Society Of America Research Articles

Recent breakthroughs in digital holography, 2D/3D imaging, and holographic optical elements: introduction

The Optica Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging Topical Meeting (DH) 2024 in Paestum, Italy. brought together a vibrant hub for global experts to showcase cutting-edge research and industry pioneers to discuss the latest developments in digital holography (DH) and 3D imaging techniques. This meeting's impact is further amplified by a dedicated feature issue across three prestigious Optica journals: Applied Optics, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, and Biomedical Optics Express. This introduction summarizes the diverse and high-quality contributions, highlighting key advancements and applications that are shaping the future of DH and imaging.

Porous PtCu Alloys Decode Plasma Metabolic Fingerprints for the Recognition of Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Rapid and accurate recognition of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) would facilitate the optimal intervention. Currently, the diagnosis of severe CAP is commonly based on the criteria established by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA)/American Thoracic Society (ATS), which include 2 primary and 9 secondary criteria, making the process cumbersome and time-consuming. Here, a porous PtCu alloy-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS) is designed for the extraction of plasma metabolic fingerprints (PMFs), coupling with machine learning for the diagnosis of severe CAP. The PtCu alloys with optimal particle size exhibit excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and universality for metabolite detection, due to the porous structure, promising photoelectric effect, and improved melting surface structure. Further, the nanoplatform successfully records the PMFs within seconds, using only 0.5 µL native plasma. Machine learning of PMFs on 69 individuals produces a diagnostic model with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.832. Particularly, a three metabolic biomarker panel demonstrates enhanced diagnostic efficiency (AUC of 0.846), outperforming reported biomarkers (AUC of 0.560-0.770). Notably, the diagnosis can be completed in ≈35 min. The work affords a rapid and precise method for CAP management through metabolite analysis.

Cephalosporins for Outpatient Pyelonephritis in the Emergency Department: COPY-ED Study

Cephalosporins for Outpatient Pyelonephritis in the Emergency Department: COPY-ED Study

RETRACTION: R. Royauté, J. N. Pruitt, "Varying Predator Personalities Generates Contrasting Prey Communities In An Agroecosystem," Ecology 96, no. 11 (2015): 2902-2911, https://doi.org/10.1890/14-2424.1.

The above article, published online on 01 November 2015 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement among the first author, Raphaël Royauté; the journal Editor-in-Chief, Kathryn L. Cottingham; Ecological Society of America; and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to data fabrication and duplication. The author contributions were as follows: R.R conducted the analysis, performed conceptual writing and writing; J.N.P. collected the data and performed research. Specifically, there were abnormal numbers of duplicated rows found in two critical portions of the dataset: 1) the activity of the spiders placed into mesocosms of different treatments and 2) the prey abundance at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, the study design and methodology in this manuscript are insufficiently described. Accordingly, the principal conclusions cannot be supported. The first author was unaware of these issues. The authors have been informed of the decision to retract.

Recent breakthroughs in digital holography, 2D/3D imaging, and holographic optical elements: introduction

The Optica Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging Topical Meeting (DH) 2024 in Paestum, Italy, brought together a vibrant hub for global experts to showcase cutting-edge research and industry pioneers to discuss the latest developments in digital holography (DH) and 3D imaging techniques. This meeting’s impact is further amplified by a dedicated feature issue across three prestigious Optica journals: Applied Optics, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, and Biomedical Optics Express. This introduction summarizes the diverse and high-quality contributions, highlighting key advancements and applications that are shaping the future of DH and imaging.

Cardiovascular Disease: A comprehensive review of epidemiology, risk factors, and advances in management

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of global mortality, accounting for nearly 18 million deaths annually, as per the World Health Organization (WHO, 2023). In the United States, CVD remains the leading cause of death, with 931,578 deaths attributed to it in 2021 (American Heart Association, 2023). The age-adjusted death rate from cardiovascular disease increased to 233.3 per 100,000, up 4.0% from 224.4 per 100,000 reported last year (American Heart Association Newsroom, 2024). Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease, responsible for 371,506 deaths in 2022 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024). Additionally, approximately 6.7 million Americans over the age of 20 are living with heart failure (Heart Failure Society of America, 2024).Encompassing a range of disorders involving the heart and blood vessels, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease, CVD has seen its burden grow, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to rapid urbanization and limited healthcare resources (Yusuf et al., 2021). Despite significant advances in diagnostics, treatment, and prevention, global challenges such as healthcare inequities, aging populations, and emerging risk factors persist. This review explores multifaceted epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic innovations, treatment advancements, and prevention strategies related to CVD. Furthermore, it highlights actionable recommendations for addressing healthcare disparities and leveraging emerging technologies to reduce the global impact of CVD.

Recent breakthroughs in digital holography, 2D/3D imaging, and holographic optical elements: introduction

The Optica Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging Topical Meeting (DH) 2024 in Paestum, Italy, brought together a vibrant hub for global experts to showcase cutting-edge research and industry pioneers to discuss the latest developments in digital holography (DH) and 3D imaging techniques. This meeting’s impact is further amplified by a dedicated feature issue across three prestigious Optica journals: Applied Optics, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, and Biomedical Optics Express. This introduction summarizes the diverse and high-quality contributions, highlighting key advancements and applications that are shaping the future of DH and imaging.

Diagnostic accuracy of 16S rDNA PCR, Multiplex PCR and Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Periprosthetic Joint Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Diagnostic accuracy of 16S rDNA PCR, Multiplex PCR and Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Periprosthetic Joint Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Use and Outcomes for Children Undergoing Cholecystectomy

Consensus guidelines from the Infectious Disease Society of America recommend against antimicrobial prophylaxis in the operative management of uncomplicated cholelithiasis; however, these guidelines were derived entirely from the adult surgical population. To compare surgical site infection (SSI) outcomes between children undergoing cholecystectomy who received prophylaxis and those who did not. This was a cohort study using data from 141 hospitals participating in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric. Patients younger than 18 years who underwent cholecystectomy for uncomplicated cholelithiasis from January 2021 to December 2022 were identified. Exclusion criteria included diagnoses of acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis, hematologic disorders, and emergent procedures. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics before incision. The main outcomes were 30-day postoperative SSI and readmission. Propensity score weighting on the likelihood of receiving prophylaxis was used to balance groups on case acuity, duration of surgery, hospital discharge diagnosis, and patient characteristics. The association between outcomes and the use of prophylaxis was estimated using logistic regression models, weighted by the inverse probability of treatment with a random effect by hospital to control for hospital-level clustering. A secondary analysis was performed exploring the association between broad-spectrum prophylaxis and outcomes. Of 2234 children who met criteria for inclusion (median age, 15.3 years; 19.7% male [399 of 2025]), 2025 (90.6%) received prophylaxis (utilization rates ranged from 0% to 100% among hospitals). Cefazolin was the most commonly used antibiotic (69.2% [1401 of 2025]), and 559 of 2025 patients (27.6%) received extended-spectrum prophylaxis (compared with cefazolin). In the propensity-weighted cohort, SSI rates were lower for children who received prophylaxis compared with those who did not (18.0 of 2016 [0.9%] vs 7.8 of 212 [3.7%]; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11-0.70), and rates were similar between children receiving cefazolin and those receiving more extended-spectrum antibiotics in a secondary propensity-weighted analysis (13.9 of 1399 [1.0%] vs 2.9 of 558 [0.5%]; AOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.15-1.95). The results of this study support prophylaxis use for children undergoing nonemergent cholecystectomy; however, use of extended-spectrum antibiotics was not associated with superior outcomes compared with cefazolin alone. Opportunities to optimize infection prevention or antimicrobial stewardship were identified in more than one-third of all children undergoing cholecystectomy.

Reviewers for Annals of the Entomological Society of America (November 2023–October 2024)

Reviewers for <i>Annals of the Entomological Society of America</i> (November 2023–October 2024)

American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/European Respiratory Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA) Updated guideline on the treatment of tuberculosis.

American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/European Respiratory Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA) Updated guideline on the treatment of tuberculosis.

Symposia Report of The Annual Biological Sciences Section Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America 2023, Tampa, Florida.

The aging process is universal, and it is characterized by a progressive deterioration and decrease in physiological function leading to decline on the organismal level. Nevertheless, a number of genetic and non-genetic interventions have been described, which successfully extend healthspan and lifespan in different species. Furthermore, a number of clinical trials have been evaluating the feasibility of different interventions to promote human health. The goal of the annual Biological Sciences Section of the Gerontological Society of America meeting was to share current knowledge of different topics in aging research and provide a vision of the future of aging research. The meeting gathered international experts in diverse areas of aging research including basic biology, demography, and clinical and translational studies. Specific topics included metabolism, inflammaging, epigenetic clocks, frailty, senescence, neuroscience, stem cells, reproductive aging, inter-organelle crosstalk, comparative transcriptomics of longevity, circadian clock, metabolomics, and biodemography.

Revisiting the Utility of Inpatient Screening for Ocular Candidiasis: An Eight-Year Retrospective Study

ABSTRACT Purpose We sought to re-evaluate the utility of inpatient ocular Candidiasis screening, subsequent interventions, and outcomes, to ultimately guide alignment between American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2017–2024 at two tertiary care centers in the New York metropolitan area. Inclusion criteria included positive Candidal cultures, a pertinent International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) code, or both. Culture results, mental status, visual acuity, ocular symptoms, systemic antifungal use, dilated fundus exam (DFE) findings, immunocompromised status, and interventions performed were recorded. Results Of 897 patient encounters meeting inclusion criteria, 285 (31.8%) underwent consultation to rule-out ocular Candidiasis. Among these patients, 212 (74.4%) had an unremarkable DFE, 35 (12.3%) had DFE findings attributable to other comorbidities, 24 (8.4%) had nonspecific DFE findings requiring follow-up, nine (3.2%) were diagnosed with Candida retinitis, and one (0.4%) had Candida endophthalmitis. There were no statistically significant differences in the odds of DFE positivity between the immunocompromised versus immunocompetent group (χ2 = 0.881, p = 0.348) or the symptomatic versus asymptomatic group (χ2 = 0.297, p = 0.586). During the entire study period, no ophthalmology-directed interventions were made. Conclusion Candida endophthalmitis and Candida retinitis are rare in the inpatient setting, even in patients with confirmed Candidemia. Patients are universally started on empiric intravenous antifungal treatment by primary or infectious disease teams prior to ophthalmology consultation, limiting the yield of these examinations. Further studies should be undertaken to create a protocol for these patients such that serious sequelae of disease are prevented while resources are also utilized appropriately.

The State of the Microscopy Society of America

The State of the Microscopy Society of America

Schroeder integration for sound energy decay analysis.

The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.

P-1698. Prevalence of Anaerobes, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas Among Patients with Complicated Biliary Infections

Abstract Background Current 2010 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines indicate that community acquired biliary infections do not require antimicrobial therapy directed against Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas (PSA), or anaerobes in the absence of select risk factors. We evaluated empiric prescribing practices for complicated biliary infections at Valley Medical Center (VMC). Methods This was a single center retrospective study including patients 18 years or older with complicated biliary infections admitted at VMC from 1/1/2018 - 2/28/2022. Patients who did not require surgical intervention, had no cultures collected, or noted cephalosporin allergy were excluded. The primary outcome was to evaluate the prevalence of anaerobic, Enterococcus spp., and PSA bacteria isolated from culture. Secondary outcomes evaluated rate of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions, all cause 30-day readmission, and C. difficile infections (CDI). Results 191 patients with complicated biliary infections with culture data were included. Anaerobes and Enterococcus spp. were the most commonly isolated organisms, accounting for 19.4% and 11.5%, respectively. Of anaerobic cultures obtained, 6 (3.1%) were identified as gram-negative anaerobes and 26 (13.6%) were identified as gram-positive anaerobes. Pseudomonas spp. was uncommon (0.5%). 78 (40.8%) had negative cultures. 85 (44.5%) received empiric ceftriaxone. Of those on ceftriaxone, 75 also received metronidazole. 88 (46.1%) received empiric piperacillin tazobactam and the remaining 18 patients received alternative therapies. 59 (30.9%) were either admitted or transferred to ICU during their index admission. Of these, 48 (81.4%) were on piperacillin tazobactam. Similar all-cause 30-day readmission was observed among patients on ceftriaxone and piperacillin tazobactam (43.4%). Diagnosis with CDI within 90 days of discharge was uncommon (1.6%). Conclusion PSA and Gram-negative anaerobe prevalence was low; Enterococcus and Gram-positive anaerobes was higher. Lower rates of ICU admission and CDI were observed in patients on ceftriaxone, though may be in part due to less severe illness. Additional studies are needed to evaluate risk factors that may be predictive of Enterococcus and anaerobic infection. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

P-1693. Comparison of Initial Treatment Strategies for Outpatients with Suspected Community Acquired-Pneumonia (CAP)

Abstract Background Initial therapies for outpatient community acquired pneumonia (CAP) remain variable based on geographic location and resistance patterns. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend either monotherapy for patients who lack comorbidities or risk factors for resistant organisms, or combination therapy for those at risk for severe pneumonia. Despite clinical guidance, it remains challenging for providers to prescribe guideline recommended therapies. Assessments of local practices and outcomes are essential for optimal CAP management. Table 1 Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Antibiotics Regimens and Patient Characteristics Methods A retrospective review of outpatient antibiotics prescribed from 1/2023 to 3/2024 for the indication of pneumonia was conducted at a Veterans Affairs Hospital. Clinical and antibiotic data were collected and analyzed to for comorbidities, risk factors, and outcomes, and assessed for indications for monotherapy or combination therapies in concordance with current IDSA guidelines. Antibiotics assessed included amoxicillin, doxycycline, azithromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate either as monotherapy or combination therapy (beta-lactam antibiotic + azithromycin or doxycycline). Outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Table 2 Results A total of 169 patients were reviewed of which 103 (60%) had comorbidities or risk factors for MRSA and pseudomonas. Most common antibiotics prescribed were amoxicillin/clavulanate + azithromycin in 81 (47.9%) and amoxicillin/clavulanate in 42 (24.9%) of patient (table 1). Monotherapy was prescribed in 40.8% of patients of whom 24 (34.8%) had no comorbidities or risk factors for resistance, while combination therapy prescribed in 100 (59.2%) patients of whom 58 (56.3%) possessed risk factors for resistance (p=0.4). There were no other differences noted in the clinical characteristics, risk factors, or outcomes between the monotherapy and combination therapy group. Conclusion Antibiotic prescribing for CAP was found to be variable with low concordance with guideline recommendations for monotherapy and combination therapies. Despite variability in regimens, no differences were noted in risk factors or outcomes suggesting that regional practices dictate CAP antibiotic selection. Appropriate prescribing patterns need to be assessed by stewardship programs. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

P-638. Impact of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Screening on Antimicrobial De-escalation in Patients Admitted with Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Abstract Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important yet uncommon cause of inpatient community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). While the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) guidelines recommend rapid MRSA nasal screening to guide anti-MRSA antibiotic (abx) therapy when MRSA CAP is suspected, guideline adherence and its impact on abx use is unclear. We aimed to assess the prevalence of MRSA screening and its effect on abx de-escalation in inpatients with CAP. Methods This retrospective cohort study analyzed adult admissions for CAP across 12 U.S. hospitals from November 2022 - January 2024. Anti-MRSA abx utilization and MRSA screening was assessed in both ICU and non-ICU patients. De-escalation was defined as stopping all anti-MRSA agents within 48 hours of the first dose. We compared abx de-escalation rates of patients started on empiric anti-MRSA between those screened vs those not screened. Propensity score adjustment methods were employed to assess the association between MRSA screening and anti-MRSA antibiotic de-escalation, calculating the odds ratio (OR) for de-escalation. Positive and negative predictive values of MRSA screening were also calculated. Results Of 12,232 CAP hospitalizations, 1886 were admitted to ICU and the rest to medical wards. Thirty percent of non-ICU and 68% of ICU patients were started on anti-MRSA antibiotics within 48 hours of admission. CAP patients started on empiric anti-MRSA antibiotics were significantly more likely than those not started on them to be screened (95% vs. 74% in ICU and 76% vs. 19% outside ICU, p&amp;lt; 0.001 for both). Patients with a negative MRSA screen were more often de-escalated within 48 hours than those with no screening outside the ICU (84% vs. 71%, p&amp;lt; 0.001) and in the ICU (82% vs. 55%, p&amp;lt; 0.001). In propensity-adjusted analysis, screened patients had significantly greater odds of de-escalation compared to those not screened (non-ICU OR: 2.10 95% CI 1.85-2.38; ICU OR: 3.65 95% CI 3.00-4.45). The positive and negative predictive values of MRSA screening were 3.33% and 99.86% in non-ICU, and 6.83% and 99.78% in ICU, respectively. Conclusion MRSA screening was strongly associated with abx de-escalation, especially in the ICU. A negative screen had a very high negative predictive value. Disclosures Abhishek Deshpande, MD, PhD, AHRQ: Grant/Research Support|Clorox Healthcare: Grant/Research Support Andrea Pallotta, PharmD, Astra Zeneca: Advisor/Consultant|Viiv: Advisor/Consultant Michael Klompas, MD, MPH, AHRQ: Grant/Research Support|CDC: Grant/Research Support|UpToDate: Royalties Michael Rothberg, MD, MPH, Blue Cross Blue Shield: Advisor/Consultant|CRISPER: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)|Moderna: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)

P-1149. Short versus Long Duration of Antibiotic Therapy in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients with Uncomplicated Community Acquired Pneumonia: Impact of an Institutional Guideline Update

Abstract Background Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of morbidity and antibiotic overutilization among pediatric patients. The 2011 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend a treatment duration of 10 days for pediatric CAP but recognize that shorter courses may be appropriate in certain settings. In February 2022, based on newer literature and extrapolations from the adult population, Michigan Medicine updated its institutional guidelines to recommend an antibiotic duration of 5 days to treat uncomplicated CAP in hospitalized pediatric patients. However, there remains limited evidence to support a shorter duration of therapy for patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Baseline characteristics of patients treated for uncomplicated CAP in the PICU at Michigan Medicine from November 2020 to December 2023 Methods This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients aged 6 months to 17 years old with CAP who were admitted to the PICU at Michigan Medicine from November 2020 to December 2023. Patients with complicated CAP, hospital acquired or ventilator associated pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, severe neutropenia, solid organ or stem cell transplant, tracheostomy dependence, sickle cell disease, or suspicion for fungal infection were excluded from the study. The primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as a composite of readmission, emergency department or outpatient visit, need for antibiotic retreatment, or death attributable to CAP within 30 days of completing antibiotic therapy. Clinical outcomes of patients treated for uncomplicated CAP in the PICU at Michigan Medicine before and after the institutional guideline update Results A total of 128 patients met eligibility criteria; 59 (46%) patients were treated before the guideline update and 69 (54%) were treated after the guideline update. The median antibiotic treatment duration was 7.71 days in the pre-guideline update group and 5.58 days in the post-guideline update group (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Three patients in the pre-guideline update group and five patients in the post-guideline update group experienced 30-day treatment failure, which was not a statistically significant difference (P = 0.615). There was no difference in the median hospital length of stay between groups. Conclusion This study demonstrated that a shorter course of antibiotic therapy did not increase the rate of treatment failure compared to a standard course of therapy for patients admitted to the PICU with uncomplicated CAP. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

P-2088. Correlation of pediatric blood culture transport time and time-to-positivity since microbiology service centralization

Abstract Background Guidance from Clinical &amp; Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) both recommend that transport of blood culture specimens from collection to laboratory accession should take less than 2 hours to preserve the specimen quality, such as positivity rate and time-to-positivity (TTP). This recommendation could be impractical in Canada as many diagnostic microbiology laboratories are moving towards centralization, in which microbiology services are relocated from individual laboratories to regional sites, where resources and personnel are consolidated. This is especially crucial for the pediatric population as different published guidelines are available on the required pediatric blood culture volume, which could affect their positivity rate and TTP. Methods The current study investigated the blood culture transport time and TTP for Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), a tertiary pediatric hospital, situated about 700 meters away from Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association (EORLA) microbiology laboratory, which has consolidated the microbiology services for 18 hospitals in Eastern Ontario since 2010’s. All first positive blood cultures from patients at CHEO from 1 November 2019 to 31 October 2020 were included. TTP was defined as the time from collection to a positive signal from the automated incubators. Two-tailed Spearman’s correlation was used to determine the association between transport time and TTP. Results A mean transport time of 2.95 hours and a mean TTP of 31.8 hours were calculated from the 268 episodes of first positive blood culture from patients in a year (mean patient age 6.27 years). Only 82 specimens were transported to the laboratory in less than 2 hours. A weak but statistically significant correlation (rs = 0.17, p = 0.0047.) was observed between transport time and TTP. Conclusion Even for a hospital within walking distance of a regional microbiology laboratory, the blood culture transport time was unable to meet the guidance recommendation, associated with delay in TTP. Centralization of microbiology services could affect the quality of critical clinical specimens. Remedial actions, such as molecular testing, could be considered to salvage specimens if they are crucial for diagnoses. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures