Socialist Civil Research Articles

The Three-dimensional Characteristics of The Modern Chinese National Civilization

The Communist Party of China leads the Chinese nation through the modern national crisis, set foot on the historical journey of national rejuvenation, in the practice of building socialism to continuously promote the "two combination", born the modern civilization of the Chinese nation. The modern civilization of Chinese nation is the new form of human civilization, with the triple characteristics of Chinese civilization, socialist civilization and modern civilization: the dimension of Chinese civilization is the modern growth of Chinese civilization; the dimension of socialist civilization is the first construction of socialist civilization; and the dimension of modern civilization is the new pattern of modern civilization. The modern civilization of the Chinese nation is the modern development of the Chinese civilization that actively integrates into the history of the world and constructs the Chinese discourse system. The Chinese modern civilization breaks through the definition of the civilization of "private ownership", eliminates the shielding of the subjectivity of capital to people, and jumps the so-called "Thucydides trap", showing the new style of modern civilization.

Zdeněk Kratochvíl: od občanského zákoníku (1964) k zákonu o soudní rehabilitaci (1968)

This article deals with the life and career of a lesser-known personality of Zdeněk Kratochvíl (1922–2012), a civil servant, legislator, university lecturer and writer who contributed to the formation of the new concept of socialist civil law and other issues related to the fixation of the so-called consolidation of socialist legality and the people’s judiciary according to the requirements of Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The article looks at Kratochvíl’s legal career among others through the lens of two important contemporary Czechoslovak regulations (the Civil Code of 1964 and the Judicial Rehabilitation Act of 1968) which implementation he personally participated. While the first named statute brought him to the top of his career the second heralded his steep fall.

Corporate social responsibility and investment efficiency: The roles of national stakeholder orientation and legal origins

Utilizing an international setting consisting of 21,039 observations from 43 countries during the years from 2010 to 2019, spanning the period between the global financial and health crises, we first reveal that the two broad legal traditions of the country shape the positive connection between CSR performance and investment efficiency. We find a stronger positive linkage for companies operating under a civil law regime. Our findings also imply that U.S. firms buck the trend among English common law firms and have probably shifted their orientation to a more balanced consideration of stakeholders. Plus, we discover that legal origins are a stronger predictor of CSR perception by showing that stakeholders of the Scandinavian civil law system are more responsive to CSR activities than those in the German, French, and socialist civil law countries. Results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests.

Концепт социалистической цивилизации в позднем советском политическом дискурсе. (Размышления над книгой М.П. Мчедлова «Социализм – становление нового типа цивилизации»)

This article is not a classic review, it is more like an essay, better to say, a reflection on the book and on the era associated with it. The main topic of the article is the fate of the concept of “socialist civilization” in the Soviet era. This excursus will focus on Mi­ran Mchedlov’s book “Socialism – the formation of a new type of civilization” [14], that came out in 1980. This book, written by a Soviet scientist, presents in a concentrated form the experience of conceptualizing the category of “socialist civilization” in the Marxist interpretation. It also reveals the possibilities of representation, shows the potential for the theoretical development of this concept, which were characteristic of Soviet political thought. The main idea of Miran Mchedlov is socialist civilization it­self as the first stage of communist civilization. This idea in Soviet times was not seri­ously evaluated and developed sufficiently. It did not evoke a strong reaction in Soviet political discourse although it should have caused a reaction in the scientific world. This was caused by a decline in attention to the problems of socialist civilization, which was central to the book under review. Around the same time, when did this book come out, the process of gradually replacing the Marxist formational approach with a civilizational approach began. The new approach was opposed to the classical Marxist one, based on the theory of socio-economic formations. Radical changes took place in the Soviet pic­ture of the world, in the public mind of Soviet people. After these changes, not only the formational approach was called into question, but also the Marxist-Leninist doctrine as a whole. That is why the book by Miran Mchedlov is of great interest, as this is one of the last attempts to build the concept of socialist civilization within the framework of the Soviet Marxist picture of the world in the Soviet era.

김정은 시대 문화정책과 남북 문화교류 방향

In the Kim Jong Un era, North Korean cultural policy can be broadly divided into 'Securing legitimacy through Baekdu bloodline', 'Modernization and internationalization in pursuit of a normal state', and 'Achieving a powerful socialist civilization'. North Korean culture in the Kim Jong Un era can be seen as having a complex character in which the 'national tradition' and 'modern culture' are combined.
 Based on these characteristics of the cultural policy of the Kim Jong Un era, this thesis examines the status of each culture, such as music, performing arts, dance, and sports, and promotes 'exchanges to form homogeneity' and 'exchanges to restore homogeneity' between the residents of the South and North Korea.' and suggested two directions for inter-Korean cultural exchange.
 In both South and North Korean societies, a new generation without “memories of war” is growing as a social leader, so future generations must form a new “homogeneity” and lead the process of unification and integration. In addition, the “recovery of homogeneity” of the nation should be promoted together by reflecting on the history of the nation shared by our people.

Landscape Art from the Miniature or Local Amplification Techniques to Create Characteristic Scenic Spots

With the improvement of people’s living standards, people not only to the urban landscape green space construction is satisfied with the improvement of the natural environment, but also pay more and more attention to the pursuit of urban characteristics and cultural landscape. Urban characteristic landscape should pay full attention to the natural attributes of the city, deeply integrate the landscape construction and urban characteristics with socialist civilization, and strive to establish a landscape rich in urban characteristics and humanistic themes, so as to better improve the urban value and human cultural connotation. In order to understand more about the characteristic scenic spots created by landscape art, this paper first expounds the necessity of garden landscape, the characteristics of miniature landscape and the role of plant landscape creation, explores the application method of miniature landscape effect in characteristic scenic spots, and expounds the design of an artificial landscape tree, hoping to provide reference for relevant personnel.

The Role of Joseph Stalin in the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917

The Bolshevik Revolution was one of the most important events that the world witnessed in the twentieth century, as it brought about a change in the political ideas that existed in Russian society at that time. It brought socialist ideas that called for building a society led by the proletariat that is far from capitalism. The revolution laid the political, social and economic foundations for a new civilized era. Thus, forming the new contemporary world with the Bolshevik Revolution and the emergence of Russia as the first workers' state in history aspired to build a socialist civilization as an alternative to the capitalist civilization that dominates the world.
 The October Revolution of 1917 was considered the first communist revolution in the world, and led to the formation of the first communist government in Russia, and thus the first socialist country in the history of the world. This revolution constituted a qualitative leap in the history of Russia which made Russia to become a socialist state.

Research on Improving College Students’ Ideological and Political Work Based on Computer

With the rapid development of computers, the Internet has become an important part of College Students’ life, which leads to the impact of multiculturalism on students. Therefore, colleges pay more and more attention to the ideological and political work (hereinafter referred to as TIAPW) of students. TIAPW is the core content of Party building work, which is an important grasp to ensure the political and ideological nature of Party building work. Through the “humanized” education methods and ideas, we can better carry out the construction of socialist civilization, which will solve the current plight of students’ ideological work. By adjusting the relevant educational concepts and methods, we can better complete the relevant content. Therefore, based on the computer Internet environment, colleges should improve the traditional TIAPW, which will better guide students. First of all, this paper analyzes the importance of improving students’ traditional ideological work. Then, this paper puts forward some problems. Finally, this paper constructs a collaborative model of TIAPW.

Typographic landscape, indexicality and Chinese writing: a case study of place-making practices in transitional China

ABSTRACT This article seeks to fill a research gap in current scholarship by exploring the role of typography in place-making practices in transitional China. Based on fieldwork conducted in an aspiring new town in an underdeveloped city, I observe that a diversity of typographies from both the tradition of calligraphic writing and novel digital design are applied in making the new town. Drawing on the emergent field of typographic landscape and notions of indexicality and enregisterment in sociolinguistics, I investigate the potential historical, social, cultural and political meanings of various typographies of emplaced signage across the town. Through a culturally sensitive analysis of signage found in historical parks, government-authored promotion boards and commercial streets, I further demonstrate how patterned and value-laden typographic choices are made across the three domains and shed light on the ideologies which shape these choices in situated place-making practices. Lastly, it will be argued that the new town can be read as a heterotopia comprised of different spaces that are incompatible due to their differing world views and place-making positions. The implications of this constructed heterotopia for its relocated residents framed by wider themes of socialist civil education, market-driven economy and tourism development will also be briefly discussed.

Ritual and pluralism: Incommensurable values and techniques of commensurability in contemporary urban Chinese funerals

The default funeral in Shanghai today consists of religious variations of a secular socialist civil ritual. Within this ritual, however, is a clear paradox: how can one create religious “variations” of a secular and socialist funeral that explicitly denies any recognition of spirits or the afterlife? How do socialist, religious, Confucian, and even Christian ideas of personhood and death become commensurable in one single ritual? This paper explores the relationships between incommensurable values through commemorations of the dead in Shanghai. This article not only shows how a single ritual can realize multiple seemingly incommensurable values but also details two different techniques for making such incommensurable values commensurable. My findings show that what makes value pluralism possible depends on how people conceptualize rituals. When people see rituals as following social conventions, there is more space for pluralism, but when people treat rituals as making personal testimonies, the possibility for pluralism decreases.

Kontradyktoryjność i inkwizycyjność w europejskiej procedurze cywilnej XIX i XX wieku

Socialisation of private law in the second half of the 19th century brought about a new approach to a civil process and its purpose. The main characteristics of the evolution of the civil procedure in the 19th and 20th centuries was limited autonomy of the parties to a process. This limitation was introduced to ensure fair, expedient and cost-effective judgment. A tendency to replace the principle of an adversarial trial with elements of an inquisitorial trial was observed in civil law as well as common law systems. Relevant changes were fi rst made in the Franz Klein Austrian code of civil procedure, followed by departures from the formal truth in the civil process implemented in the system in Germany, Hungary, the Swiss cantons of Zurich and Bern, in Poland, and later, in the second half of the 20th century, also in France. In the common law system, the reform of 1999 ascertained judges a number of discretionary powers to help them establish the facts in a civil proceeding. Those changes added the public element in the civil procedure, but the very idea of a private process and the protection of private interests has been maintained. The totalitarian regimes which emerged in some European states considerably distorted the process of shaping the relationship between the state and the individual. In the socialist civil proceeding, the principle ne eat iudex ultra petita partium was replaced with ex offi cio ultra petita, which was a novelty characteristic of the civil procedure of totalitarian states. The departure from an adversarial principle in the socialist civil process was not much different from the general tendencies observed in the civil procedure in West European states. After the political transformations and change of the regime, former states of the Eastern Bloc sought to signifi cantly increase the autonomy of the parties in a civil process. However, as experience of the Western European states shows, certain public elements must be taken into account in a civil procedure if the European Convention on Human Rights is to be observed.

Ideology in the Era of Xi Jinping

After 1978, Maoism as a living mass ideological and social force in the People’s Republic of China largely died away. The Party state’s legitimacy since that time has been based on a new pillar of economic competence and the delivery of tangible economic gains. But China is still a place where, at least within the political elite, there is an identifiable ideology and associated language that links the aims of a political force, the Communist Party of China, with national prosperity, historic rejuvenation, and the delivery of the political goals promised when the Communist Party was founded almost a century ago – modernity in Chinese society. Ideology has not disappeared in this interpretation. It has just become more concealed, more nuanced, and in some spaces more flexible. For Chinese contemporary leaders, ideology is partly a body of practices, beliefs, and language which have been bequeathed to them by previous leaders, and which show that they are part of the same historic movement that runs from 1921 to 1949, and through 1978 until today. This body of practices is aimed at maintaining a sustainable system of one party rule, as well as an assertion of discipline and control in the core tactical spaces of political power. Under Xi, a group of twelve keywords maps out the discursive space that matters to the CPC today. These terms exemplify the ways in which the contemporary CPC is willing to use ideas from diverse sources, either from its own past, or from classical Chinese thinking, as a means of achieving emotional as well as intellectual impact, and to assist in the delivery of the major Party goal of the twenty-first century – the creation of a great nation with the CPC at the heart of its governance. Underlying the keywords and the ideological space they define is the larger notion of the Party, not just attending to material but also spiritual needs – and creating not just a wealthy country, but also a spiritual socialist civilization.

사회주의 민법의 공민(자연인)의 능력

이 논문은 사회주의 민법의 공민(자연인)의 능력을 살펴보고, 이를 토대로 사회주의 민법의 공민(자연인)의 능력에 관한 입법태도 중 향후 우리 민법에의 수용 여부 및 남북한민법의 통합을 위한 입법론을 제시하고 있다. 먼저 사회주의 민법의 공민(자연인)의 능력에 관한 입법 중 사회주의체제의 유지와 관련 있는 규정은 우리 민법에의 수용의 한계점이다. 그러나 사회주의 민법의 규정 중2017년 중국 민법총칙(16조)이 출생의 시기를 명시하는 점과 1964년 러시아 민법(56조) 이 일정한 연령 미만의 미성년자를 의사무능력자로 의제하는 명문규정을 두는 것 등은법적 안정성을 기할 수 있다는 점에서 우리 민법에의 수용을 입법적으로 검토할 가치가있다. 다음으로 공민과 자연인의 능력의 비교를 통한 남북한 민법의 통합방안과 관련해서 사적 자치를 제한하는 북한 민법(155조, 221조)의 태도는 남북한 민법통합에 있어서 수용의 한계점이다. 따라서 통일 후 자연인의 능력에 관하여는 우리 민법의 규정이 그대로적용되어야 할 것이다. 다만 행위능력과 관련해서 통일 후 성년기의 차이에 따른 경과규정을 두어야 하고, 북한의 신체기능장애자에 대해서는 피성년후견인으로 의제하되 유예기간을 두어 한정후견·특정후견의 심판을 청구할 수 있는 경과규정을 두어야 할 것이다.

ОБЕСПЕЧИТЕЛЬНАЯ СОБСТВЕННОСТЬ, ИЛИ ИНСТИТУТ ЗАЛОГОВОГО ПРИОБРЕТЕНИЯ ПО ГРАЖДАНСКОМУ ПРАВУ ЭСТОНИИ

Legal regulation of proprietary interest in Estonia is associated with adoption of the Law “On the Proprietary Interest” in 1993, which has established the legal framework of the systemic proprietary interest regulation in the Estonian civil law. It must be noted that this law is distinguished by its substantive elaboration of general provisions on proprietary interest and individual elements of the system of proprietary rights (ownership, limited proprietary rights, possession), is prepared on the basis of consistent terminology and with the use of a ramified framework of categories and concepts of civil law. Insight into contents of the Law “On the Proprietary Interest” leaves no doubt as to its long-term elaboration and discussions, with involvement of the legal community and foreign experts, which, it is logical to assume, should have preceded its adoption. However, the reality is that the adoption of the Estonian law “On Proprietary Interest” was a rapid revolutionary step of the national legislators in the post-Soviet space, in the conditions of the crashed system of the socialist civil law and its guiding principles, which, in principle, had not been aware of any regulation of the system of proprietary rights and its individual elements. It is, certainly, possible to assume that the Estonian legislation has borrowed the provisions and institutions which had been regulated by the 1940 draft Civil Code of Estonia, which had been drawn up on the basis of the 1865 Code of Civil Legislations of Baltic (Ostsee) Provinces. However, it is impossible not to see as well that the Estonian law “On Proprietary Interest” has also apprehended the modern traditions of the continental European private law in regulation of certain institutions of proprietary interest, which evidences another manifestation of trends of harmonization and integration of civil law in Europe.

Le « mode de vie soviétique » en tant que manière de sentir : émotion et influence sur la télévision centrale soviétique sous Brežnev

This article describes the emergence of “the socialist way of life” as a central category in Soviet propaganda during the late 1960s and 1970s, one that put emotional and spiritual qualities forward as the defining features of both the new Soviet person and Soviet socialist civilization in the era of “developed socialism.” While recent research has emphasized the importance of material promises to the Soviet population in the post‑Stalin era, the case of Central Television suggests the centrality of affective and moral appeals in Soviet broadcast communications. By looking at “emotion talk” across Central Television’s programming desks and at the television show most associated with the “socialist way of life” and Brezhnev‑era emotionality, Valentina Leont´eva’s melodramatic talk show, Ot vsei dushi, the author shows how affective management, including the creation and preservation of a “good mood” among Soviet TV viewers, became one of Central Television’s most important mobilizing strategies. Central to the new, state‑sponsored “structures of feeling” produced on this and other Brezhnev‑era television shows (and still highly relevant on contemporary Russian state media) were strongly gendered roles for women, intense state surveillance, memories of shared suffering in a heroic past, and a circumscribed, pan‑Slavic nationalism.

The Transfer of Claim and Takeover of Obligation in The Socialist Civil Law

The Transfer of Claim and Takeover of Obligation in The Socialist Civil Law

The adversarial principle, the evolution and current shape of civil procedure – outline of subject matter

The adversarial principle has a long tradition in Polish civil procedure. It was one of the main principles under the Polish Civil Procedure Code of 1930. Later on, the change of the state system to socialism brought significant modifications to the shape of the subject principle. Due to the different bases of socialist civil procedure, the adversarial principle was almost completely forgotten. It was later resurrected, with another change of state system. The contemporary lawmaker is much interested in shaping the adversarial principle in the right way. The latest amendments to the Polish Civil Procedure Code of 1964 were focused on creating the proper bases for the functioning of the courts and for proper regulations regarding parties remaining active throughout the process. The presented analysis leads to the conclusion that the adversarial principle is, and always has been, of very high importance to civil procedure.

Socialism, Social Rights, and Human Rights: The Case of East Germany

Over the course of the Cold War and beyond, Western commentators tirelessly criticized the Soviet Union and its satellite states for ignoring and/or violating human rights in their national territories, despite lip service paid to these cherished ideals. This article seeks to shift the focus by exploring how human rights were discussed and understood in the East Bloc from the mid-1960s on, using the German Democratic Republic as a case study. Particular emphasis is placed on the ways in which socialist theorists—initially hostile to Western human rights talk—eventually found a way of accommodating human rights with socialist ideals. It is, I would argue, the materialization of social rights (as opposed to the abstract civil rights of the West) that largely distinguished the socialist understanding of rights in East Germany, dovetailing as they did with broader notions of national sovereignty and socialist civilization.

The Politics of Culture in Poland’s Worker Paradise: Nowa Huta in the 1950s

Poland’s state authorities hoped that their model Marxist city, Nowa Huta, would become an agent of socialist civilization in the 1950s. State-sponsored edifying opportunities would transform Nowa Huta’s illiterate and unworldly peasants into literate, urbanized, highbrow Marxists. Because of the promotion of high culture, many Nowa Hutans became attracted to high culture in general but, ironically, not the government version of it. These persons consciously rejected attempts at political/cultural engineering and instead molded a unique environment and social identity that was authentic, avant-garde, and revolutionary. This group of independent-minded cultural trailblazers rejected the government’s attempt to engineer politically loyal citizens through the manipulation of culture, and instead formed an elite class of revolutionary citizens, a cultural vanguard that ultimately would help undermine the regime’s legitimacy and eventually help bring an end to communism in Poland.

Strasse der Wölfe. Zwei junge Frauen erleben Russland in den dreissiger Jahren by Gabriele Krone-Schmalz (review)

REVIEWS 547 they held out for only a week less than the British and French managed the followingyear. The Polish Second Republic can stillprovoke controversymore than sixty years after its demise. It was born in the bloodshed of successive wars and uprisings. Its short life was characterized by political instability and interethnic conflict, and it met its fate in the Blitzkriegof 1939. Yet, despite the passage of time, the thirst for literature on the subject is unabated, and has even increasedin the decade since i989. This volume is a worthyaddition. Pitstone, Bedfordshire ROGER MoORHOUSE Krone-Schmalz, Gabriele. Strasse derWdofe. Zweijunge Frauen erleben Russland in den dreissiger Jahren.Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne, 1999. 287 pp. Bibliography.DM 39.90. DURING the 1930S,the vast lands of the Soviet Union's eastern Ural-Siberian frontier underwent the fundamental experiment of building a socialist civilization. Like many other newly-created cities in the East, Komsomolskna -Amure, Novo-Kuznetsk and Karaganda, Magnitogorskbecame a symbol of Stalinist industrialization and urbanization, providing a melting pot in which the Soviet working class intermingled with many people of different nationalities. For the workers Soviet and foreign alike Magnitogorsk representeda dreamfora betterlifeandofferedan alternativeto the depressed capitalistsocieties of the West. Following on from Stephen Kotkin'sMagnetic Mountain (Universityof CaliforniaPress, 1995), Krone-Schmalz, a well-known German televisionjournalistbased in Russia,tellsthe exciting life storyof two young foreign women in the steppe. Whilst Kotkin used archivaldocuments in his exploration of the institutionalframeworkwhich constructedMagnitogorsk , Krone-Schmalz offers an alternativeperspective based on interviews conducted with her two protagonists. In the years preceding the outbreak of the Second World XVar, Russians, Americans, Germans and other Europeans were working together on the Soviet Union's greatest building site. Anna (seventeen) and Meike (twentytwo ) were among a group of German and Dutch Bauhausarchitects and engineers who arrived in Magnitogorsk in I932. The young women were enthusiasticand keento be alliedwith the Sovietpioneers.Whilsttheirparents saw the Soviet Union, with its revolutionaryexperiments, as a pariah, for the young it meant adventureand a chance to escapethe boredom and constraints of Western social conventions. For Anna and Meike, working in the Soviet Union promised, at the veryleast, female emancipation. These young, qualified migrants also brought their ideas of modernity to the USSR. The Bauhaus school of architecture,founded by WalterGropiusin the 1920S, sought to achieve a unity of technical functionalism and art by creatingliving-workingspaces.Apartmentswere built beside factoriesso that factory and worker could become one organism. The aim of Stalinist architecturewas to builda socialistsocietyand create a 'new'mankind.Soviet propagandaproclaimedthat 'thecenterof the socialistcitywill be not a castle, or a market,but a factory'.In this sense, socialismmeant the culture ofindustgy. 548 SEER, 79, 3, 200I Magnitogorsk did not meet the expectations of the young Western architects,however. It was a city of barracksand tents surroundedby the dust of the steppe, and young mothers, in particular, felt uncomfortable in this nomad camp. Overcrowded barracks did not guarantee privacy. Having waited months for theirown lodgings, theywere disappointedto discoverthat they were without even primitivesanitation.Inadequate food suppliesand an absence of leisurefacilitiesmade the women feel cut offfromlife. In theirtime there, Anna and Meike's only form of relaxation came in a visit to the Bashkirs,and althoughthey enjoyed theirhospitality,thiswas not sufficientto alleviate the hardship. They found it frustratingthat the ideas of the young architects came to nothing because of the callousness of Soviet bureaucrats. Hasty Five-YearPlans killedindividualand collective creativity.The NKVD kept a close watch on factorylife, and foreign specialistsbegan to be accused of conspiracyand espionage. Xenophobia was not only a trait of the NKVD officials,but also characterizedthe relationshipbetween Russianworkersand foreign spetsy. As one worker put it: John, you're doing excellent work, but you're a foreigner!' (p. 275). By 1934, most of the foreigners -including Anna and Meike had left Magnitogorsk.The few adventurerswho stayed and adopted Soviet citizenship in the naive hope of becoming assimilated, eventually vanished to Siberian labour camps. Nevertheless, despite the atmosphere of mutual distrustthey experienced under daily Stalinism,Anna and Meike still have good memories of their 'nice, but grave years' in Magnitogorsk. InstituteofRussianHistoy EVA-MARIA STOLBERG University ofBonn Makinen, Anne. Suomen valkoinen sotilasarkkitehtuuri I926-I939. Bibliotheca Historica, 53. SuomalaisenKirjallisuudenSeura, Helsinki, 2000. 257 PP. Notes. Illustrations...