardless of the mode of administration. From a pharmacokinetic view, cefepime/enmetazobactam may prove useful in future Gram-negative periprosthetic joint infection settings.

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to the body of knowledge on the COVID-19 pandemic by examining perceptions and understandings of COVID-19 among a purposively enlisted set of young adults in the marginalized low-income communities of Ajegunle and Amukoko in Lagos State, Nigeria. Drawing on the theory of structural violence, this qualitative research underscores how participants’ pre-pandemic lived experiences shape their varying levels of disbelief and scepticism about the reality of the viral disease. The paper highlights how these lived experiences are replete with narratives of poor living standards and the prevailing socio-economic realities and challenges within their communities. The paper further demonstrates how these experiences have, over time, fostered mistrust of democratically elected leaders, shaping responses to the pandemic and contributing to disbelief, neglect, and the spread of misinformation, particularly when containment efforts were spearheaded by political leaders deemed untrustworthy.

Abstract South Africa is one of the countries in the Global South that has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to its preexisting socioeconomic challenges, including high unemployment, inequality, and widespread poverty. However, the government implemented social assistance programs, such as the COVID-19 Social Relief of Distress (SRD) grant, to address this crisis, specifically among working adults experiencing economic hardship. This study examines the effect of the COVID-19 SRD grant on household income and expenditure patterns from 2020 to 2023, employing fixed effects (FE) and quantile regression models. The results reveal a significant negative relationship between the SRD grant and total household income. Quantile regression further demonstrates that the grant’s impact is most pronounced among the poorest households underscoring its effectiveness in targeting low-income groups. In terms of expenditure, the grant significantly increases spending on basic necessities (lowest expenditure category) while reducing discretionary spending (median expenditure category), reflecting households’ prioritization of essential needs. These findings highlight the dual role of the SRD grant as a critical safety net for immediate relief and a mechanism for reallocating household resources toward essential goods. However, the negative effect on total household income suggests that the grant alone is insufficient to address structural economic challenges. This study provides critical insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for integrated social protection strategies that combine immediate relief with sustainable livelihoods and economic recovery.

Climate change poses a threat to global rice production by increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The widespread cultivation of genetically uniform modern varieties has narrowed the genetic base of rice, increasing its vulnerability to these increased pressures. Rice landraces are traditional rice varieties that have been cultivated by farming communities for centuries and are considered crucial resources of genetic diversity. These landraces are adapted to a wide range of agro-ecological environments and exhibit valuable traits that provide tolerance to various biotic stresses, including drought, salinity, nutrient-deficient soils, and the increasing severity of climate-related temperature extremes. In addition, many landraces possess diverse alleles associated with resistance to biotic stresses, including pests and diseases. In addition, rice landraces exhibit great grain quality characters including high levels of essential amino acids, antioxidants, flavonoids, vitamins, and micronutrients. Hence, their preservation is vital for maintaining agricultural biodiversity and enhancing nutritional security, especially in vulnerable and resource-limited regions. However, rice landraces are increasingly threatened by genetic erosion due to widespread adoption of modern high-yielding varieties, habitat loss, and changing farming practices. This review discusses the roles of rice landraces in developing resilient and climate-smart rice cultivars. Moreover, the Pantiange Heigu landrace, cultivated at one of the highest altitudes globally in Yunnan Province, China, has been used as a case study for integrated conservation by demonstrating the successful combination of in situ and ex situ strategies, community engagement, policy support, and value-added development to sustainably preserve genetic diversity under challenging environmental and socio-economic challenges. Finally, this study explores the importance of employing advanced genomic technologies with supportive policies and economic encouragements to enhance conservation and sustainable development of rice landraces as a strategic imperative for global food security. By preserving and enhancing the utilization of rice landraces, the agricultural community can strengthen the genetic base of rice, improve crop resilience, and contribute substantially to global food security and sustainable agricultural development in the face of environmental and socio-economic challenges.

ABSTRACT It is vital to understand the contributions and challenges of urban agriculture (UA) to take corrective measures in turn enhancing the sector. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess the socio-economic contributions and challenges of UA in some selected urban centers of Ethiopia. The study employed cross-sectional household survey data collected from 385 UA practitioners in five urban centers. In addition, qualitative data were obtained using key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean) and a multiple linear regression model. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and Food Consumption Score were used to assess the contribution of UA to household food security. It was found that UA practice has a paramount contribution to enhancing the food security and incomes of UA practitioners. The study revealed that finance, technologies, water, and land were hindering factors of UA practice in Ethiopia.