Social Aggression Research Articles

Pengaruh Likuiditas, Profitabilitas dan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Makanan dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Tahun 2018-2020)

This study aims to examine and analyze how much liquidity, profitability and corporate social responsibility influence fiscal aggression. The sample in this study is a food and beverage subsector listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2018-2020. The number of in this study based on the purposive sampling method is 25 companies multiplied by the observation year to obtain 75 data. The data analysis method in this study used multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that liquidity, profitability and corporate social responsibility simultaneously have a significant effect on fiscal aggression. Meanwhile, liquidity and partial profitability have a negative and significant effect on fiscal aggression, and corporate social responsibility has a positive and insignificant effect on fiscal aggression.

발달지연 아동의 고유수용성 감각 기반 치료 활동이 감각처리 및 문제행동에 미치는 효과: 사례 연구

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of proprioceptive sensory-based therapeutic activities on sensory processing and problematic behavior in children with developmental delay.
 The participants of this study were two 5-year-old children diagnosed with developmental delay that was mediated through proprioceptive sensory-based therapeutic activities. The mediation done once a week for 50 minutes per session, for a total of 12 sessions. To examine the effects of proprioceptive sensory-based treatment activities, sensory processing was evaluated using the Sensory Profile and problematic behaviors were evaluated using the Korean Child Behavior Checklist before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed by calculating the difference in values before and after the intervention, and visual analysis was done using graphs.
 After the proprioceptive sensory-based treatment activity, participant 1 was clear in the following items: sensory profile, sensory processing, visual processing, vestibular sensory processing, tactile processing, multisensory processing, oral sensory processing, endurance and muscle tone control, body posture movement control, and activity level control. The difference improved from that of the doubt difference, and the results showed improvement in atrophy, depression and anxiety, social immaturity, attention problems, aggression, internalization problems, and externalization problems in the child and adolescent behavior evaluation scale. Participant 2 showed an improvement in all items except the reaction threshold items in the sensory profile, and atrophy, depression/anxiety, social immaturity, thinking problems, attention problems, delinquency, aggression, internalization problems, and externalization in the child and adolescent behavior evaluation scale. Improved results were found on the problem scale.
 This study confirmed that proprioceptive sensory-based therapeutic activity had a positive effect on sensory processing and problematic behavior in children with developmental delay.

Cascading Effects of Conspecific Aggression on Oxidative Status and Telomere Length in Zebra Finches.

Living in social groups may exacerbate interindividual competition for territory, food, and mates, leading to stress and possible health consequences. Unfavorable social contexts have been shown to elevate glucocorticoid levels (often used as biomarkers of individual stress), but the downstream consequences of socially stressful environments are rarely explored. Our study experimentally tests the mechanistic links between social aggression, oxidative stress, and somatic maintenance in captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Over 64 d, we measured the effects of aggression (received or emitted) on the individual oxidative status, body condition, and changes in relative telomere length (rTL) of birds living in high- and low-social-density conditions. Using path analyses, we found that birds living at high social density increased their aggressive behavior. Birds receiving the highest number of aggressions exhibited the strongest activation of antioxidant defenses and highest plasmatic levels of reactive oxygen metabolites. In turn, this prevented birds from maintaining or restoring telomere length between the beginning and the end of the experiment. Received aggression also had a direct negative effect on changes in rTL, unrelated to oxidative stress. In contrast, emitted aggression had no significant effect on individual oxidative stress or changes in rTL. Body condition did not appear to affect the physiological response to aggression or oxidative stress. At low density, we found trends that were similar to those at high density but nonsignificant. Our study sheds light on the causal chain linking the social environment and aggressive behavior to individual oxidative stress and telomere length. The long-term consequences of socially induced stress on fitness remain to be characterized.

Development of social feedback processing and responses in childhood: an fMRI test-replication design in two age cohorts.

This study investigated behavioral and neural correlates underlying social feedback processing and subsequent aggressive behaviors in childhood in two age cohorts (test sample: n = 509/n = 385 and replication sample: n = 354/n = 195, 7-9 years old). Using a previously validated Social Network Aggression Task, we showed that negative social feedback resulted in most behavioral aggression, followed by less aggression after neutral and least aggression after positive feedback. Receiving positive and negative social feedback was associated with increased activity in the insula, medial prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Responding to feedback was associated with additional activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) following positive feedback. This DLPFC activation correlated negatively with aggression. Furthermore, age analyses showed that older children showed larger reductions in aggression following positive feedback and more neural activation in the DLPFC when responding to positive feedback compared to younger children. To assess the robustness of our results, we examined these processes in two independent behavioral/functional magnetic resonance imaging samples using equivalence testing, thereby contributing to replicable reports. Together, these findings demonstrate an important role of social saliency and regulatory processes where regulation of aggression rapidly develops between the ages of 7 and 9 years.

The Community in the Minds and Behavior of the Russian Peasantry in the Context of the Reforms and Revolutions in the First Third of the Twentieth Century

The representations of the community and communality in the minds and behavior of the Russian peasantry are studied. The author analyzes the change in the functionality and features of the evolution of models of solidarized behavior in the context of reforms and revolutions in Russia/the Soviet Union at the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th centuries. The socio-political interaction in the community–state opposition is seen as a manifestation of the reactions of open systems to external challenges and the desire to maintain a state of equilibrium, to adapt and/or to resist. The thesis about the conditionality of the repetition of the cycles of the revival of the community is substantiated by the institutionalization of the self-organization of the local community in order to achieve and protect vital interests. The key factor in the death of the community in the early 1930s is revealed: the formation of a special system of administrative management, excluding any opportunities for the self-organization of the peasantry. The analysis of the evolution of self-regulation practices regulated by law and tradition—the institutions of the rural assembly and land redistribution—is of considerable interest. One of the significant aspects of the problem is the consideration of the entire arsenal of the means of social resistance of the community, including the most radical forms related to manifestations of social aggression.

Hate and Aggression Detection in Social Media Over Hindi English Language

In today’s time, everyone is familiar with social media platforms. It is quite helpful in connecting people. It has many advantages and some disadvantages too. Currently, in social media, hate and aggression have become a huge problem. On these platforms, many people make inflammatory posts targeting any person or society by using code mixed language, due to which many problems arise in the society. At the current time, much research work is being done on English language-related social media posts. The authors have focused on code mixed language. Authors have also tried to focus on sentences that do not use abusive words but contain hatred-related remarks. In this research, authors have used Natural Language Processing (NLP). Authors have applied Fasttext word embedding to the dataset. Fasttext is a technique of NLP. Deep learning (DL) classification algorithms were applied thereafter. In this research, two classifications have been used i.e. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM).

Inheritance of social dominance is associated with global sperm DNA methylation in inbred male mice.

Dominance relationships between males and their associated traits are usually heritable and have implications for sexual selection in animals. In particular, social dominance and its related male pheromones are heritable in inbred mice; thus, we wondered whether epigenetic changes due to altered levels of DNA methylation determine inheritance. Here, we used C57BL/6 male mice to establish a social dominance-subordination relationship through chronic dyadic encounters, and this relationship and pheromone covariation occurred in their offspring, indicative of heritability. Through transcriptome sequencing and whole-genome DNA methylation profiling of the sperm of both generations, we found that differential methylation of many genes was induced by social dominance-subordination in sires and could be passed on to the offspring. These methylated genes were mainly related to growth and development processes, neurodevelopment, and cellular transportation. The expression of the genes with similar functions in whole-genome methylation/bisulfite sequencing was also differentiated by social dominance-subordination, as revealed by RNA-seq. In particular, the gene Dennd1a, which regulates neural signaling, was differentially methylated and expressed in the sperm and medial prefrontal cortex in paired males before and after dominance-subordination establishment, suggesting the potential epigenetic control and inheritance of social dominance-related aggression. We suggest that social dominance might be passed on to male offspring through sperm DNA methylation and that the differences could potentially affect male competition in offspring by affecting the development of the nervous system.

Using citation network analysis to enhance scholarship in psychological science: A case study of the human aggression literature.

Researchers cannot keep up with the volume of articles being published each year. In order to develop adequate expertise in a given field of study, students and early career scientists must be strategic in what they decide to read. Here we propose using citation network analysis to characterize the literature topology of a given area. We used the human aggression literature as our example. Our citation network analysis identified 15 research communities on aggression. The five largest communities were: "media and video games", "stress, traits and aggression", "rumination and displaced aggression", "role of testosterone", and "social aggression". We examined the growth of these research communities over time, and we used graph theoretic approaches to identify the most influential papers within each community and the "bridging" articles that linked distinct communities to one another. Finally, we also examined whether our citation network analysis would help mitigate gender bias relative to focusing on total citation counts. The percentage of articles with women first authors doubled when identifying influential articles by community structure versus citation count. Our approach of characterizing literature topologies using citation network analysis may provide a valuable resource for psychological scientists by outlining research communities and their growth over time, identifying influential papers within each community (including bridging papers), and providing opportunities to increase gender equity in the field.

Behavioural phenomena in persons with an intellectual developmental disorder according to the level of emotional development.

Challenging behaviours in people with an intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) are complex and often difficult to understand. The developmental perspective may provide additional insights into the specific behavioural patterns and underlying motives in different emotional reference ages. The behaviours of 185 adults with IDD who were admitted to psychiatry were systematically assessed with the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC) and the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS). The association of the different behaviours with various emotional reference age groups as assessed with the Scale of Emotional Development - Short (SED-S) was analysed to deduce behavioural patterns typical for a certain level of functioning. Overall, the severity of challenging behaviours decreases in higher emotional reference age groups. Physical aggression was most prevalent in persons in the second phase of emotional development (7-18months reference age). In SED-S-1 (reference age 0-6months), the persons appeared to be searching for physical comfort and showed high scores in social withdrawal, stereotypies and aggression towards the self. Persons functioning in SED-S-2 (reference age 7-18months) scored highest in irritability and physical aggression (searching for security), while those in SED-S-3 (19-36months) exhibited the searching for autonomy type characterised by defiant and socially inappropriate behaviours. Persons with an emotional reference age of 4-7years (SED-S-4) showed inappropriate speech, verbal self-regulation and depressive-like behavioural aspects (searching for identity). The behavioural phenomena exhibited in a certain emotional reference age may support the clinician to differentiate behavioural problems from psychopathological symptoms to yield the proper diagnosis.

The Interplay Between Status and Affection Needs: Testing the Imbalanced Needs Theory of Aggression in Adulthood.

Status and affection are both goals related to social needs. The imbalanced needs theory of aggression proposes that although aggression can be used to realize status, this strategy is detrimental for realizing affection in the same social context. Thus, to the degree that the social circles overlap in which status and affection needs are realized, it becomes more costly (in terms of affection) to achieve status via aggression. This theory was tested for different forms of aggression, in different contexts, in a sample of adults from the general population (N = 253, M age = 29.95, SD = 2.60, 78% female). Participants reported on social needs with the Interpersonal Goals Inventory and reported on general measures of physical and social aggression, as well as rule breaking, and aggression at the workplace and in intimate partner relationships. As hypothesized, status needs were associated with physical aggression when affection needs were weak. This interaction, though to a lesser degree, also extended to social forms of aggression and rule breaking. At the workplace, aggression was only related to weak affection needs, whereas aggression in intimate partner relationships was, as expected, unrelated to both social needs. Together, these findings support the results of an earlier test of the imbalanced needs theory of aggression in adolescence, and encourage more research into the link between aggression and the satisfaction of social needs.

Diagnosing Alzheimer Dementia in People with Down Syndrome in Accordance with ICD, DSM V and A/T/N System

Due to a triplication of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene on chromosome 21, most people with Down's Syndrome (DS) are at high risk of developing an Alzheimer type of dementia associated with Down's Syndrome (DS-AD). The diagnostic process of DS-AD is challenging due to the high variability of symptoms ranging from memory deficits to social withdrawal or aggression, as well as a broad spectrum of differential diagnoses. Currently, ICD-10, DSM-V and the novel A(amyloid)/T(tau)/N (neurodegeneration) system are available for classifying dementia, although DS-AD is not represented as a specific entity in any of these systems. Here, we discuss challenges in arriving at a diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia in people with DS in accordance with these diagnostic systems.

Bedding as an Enrichment Strategy in Group-housed Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis).

The research community is committed to improving the well-being of nonhuman primates by providing opportunities to express species-specific behaviors such as foraging. In the wild, macaques spend a large part of their day foraging; this behavior is greatly limited in captivity. Bedding (wood shavings substrate) has been shown to promote foraging in rhesus macaques. However, the amount of bedding needed to affect these changes is unknown. Further, few studies have examined other benefits of bedding, including its potential to reduce noise levels, which can negatively impact welfare. We examined the use of bedding substrate in male Mauritius cynomolgus macaques (2-3-y-old) living in one of 2 social groups with either a full bale of bedding (that is, approximately 6 in of substrate) or a half bale (approximately 3 in) added to the pens for 10 d, followed by 4 d without bedding. We performed focal observations on 8 monkeys biweekly for 8 wk and used a dosimeter to measure sound in the room for 42 d. As expected, monkeys spent significantly more time foraging and less time self-grooming when bedding was present than when it was not. The amount of bedding did not make a difference. The presence of bedding did not affect social grooming or aggression, although it did help to dampen sound. Both peak and mean sound levels were lower with a full bale of bedding than with no bedding. Taken together, these results suggest that bedding is an effective enrichment strategy that can improve welfare of group-housed macaques.

Current Issues in Auditing:Collaborations with Practitioners

This issue of Current Issues in Auditing includes a Special Forum of collaborations between academics and practitioners. Four articles are featured. The first article, “Robotic Process Automation for the Extraction of Audit Information: A Use Case,” includes co-authors from PricewaterhouseCoopers and describes how an open-source algorithm using Python can be an effective and efficient tool for extraction of audit evidence (Bellinga, Bosman, Höcük, Janssen, and Khzam 2022). The second article, “Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Collaborating for Diversity,” includes co-authors from EY and RSM, and offers a case study on how academics can translate the results of research into industry action (Dey, Lim, Ross, Walker, and Bouyer 2022). The third article, “The Structure of State Auditor Functions in the Fight Against Corruption,” includes a co-author from LWG CPA & Advisors (Flasher, Shirley, and Higgins 2022). It investigates differences in the effectiveness of fraud deterrence and detection efforts and finds support for combining responsibilities for financial statement audits and fraud investigations with state auditors. The fourth article, “Woman-to-Woman Workplace Bullying in the Audit Field,” presents evidence of social aggression based on semi-structured interviews of women auditing practitioners (Tribou and Kidd 2022). The article includes recommendations for practice and the academy to address communication and interpersonal issues beyond intragender bullying.These original research articles are examples that are consistent with CIIA's objective of “advancing the dialogue between academics and practitioners on current issues facing the auditing practice community.” We believe that collaborating both informally (e.g., conversations and courtesy reads) and formally (e.g., as participants and co-authors) with practitioners helps improve the validity, reliability, and generalizability of auditing research. Collaborations also increase the likelihood that academic research will have impact.Beyond collaboration, to have impact investigations must be of issues important to practitioners. To increase the likelihood that CIIA is publishing practice-relevant studies and summaries, the title and abstract of all submissions are read by at least one audit partner prior to advancing the submission to the formal review process. Authors uncertain about whether their studies are appropriate for CIIA are encouraged to send the Academic Co-editor a short summary of their planned research project, or the abstract of a previously published article, for pre-submission feedback. Feedback from a partner-practitioner will be provided within 14 days.The most recent issues of CIIA include only articles that have passed the practitioner screening process, and most reviewer teams included a practitioner-member of CIIA's Editorial Board. We are particularly grateful to the practitioners and firms that have committed their time and expertise: BDO; Crowe; Deloitte; EY; Focal Point; Grant Thornton; Jeanette M. Franzel, CPA; KPMG; Protiviti; and PwC.Topics covered by articles in this issue include:On October 1, 2021, we issued a Call for Papers on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures and assurance, a topic that practitioners tell us is likely to have implications for the auditing practice for the foreseeable future. We hope to publish several rigorous, unbiased investigations as a Special Forum in the Spring 2023 issue of CIIA. Ideas for possible studies include, but are not limited to:We are grateful to the academic- and practitioner-authors who have given us the privilege of considering their work. We are also grateful to members of the Editorial Board and ad hoc reviewers who have performed diligent and timely reviews to help authors and aid the editorial decision-making process. We are indebted to the practitioners who support the accounting academy by participating in our studies and reading the results of our efforts.

Improving School Outcomes for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth: A Rapid Review

Transgender and gender-diverse students may experience poorer school outcomes due to a threatening school climate. A rapid review using systematic search found 2,111 studies mentioned LGBTQ + students, but only three were peer-reviewed empirical tests of potential interventions to improve school outcomes among transgender and gender-diverse youth: (a) Sexual orientation, gender identity, and/or gender expression ( SOGIE) inclusive policies were associated with greater school safety, less victimization, less social aggression, and higher teacher support. (b) Among the interventions, the use of the chosen name in school reduced negative health outcomes. (c) Gay–Straight Alliances ( GSA) reduced reports of frequent gender-based bullying. Several implementation facilitators for school interventions included transgender and gender-diverse students, along with informative families, trained teachers, and supportive principals. Randomized controlled trials focusing on this population would contribute greater certainty when developing school interventions. The lack of high-quality studies should serve as a wake-up call to conduct the necessary research.

Are social dominance and aggression completely harmful to an individual’s meaning in life? An explanation from the perspective of external value

Are social dominance and aggression completely harmful to an individual’s meaning in life? An explanation from the perspective of external value

A retrospective view of early research on dominance, stress and reproduction in cooperatively breeding carnivores

Social carnivores have been central in studies of cooperative breeding, and research using noninvasive methods to examine behavioral and endocrine mechanisms of reproductive suppression started in the 1980s with dwarf mongooses in Serengeti National Park. Here, I synthesize the methods, findings and limitations of a research program that examined relationships between social dominance, age, mass, aggression, mating, gonadal steroids, glucocorticoids and reproduction in female and male dwarf mongooses, African wild dogs and wolves. Infanticide is a reliable backstop for reproductive suppression in females, and reproduction is energetically costly in these species. These conditions favor hypothalamic – pituitary – gonadal (HPG) adaptations that reduce the fertility of subordinate females to avoid the cost of producing doomed offspring. Infanticide also favors close synchronization of reproduction when subordinate females do become pregnant. In males, infanticide is a less reliable backstop and reproduction is less costly, so direct effects of subordination on fertility are less pronounced. Age is a strong predictor of social dominance in these species, but the evolutionary reason for this is not clear. In dwarf mongooses and wild dogs, alpha females were never deposed by younger packmates, but alpha males were: this difference is also not understood. Patterns of reproduction supported models predicting that alphas are less likely to share reproduction when the fitness costs of reproduction are high, when the fitness expected for dispersers is low, and with young subordinates to whom they are more closely related. Correlations between dominance and adrenal glucocorticoid concentrations varied between species and sexes, but did not support the hypothesis that chronic stress causes reproductive suppression.

Rescue of Vasopressin Synthesis in Magnocellular Neurons of the Supraoptic Nucleus Normalises Acute Stress-Induced Adrenocorticotropin Secretion and Unmasks an Effect on Social Behaviour in Male Vasopressin-Deficient Brattleboro Rats.

The relevance of vasopressin (AVP) of magnocellular origin to the regulation of the endocrine stress axis and related behaviour is still under discussion. We aimed to obtain deeper insight into this process. To rescue magnocellular AVP synthesis, a vasopressin-containing adeno-associated virus vector (AVP-AAV) was injected into the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats (di/di). We compared +/+, di/di, and AVP-AAV treated di/di male rats. The AVP-AAV treatment rescued the AVP synthesis in the SON both morphologically and functionally. It also rescued the peak of adrenocorticotropin release triggered by immune and metabolic challenges without affecting corticosterone levels. The elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary of di/di-rats were diminished by the AVP-AAV-treatment. The altered c-Fos synthesis in di/di-rats in response to a metabolic stressor was normalised by AVP-AAV in both the SON and medial amygdala (MeA), but not in the central and basolateral amygdala or lateral hypothalamus. In vitro electrophysiological recordings showed an AVP-induced inhibition of MeA neurons that was prevented by picrotoxin administration, supporting the possible regulatory role of AVP originating in the SON. A memory deficit in the novel object recognition test seen in di/di animals remained unaffected by AVP-AAV treatment. Interestingly, although di/di rats show intact social investigation and aggression, the SON AVP-AAV treatment resulted in an alteration of these social behaviours. AVP released from the magnocellular SON neurons may stimulate adrenocorticotropin secretion in response to defined stressors and might participate in the fine-tuning of social behaviour with a possible contribution from the MeA.

Adolescent peer aggression judgments and expected bystander intervention in teen dating violence

Instances of teen dating violence (TDV), like other forms of aggression, can involve both physical and social harm. This study (1) compares adolescent acceptability judgments and bystander expectations about a hypothetical TDV story to platonic physical aggression (PPA) and platonic social aggression (PSA) stories and (2) explores how individual, peer, and school climate factors relate to TDV bystander expectations. Adolescent participants (N = 828, 50.8% female) were less accepting of and more likely to expect to intervene in PPA compared to TDV and PSA. Females were less accepting and more likely to expect to intervene across all stories compared to males. In the TDV story, less TDV acceptance and higher rates of empathy and positive student-teacher relationships were associated with greater intervention expectations, whereas those nominated as “popular” and “least liked” were less likely to expect to intervene. Implications for programing aimed at reducing TDV through bystander intervention are discussed.

Surprising Empirical Directions for Thomistic Moral Psychology: Social Information Processing and Aggression Research

One of the major contemporary challenges to Thomistic moral psychology is that it is incompatible with the most up-to-date psychological science. Here Thomistic psychology is in good company, targeted along with most virtue-ethical views by philosophical Situationism, which uses replicated psychological studies to suggest that our behaviors are best explained by situational pressures rather than by stable traits (like virtues and vices). In this essay we explain how this body of psychological research poses a much deeper threat to Thomistic moral psychology in particular. For Thomistic moral psychology includes descriptive claims about causal connections between certain cognitive processes and behaviors, even independent of whether those processes emerge from habits like virtues. Psychological studies of correlations between these can provide evidence against those causal claims. We offer a new programmatic response to this deeper challenge: empirical studies are relevant only if they investigate behaviors under intentional descriptions, such that the correlations discovered are between cognition and what Aquinas calls human acts. Psychological research on aggression already emphasizes correlations between cognition and intentional behavior, or human acts, and so is positioned to shed light on how well Thomistic moral psychology fits with empirical data. Surprisingly, Aquinas’s views have quite a lot in common with a leading model of aggression, the social information processing (SIP) model. We close by suggesting how we might examine claims of Thomistic moral psychology from an empirical perspective further using research on social information processing and aggression.

Preventive Strategies and Programs as a Way to Eliminate Social Aggression of Preschool Children

One of the first steps in supporting healthy social relationships in groups of early aged children of is the prevention in the form of specific programs and strategies. The specific work with groups of children in model situations to reach healthy social relationships is a common part of kindergarten school programs abroad. In our conditions, the implementation of preventive strategies to support the social relationships of preschool children is significantly understated in comparison with the surrounding countries. The main purpose of this article is the theoretical analysis of selected existing prevention programmes and strategies focused on reducing social aggression in groups of preschoolers. It is a proposal to eliminate social aggression in Slovak kindergarten by he form of prevention strategies and programmes.