Socialist Republic Of Vietnam Research Articles

Evolution of the Monetary and Financial System of the SRV: From National Unification to Integration into the Global Economy

The article investigates the progression of the monetary and financial system (MFS) in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) from the time of the country's reunification in 1975 to the present day. The author identifies three distinct periods: the initial period (1976–1985), the period of reforms (1986–2006), and the period of international integration (from 2007 to the present). By drawing on scientific and official sources, the authors analyze the transformations in fiscal and monetary policies, as well as the functioning of financial institutions and markets. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of openness and technological advancements after 2007, which have significantly contributed to enhancing the depth, accessibility, efficiency, and stability of the SRV’s MFS. The article also emphasizes the significance of considering both domestic factors and global trends for the further advancement of Vietnam’s MFS.

The Dynamics of Regional Partnership Between the Russian Far East and Vietnam in the 21st Century

This paper analyzes contacts between the Russian Far East and Vietnam in various sectors, highlighting the growth of regional cooperation in several areas in the 21st century. The author points out that the trade and economic relations remain the primary focus of interaction between the Far East and Vietnam. The Far Eastern regions maintained a consistent positive trade balance with Vietnam, despite fluctuations in trade volumes during the 2000s and 2010s. However, the Far Eastern Federal District has significantly lagged behind other Russian regions in the development of trade relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, as evidenced by the sharp decline in the share of the Far East in Russian-Vietnamese trade.

History and Prospects of Nuclear Power in Vietnam

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is currently considering the option of adding nuclear power to its energy mix. The paper is dedicated to examining the historical retrospective as well as prospects of nuclear energy use in Vietnam. Apart from scrutinizing some official documents, from Power Development Plan #8 (PDP8) to intergovernmental agreements (IGAs), the paper employs SWOT analysis methodology to assess the prospects of nuclear power in Vietnam. The author finds the urgent need to balance between the rapidly growing power demand and lowering carbon dioxide emission and accesses the nuclear option as a viable choice for Hanoi’s policy. Russia represents the most likely partner for Vietnam in this regard. Vietnam could become a pioneer in this hi-tech sphere in the Southeast Asia (SEA).

Patterns of mercury concentration in annual tree rings in Siberia (Russia) and the Republic of Vietnam

Relevance. The method of dendrogeochemistry makes it possible to determine the concentration of chemical elements in tree rings. As part of this work, a spatio-temporal reconstruction of mercury pollution of local and regional origin was carried out Aim. Determination of the characteristics of the Hg distribution in space and over a long time in order to identify the main factors affecting Hg accumulation by annual rings of pine, as well as the establishment and clarification of patterns in Hg accumulation in each study area. The object of the study is the core of Scots pine (Pinus syvestris L.) (Tomsk, Irkutsk regions, Republic of Buryatia) and dalat pine (Pinus dalatensis Ferré) (Socialist Republic of Vietnam). Methods. Ten cores were selected for the study in the years range from 1930 to 2022. The sampling was carried out using the Haglof age drill. The number and width of annual rings are determined with an accuracy of 0.001 mm on the LINTAB device at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS (Tomsk). Mercury analysis was conducted on the mercury analyzer RA-915+ by atomic absorption (pyrolysis method) on the basis of the Engineering School of Natural Resources of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Results and conclusions. The accumulation of Hg by the wood of Scots pine and Dalate pine in the studied territories is affected by natural and anthropogenic factors: natural emanations of Hg due to the degassing of the Earth's crust (Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia); local technogenesis (Tomsk Region), as well as military actions using chemical weapons (Republic of Vietnam). The study assessed the dynamics of Hg accumulation by wood over 93 years (1930–2021/2023). In the period from 1930 to the end of the 1960s there is an increased average content of the element in all the studied territories. The increased concentrations of Hg in this period on the territory of the Republic of Vietnam related to the transboundary transport of mercury from the continental part of East Asia, as well as chemical weapons used during the wars; on the territory of Russia – the growth of industrial production during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war reconstruction of the country, as well as seismicity and geological conditions.

The EAEU – Vietnam Free Trade Agreement: Expectations and Reality

The author analyzes the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Vietnam, focusing on the current stage in regard to Western sanctions against Russia. The scholarly academic discourse outlook of this topic in Russia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) helps to determine its problematic aspects. The study itself focuses at the geopolitical and economic effects of this FTA for the EAEU and Vietnam in the current global transformation. Then it considers trade relations of the parties, their dynamics, structure of commodity flows, indicators and characteristics of individual members participation. The assessments of investment cooperation and other forms of economic cooperation between the parties representing the key components of the FTA are summarized too. The author emphasi- zes the difficulties and obstacles facing the participants, and searches for lessons in the FTA implementation. The paper concludes, that the agreement with the SRV achieved a number of goals, but did not disclose the promised benefits of liberalizing the flow of goods, services, and capital. It recognizes that reduction of trade flows in 2022–2023 happened largely due to the Western sanctions against Russia, and their volume noticeably lagged behind expectations and forecasts. In general, the FTA members didn’t achieve a proper intensification of trade and investment. Commodity exchange, having become a core form of interaction, is marked by the growing weight of the Russian Federation and Vietnam, demonstrates contradictory trends in terms of both exports and imports, and a change in the structure of foreign trade that partly unprofitable for Russia.

Historical development of judicial precedents in Vietnam

Judicial precedents have played an important role in both common law and civil law countries. Vietnam created a new judicial precedent system in 2015. However, precedents were used in Vietnamese legal proceedings long ago, yet the use of precedents in Vietnamese legal history has been understudied. The article seeks to provide a comprehensive survey of the use of precedents under the Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1884), the French colonial legal system (1884–1945) and the Republic of Vietnam (in the south, 1955–1963) and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (in the north and central, 1945–1975) during the Vietnam War. The use of precedents under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1975-now) should have separate research due to the creation of a new precedent system in 2015. From the perspective of global legal history, this article demonstrates that the historical development of judicial precedents in Vietnam involved transnational interactions between Vietnam and other countries, particularly China, France and the US. The article also reveals particular regulatory patterns in the history of Vietnamese precedents: the top-down method in the creation of precedents, the rationales for using precedents, the binding effect and the principle of selecting the best precedents. These findings can help to better understand Vietnamese legal history and suggest that the contemporary system of precedents is not created in a vacuum. Historical lessons can be used to fortify the capability of the recent precedent system.

Cooperation between the Russian Federation and Vietnam in the XXI Centuriy: SWOT Analysis of Features, Problems and Development Prospects

The paper presents research and analytical assessment of the important factors, problems and prospects of cooperation between Russia and Vietnam. The Asian region currently plays an important role in international relations due to its economic, political and demographic characteristics. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam One of the countries in the region that attracts attention from foreign business institutions. While making the analysis of the development of Russian-Vietnamese political and economic relations, the authors come to the conclusion that, despite the existing effective partnership in a number of sectors, the current state of economic cooperation between the two countries does not correspond to the level of political dialogue. The further development of economic relations not only corresponds to the national interests and strategic goals of Vietnam and Russia, but can positively impact the development of the region.

An Investigation into the Resolution of the Sino-Vietnamese Land Border Issue

The modern Sino-Vietnamese land border dispute began after the signing of the Sino-French New Treaty, in which the Sino-Vietnamese land border was explicitly defined, but because of natural or man-made factors, the boundary markers were displaced. The land boundary dispute between the two countries was the result of the different claims made by the two countries. The two countries negotiated the land border in 1955, when they resolved to set aside the dispute; in 1976, the reunification of Vietnam opened a second border negotiation, but both sides still insisted on their own views, and the negotiation broke down, the impact of this time was to lead to the war between the two countries in 1979; in 1991, the normalization of Sino-Vietnamese relations, the two countries opened a third border negotiation, and the two countries and the two countries signed the Agreement on the Boundary between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1999. In 1991, China and Vietnam normalized their relations, and the two countries started the third border negotiation, and in 1999, the two countries signed the Land Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, to peacefully solve the border disputes, and in 2008, they completed the demarcation of the border as well as the establishment of boundary monuments to define the land border between China and Vietnam.

Из истории дальневосточных обществ советско-вьетнамской дружбы (1980-е – начало 1990-х гг.)

The article examines the history of intercultural interaction between the inhabitants of the Soviet Far East and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the 1980–1990s. The authors elucidate the structure and functions of the public organization “Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries”, within which regional branches of the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Society were formed. The reasons and conditions for the creation of these Societies in the Far East are investigated. On the example of the Amur branch of the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Society, the types of its activities are considered, among which are: the organization of teaching the Russian language, youth evenings, exhibitions of folk art, lectures, international meetings. It is emphasized that not only its members, but also students and public figures were involved in the work of the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Societies. The contribution of the Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Societies to the formation of a tolerant perception of Vietnam and attitudes towards Vietnamese labor migrants is assessed.

Role of military cooperation in Vietnam-Russia relations

The primary purpose of this article is the analysis of the evolution of bilateral relations between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) and the Russian Federation in the field of military cooperation. It gives answers to following research questions: 1) what is the role of defence collaboration in bilateral ties, 2) what are the most essential elements of Russia-Vietnam military relations, 3) what are the common reasons/ incentives for developing links regarding arms trade, 4) do the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and invasion of Ukraine in 2022 change goals of Vietnamese politics towards Moscow, 5) How do Chinese and US factor affect military cooperation between Russia and Vietnam? The theses of this paper assume that: 1) the government in Hanoi maintains friendly relations with Moscow on the political level in the face of the conflict in Ukraine and continues military cooperation, however Russian arms exports to Vietnam has declined, 2) Vietnam diversifies weapon trade partners expanding cooperation with Israel, Belarus, US and South Korea, but Russia still remains crucial arms importer for Hanoi.
 The analysis is focused mainly on the situation from 2002 to the present, and intends to examine the evolution of military cooperation between Hanoi and Moscow after the signing of the Declaration on Strategic Partnership. The article includes a short overview of Russia-Vietnam relations emphasizing its strong historical background. Paper is also focused on important arms trade contracts, agreements on military cooperation, includes statistics published by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) to show the scale of collaboration, and points out major challenges for future cooperation.

Mnemonic splinterings and disciplinary convergences: Memory studies, Vietnamese studies, and diasporic Vietnamese studies

This article considers memory studies in the context of the Vietnamese case study in order to test and revise previous assumptions on dimensions, levels, and modes of memory drawn mostly from European or Northern American frameworks. In particular, it examines the politics of modern Vietnamese memories about war and migration both in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and in the Vietnamese refugee diaspora to consider the possibilities, limitations, and implications of such contested memory work. Highlighting the particularities of Vietnamese memory politics, the article illustrates what memory studies, Vietnamese studies, and diasporic Vietnamese studies can bring to each other and contribute to important disciplinary discussions ongoing in these fields.

Hận: The Haunt of Home, Vietnamese Refugee Melancholia, and the Challenges to Asian American Critiques

Abstract: Based on writings of first-generation Vietnamese refugees, this article explores hận (a deep hatred and resentment, or a haunting anguish) through the lens of melancholia to uncover the convergence and divergence of Vietnamese refugee politics and Asian American politics. I argue that hận exposes the double forces and geographies of violence (by/in both the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the United States) that produce the constraints that refugee free wills are not just pushing against, but are also bound by, resulting in the divergence between first-generation Vietnamese refugee politics and Asian American anti-imperialism and decolonization politics.

Regional epidemiological features of infectious diseases with fecal-oral transmission in the socialist republic of Vietnam

Aim: To identify regional epidemiological features of infectious diseases spread by fecal-oral transmission and the factors influencing them in four regions of Vietnam.Materials and methods: Retrospective epidemiological analysis of data of 10 infectious diseases spread by fecal-oral transmission in Vietnam for the period 2017-2022. Maps of incidence by province was created using the QGIS 3.28 program. Correlation coefficients between the incidence of the studied diseases and socio-economic factors were established.Results: It was revealed that the incidence of the 10 studied diseases was 443.1±113.5 0 /0000 and tends to decrease. The highest incidence was recorded in Tay Nguyen. Cases of diarrheal syndrome (330.1±73.8 0 /0000) and enteroviral vesicular stomatitis (HMFD) (93.6±33.4 0 /0000) accounted for 95.65% of all registered cases. Diarrhea is distributed mainly among children under 4 years of age (1090.3±384.8 0 /0000) and 5-9 years old (60.9±18.5 0 /0000). Regional epidemiological features of diarrhea and HMFD are shown. The highest incidence of the HMFD was recorded among children under 4 years of age in Dong Thap (4635.8 0 /0000) and Ho Chi Minh City (4210.5 0 /0000), and the highest incidence of diarrheal syndrome was in Kon Tum (2621.2 0 /0000), Thai Binh (2556.6 0 /0000) and Dien Bien (1461.9 0 /0000). Relationships were established between the incidence of diarrhea and levels of access to safe water (rSpearman = – 0.393; p = 0.001), to the sanitation system (rSpearman = – 0.267; p = 0.035), average monthly income (rSpearman = – 0.424; p = 0.001), poverty levels (rSpearman = 0.403; p = 0.001).Conclusion: The high incidence of infectious diseases spread by fecal-oral transmission in Vietnam is due to the high incidence of diarrhea and HMFD. A high incidence of diarrhea is typical for provinces with low levels of access to safe water and sanitation systems, high levels of poverty and low average monthly income. Incidence of HMFD is high among children under 4 years old, especially in the southern provinces with high population density in the summer and autumn seasons.

‘We need the activists to be more entrepreneurial’: Global versus local modes of thought on the development of social enterprise support systems in transitioning economies

Abstract As the processes of market liberalization and globalization increase the confidence of international actors involved in national third sectors, there exists a cosmopolitan tension between ‘mobile elites’ and ‘locked in’ nationals. This paper explores the impact of these tensions on the social enterprise ecosystem in the Republic of Poland and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Focused on the internationalized mechanisms of support, the relationship between the social enterprise incubators and international stakeholders, and power distance inherent to the global versus local debate, the findings suggest that normative isomorphic pressures are causing a fundamental ecosystem shift. The monopolization of support and terms of reference have led to entrepreneurs detrimentally being treated as ‘organizational heroes’ risking burnout, the primacy of international voices within the local context, and the transference of nationals from being ‘locked in’ to national processes to being ‘locked out’ of national support. The research suggests the cosmopolitan‐led transformation of activists into entrepreneurs needs to be more carefully considered, to ensure that enforced alignment to international system does not alienate them from other sources and means of sustainability.

Accounting for the stateless

Finding, identifying and interring the war dead are ethically and ceremonially crucial tasks for healing, repairing and legitimising. Before the end of the Vietnam War, the United States had begun to look for missing Americans in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In the wake of its victory and takeover of South Vietnam, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam went to great lengths to identify and immortalise its fallen soldiers. The same cannot be said for the war dead of the Republic of Vietnam, whose fall on 30 April 1975 made the war dead stateless; consequently they have never been legitimately acknowledged by the current Vietnamese government or their former ally, the United States. This article explores the accounting efforts by Nguyen Dạc Thành and the Vietnamese American Foundation to reveal the financial, logistical, technical and political opportunities and challenges in accounting for war dead associated with a state that no longer exists.

Measuring the efficiency of the Republic of Korea’s cultural diplomacy in Vietnam under Moon Jae-in’s presidency (2017-2022) and its potentialities

As soon as the new president of the Republic of Korea was elected in 2017, Moon Jae-in anchored the New Southern Policy (NSP), which targeted southern Asian countries and expanded South Korea’s strategic presence in the Asia-Pacific Ocean. As such, the ROK continued to adopt a public diplomacy policy and empowered Korean culture in Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam. This article aims to generalize Moon Jae-in’s policy on cultural diplomacy and his application in Vietnam as a case study. I employed Joseph Nye’s soft power and cultural diplomacy concept while adopting a qualitative method to collect official information from the ROK’s homepages and assess diplomatic results. The central argument of this article is that Moon Jae-in considers cultural diplomacy a key element of the NSP for promoting Korean culture and bolstering a strategic presence in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The ROK attempted to graft K-pop, movies, Korean customs, Korean languages, and Korean cuisine onto the Vietnamese concept and seek an upgrade of Vietnamese Korean cultural exchanges and the frequent organization of cultural events. Hence, an upgrade between the ROK and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in December 2022 marked an achievement of cultural diplomacy. I also argued that this attempt has a tonic effect on continuing the ROK cultural diplomacy under Yoon Suk Yeol’s presidency and on the foreseeable chance of both the SRV and the ROK in cultural diplomacy.

Kok Kosor and the Struggle for Cultural Survival, Human Rights, and Religious Freedom for the Montagnards of the Central Highlands

Kok Ksor devoted his entire life to the struggle for human rights and religious freedom for the Montagnard people of the Central Highlands in Vietnam and Cambodia. The story of the dramatic history of these tribal peoples caught in the midst of war and its aftermath and the continuing oppression of a largely forgotten people is conveyed through the career of this extraordinary military warrior, activist, international human rights spokesman, and religious leader. Maligned by the government in power in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Kok Ksor is totally opposite of how the regime characterizes him.

Basic Approaches to the Organization of a Multicultural Environment in Pre-School Institutions of Vietnam

The article presents an assessment of the principle of polyculturalism and features of its implementation in pre-school education in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (hereinafter SRV). The author’s interpretation of the term multicultural environment and features of its organization is given. The article describes potential levels of provision by teachers of work with children of pre-school age in a specially organized educational environment, which meets the leading criteria of the phenomenon of polyculture. At the same time, the authors present features of the design of the appropriate educational space for work on the upbringing and development of the qualities of a citizen in a child; ready to actively integrate and present the ethnic identity of a certain people, taking into account the national specificity of small nationalities living in the conditions of the Vietnamese State. The article presents modern approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the multicultural environment in the conditions of functioning of Vietnamese kindergartens, as well as their interpretation from the point of view of determining the future prospects of work to solve the declared scientific problem. As the main methods of research, the authors used retrospective and comparative analysis of normative documentation and scientific sources related to the characteristic of the educational space in the conditions of the practice of pre-school institutions of this State. The results of the analysis can be used in the training of future pre-school workers in order to develop their understanding of the features of modernization of the Vietnamese pre-school system in modern conditions. The novelty of such scientific information is due to the fact that it is offered from the point of view of assessing the possibilities of rethinking, adapting and recognizing the effectiveness of this experience, incl. in the context of analyzing the potential prospects for improving domestic teacher.

Patterns Symbols in Auspicious Animal Decorate in the Imperial City of Hue, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

The Imperial City of Hue, the capital city of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), was the last dynasty in the feudal era that ruled Vietnam for 143 years. Emperor Gia Long ascended the throne ruling the Kingdom of Vietnam, choosing Hue as the capital city and building the Imperial City of Hue for the Nguyen Dynasty. The construction took 27 years. Emperor Gia Long adopted a system of governance and Confucian concepts to rule Vietnam. The emperor was likened to the Son of Heaven and sent to rule the human world. It was then necessary to create a living space that resembled heaven. The Imperial City of Hue was modeled after the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, to ensure that the royal palaces of the Imperial City of Hue were as marvelous as the Chinese Forbidden City. It also reflects the royal authority of the Vietnamese monarchy following the Chinese monarchy. According to the Cultural Diffusion theory, Vietnam has been culturally influenced by China through the architecture of the Imperial City of Hue, which emphasizes the uniqueness of its important strategic city location; suitable topographic features containing rivers, mountains, and sea as natural defenses against external invasions, and the uniqueness of the Vietnamese capital and the Imperial City of Hue, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam during the Nguyen Dynasty.

НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО СССР И СРВ В ОБЛАСТИ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ (1976-1983 ГГ.)

The article discusses the main directions of scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (hereinafter - SRV) in the field of construction of industrial facilities (1976-1983). Archival materials of the GARF, RGANTD, TSGANTD Spb funds are analyzed, examples of constructed facilities are given, the role of Soviet specialists is analyzed, the identified problems of bilateral interaction are considered, the significance and effectiveness are assessed cooperation between the USSR and the SRV in this area. The paper concludes that cooperation in the construction of industrial facilities in the SRV has helped build backbone enterprises and given an impetus to the development of science and manufacturing industries.