The article considers the reasons for the origin of threats and risks to the country's energy security system. Existing and potential threats at the macroeconomic, microeconomic, and mesoeconomics levels are systematized. The main negative trends that threaten the electricity industry, gas transportation, and gas distribution activities, coal and oil industries are traced. The essential understanding of threats as categories is argued based on the existing interpretations of scientists. The proposed definition of “energy security threat” is based on a rethinking of government and market levers to meet Goal 7 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which requires access to low-cost, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy sources for all actors’ management. The conditional distribution of threats has been made, as different research methods are used to the set goal, and there are subjective assessments of the analysis of phenomena and processes. Based on the various features of the actual content of threats, it is proposed to classify them according to the following features: causes (objective, manufactured origin, which is a consequence of human life); localization of education (direct, indirect); security segments (state, energy, international, food, information, social, etc.); consequential manifestations; duration of the course; areas of distribution; areas of damage (structural elements, technological facilities, infrastructure, stages of production, consumption, transportation; species and methods of occurrence (spontaneous and predictable, chronic or accidental, objective or subjective). Threats as a socio-economic phenomenon are considered in the growing hierarchy: macroeconomic threats, mesoeconomics threats, microeconomic threats, which in turn allowed to classify threats by remoteness and indicators of impact. Keywords: microeconomics, macroeconomics, mesoeconomics, energy-saving technologies, energy strategy, energy risks, generating capacities, gas distribution enterprises, gas transmission system, geological exploration works, production, transportation of energy resources.