Social Values Conflict Research Articles

ЦІННІСНА ПІДТРИМКА У КОНТЕКСТІ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ОБДАРОВАНИМ ОСОБАМ ЮНАЦЬКОГО ВІКУ

The performed analysis of psychological approaches and methods that can be used to provide value support in the context of psychological assistance to gifted youth has allowed us to draw the following conclusions. Value support is clearly not mentioned in scientific publications among the psychological problems of the gifted whom professional assistance should be provided. The focus on gifted people’s developmental difficulties is largely explained by the implicit assumption that giftedness is maladaptive by its nature. However, this assumption is not supported by existing research data. The model of a gifted person as a psychologically healthy optimally functioning individuum shifts the emphasis on his/her support and development. The leading form of psychological help to the gifted, given their pronounced individuality, should be individual counseling with elements of coaching. To identify, clarify and prioritize personal values, a consultant can use a variety of qualitative and quantitative, standardized and non-standardized examining tools: questionnaires, sorting techniques, analysis of life activities, dreams, peak experiences, imaginary modeling, projective techniques. The full manifestation of giftedness and its further development requires synergy of roles in which giftedness is realized with other important life and professional roles. The task of building such a way of life by a young person in the conditions of insufficiently favorable social reality and value conflict often requires help of a psychologist.

Stronger psychological strains increase the odds of suicide death: A comparison between suicides and suicide attempters

AimThis study was aimed to compare the psychological strains between suicides and suicide attempters, so as to verify the hypothesis whether the stronger psychological strains increase the odds of suicide death. MethodThe suicide data were collected by a psychological autopsy (PA) study, and the suicide attempt data were from the same rural areas in China. Information was obtained with face to face structured questionnaires interviews. A social value conflict scale, measures of aspiration and deprivation, and Moos's Coping Response Inventory (CRI) were used to measure psychological strains. The Spearman correlation and Logistic regression method were applied to analyse and estimate the odds ratio (OR) of fatality of suicide behaviours from psychological strains. ResultsThe value strain, aspiration strain, deprivation strain, and coping strain were all significantly stronger among the suicides than suicide attempters (P < 0.001). Each psychological strain had statistical correlation with suicide behaviour (P < 0.001). The univariable and multivariable Logistic regressions all indicated that rural residence, being never married, and the psychological strains were the independent lethality factors of suicidal behaviours. ConclusionsPsychological strains were the independent lethality factors of suicide behaviours. Stronger psychological strains increase the odds of suicide death. The intervention based on the Strain Theory of Suicide could decrease the odds risk of suicide death.

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL CONFLICT-CAUSING MEANS IN THE TEXT OF THE PLAY «TOTALIZATOR» («TOTE») BY OLEKSANDR KUMANSKY

The purpose of this article is the implementation of linguistic and pragmatic analysis of conflict-causing means used in modern Ukrainian tragicomic play «Totalizator» («Tote») by Alexander Kumansky. The object of study is verbal and nonverbal means applied in conflict episodes of the play. The subject of this study is the system of speech and extra-language means of creating an interpersonal conflict. General research methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive and comparable methods in linguistics, the method of pragmalinguistic analysis have been applied. As a result of the analysis of 68 conflicting episodes manifested in verbal (85 % — 58 text snippets) and nonverbal (15 % — 10 text snippets) levels, such conclusions were made. O. Kumansky used both specialized and situational verbal and nonverbal conflict-causing means in tragicomic play «Totalizator» («Tote»). They demonstrate interpersonal conflicts that form the core of social value conflict between the power and the society. There are specialized verbal means: phraseological units, curses, lexemes and morphemes with negative connotations, stylistically opposed units. Situational verbal conflict-causing means function only in a specific context. Nonverbal conflict-causing means of the play are remarks on the conflict behavior of actors. Nonverbal means are coordinated in the text with verbal ones.

Mountain biking in peri-urban parks: Social factors influencing perceptions of conflicts in three popular National Parks in Australia

Mountain biking is a popular recreational activity including in protected areas close to cities. Although there has been increased research focus on this topic including mountain bikers’ characteristics such as who, when and where they ride, few studies have assessed why they visit peri-urban parks and their environmental values and perceptions about different recreation activities. We address these issues by surveying mountain bikers in three popular peri-urban national parks in Queensland, Australia. The riders were relatively homogeneous in socio-demographic factors, values and perceptions. They were mainly university educated males aged between 25 and 55 years, motivated by the desire for exercise, who engage in recreational activities and frequently visit the parks. Based on responses to a set of standardized questions relating to environmental values, nearly all riders would be characterized as having ecocentric values, particularly those who frequently visit the parks. They tended to have strongly positive perceptions about the three most popular activities during the survey, i.e. mountain biking (44%), hiking (14%) and running (8%). Overall, they had slightly positive perceptions about other activities such as picnicking, horse riding and dog walking that were uncommon during the survey, but where many riders had interacted with these park users on previous visits. As a result, bikers demonstrate limited interpersonal or social value conflict with a range of recreation activities. Expanding the survey to also (1) assess a wider range of activities such as trail bike riding and four-wheel driving, (2) asking other user groups about their values and perceptions, and (3) assess other locations and times may identify different social acceptability thresholds among park visitors. Management implications●Information on the socio-demographics, motivations, values and perceptions of mountain bikers and other visitor groups is important for protected area managers.●There can be limited conflict among different user groups on multi-use wide trails even at times of high usage in peri-urban parks.●Mountain bikers can have positive perceptions of their own and a range of other non-motorized recreation activities.●Mountain bikers perceptions can reflect an ecocentric value system.

Winter Recreationist Conflict and Management Approaches at Vail Pass, Colorado

Managers of popular winter recreation areas rely on two primary tools to mitigate conflict between nonmotorized and motorized recreationists. First, physical separation of activities, or zoning, is used to limit interpersonal conflict between groups. Interpersonal conflict, or goal-interference conflict, occurs when the physical presence or behavior of an individual or group interferes with the goals of another individual or group. Second, “active management,” in the form of visitor education and enforcement of zoning boundaries, is used to minimize social values conflict. Social values conflict occurs between groups who may not share similar norms or values about an activity. This article focuses on a zoned, actively managed winter recreation fee area in central Colorado, the Vail Pass Winter Recreation Area (VPWRA), to examine the effectiveness of these two management tools. We hypothesized that implementing and maintaining zoning, and active management, would decrease reported levels of interpersonal and social values conflict. Data were collected in 2003 ( n = 224, response rate = 93%) and in 2014 ( n = 242, response rate = 89%) from randomly selected VPWRA nonmotorized and motorized recreationists. A K-Means analysis was performed to identify clusters of nonmotorized and motorized respondents who experienced different types of conflict. Results indicated that interpersonal conflict decreased among nonmotorized respondents from 43% in 2003 to 28% in 2014. At the same time, social values conflict among nonmotorized respondents increased from 20% in 2003 to 35% in 2014. For motorized respondents, interpersonal conflict decreased from 20% in 2003 to 12% in 2014. In both 2003 and in 2014, motorized respondents reported no social values conflict. These results highlight a complex relationship between zoning and active management. Overall, the management approach at the VPWRA appears to have successfully reduced interpersonal conflict among nonmotorized and motorized recreationists, but not eliminated this type of conflict. Despite zoning, the VPWRA has travel corridors and destinations with overlapping nonmotorized and motorized use. These mixed-use areas may be responsible for the interpersonal conflict. The management approach was less successful at limiting social values conflict among nonmotorized respondents. Despite management efforts to minimize social values conflict through active management, nonmotorized respondents reported increased levels of social values conflict. To enhance effectiveness education campaigns should target the norms and values specifically held by nonmotorized recreationists, since social values conflict is not present with motorized recreationists.

Further clarification of interpersonal versus social values conflict: Insights from motorized and non-motorized recreational river users

This study examined interpersonal conflict and social values conflict among motorized and non-motorized river recreational users at a relatively low use recreation area in interior Alaska. Previous methodologies for operationalizing social values conflict are not conceptually clear and may result in individuals being classified into the wrong conflict typology. This study addressed these conceptual problems by: (1) introducing a new conflict typology to differentiate between social values conflict and latent problem behaviors and (2) by uniformly applying a non-behavior based measure to classify social values conflict. Data were collected using an on-site survey of motorized (n=26) and non-motorized (n=63) river recreational users at multiple put-in/take-out locations. To the extent that conflict existed, social values conflict was the most prevalent. A small but perceptible number of respondents in both user groups reported a latent-behavior conflict. The results of this study were compared to the results of studies using previous methodologies. Differences were found between the number of non-motorized respondents who were classified into the no conflict and social values conflict typologies. Management implicationsUnderstanding the underlying causes of recreation conflict is essential to implementing an effective management response. Research has increased our understanding of conflict, yet the refinement of measures continues. This study investigated measurement issues regarding interpersonal vs. social values conflict and the impacts on management recommendations.•Correctly identifying conflict as interpersonal or social values is crucial to selecting the most appropriate management response.•Future studies of recreation conflict should also include evaluations of latent-behavior conflict to identify users who simply have a problem with another’s behavior even though it is not evident as interpersonal or social values conflict.•Evaluations of social values conflict should focus on non-behavior based measurements.•Managers should apply a combination of management strategies to reduce conflict among river recreational users.•Education efforts can be used to reduce social values conflict by broadening general understanding among users and dispelling myths. It can also be used to communicate generally accepted practices that can reduce or eliminate interpersonal and latent-behavior conflict.•Zoning and alternative management strategies such as alternative infrastructure development can be used to reduce interpersonal conflict by limiting interactions between users, enhancing recreational opportunities, and maintaining quality recreational experiences for multiple use types.

Interdisciplinary Foundations for Environmental and Sustainability Ethics: An Introduction

This article introduces the special issue for Ethics in Progress entitled Environment, ethics, and sustainability: Crossroads of our future. Despite four decades of intense development in the field of academic and professional environmental ethics, environmental problems pose ever increasing ethical challenges. The discipline continues to undergo a transition from focusing on theoretical questions such as what kinds of beings deserve moral standing toward greater inclusion of the multifaceted dimensions of sustainability and environmental issues and policy formation. In this introductory paper, we present the development, some of the key disciplinary debates, and the continuing and emerging challenges in environmentalism as it intersects with sustainability. We emphasize the importance of increasing the range of interdisciplinary perspectives brought to bear on practical ethics. The papers included in this special issue reflect both the challenges that arise as environmental ethics continues to expand and explore new issues at the intersection of ethics, sustainability, and environmental research, and the interdisciplinarity required in our search to better understand matters related to environmental history, environmental inequalities, social and environmental value conflict, inter-generational justice, and ethical components of the human relationship with the world.

Resolving Social Work Value Conflict: Social Justice as the Primary Organizing Value for Social Work

One issue raised by the Brookings Report: Health Care Providers’ Conscience and Patient Needs: The Quest for Balance, was the role of personal conscience in moral conflicts. Conscience, as so defined, is heavily influenced by personal philosophical beliefs and values. Social Work has historically, proposed values as a both a means of professional definition and to differentiate itself from other helping professions. Several significant issues, however, create problems for utilizing specific values as a true core feature of the social work profession. One possible solution is the implementation of an organizing principle; specifically social justice. There is ample evidence for the utilization of social justice as such a principle or value, from both the social work literature and the philosophical study of justice. By incorporating a broad conception of social justice it becomes possible for many perspectives and dimensions of social justice to be applied in specific situations and still maintain a cohesive, comprehensive understanding of the social work profession that remains true to its historical foundations.

Individual differences in opportunistic claiming behavior

ABSTRACTThis study examines the role of individual difference variables in opportunistic claiming after service failure. Drawing on research in the conflict literature, social value orientation (SVO) and conflict style are investigated as possible influences. The results suggest that both SVO and conflict style impact the amount claimed and opportunistic behavior. This research provides additional insight into why claiming behavior varies even when consumers have the same experience. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Evaluating marine protected areas for managing marine resource conflict in Hawaii

Abstract Conflict surrounding commercial fisheries is a common phenomenon when diverse stakeholders are involved. Harvesting reef fish for the global ornamental fish trade has provoked conflict since the late 1970s in the State of Hawaii. Two decades later the state of Hawaii established a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) on the west coast of the island of Hawaii (“West Hawaii”) to protect and enhance the fish resources and alleviate conflict between stakeholders, principally between commercial dive tour operators and aquarium fishers. The perceptions held by these stakeholders on West Hawaii and Maui were evaluated to understand how MPAs influenced conflict dimensions, as the former location had a well-established MPA network designed to alleviate conflict, while the latter did not. This was accomplished by analyzing the following questions: (1) perceptions about the effectiveness of MPAs to alleviate conflict and enhance reef fish; (2) perceived group encounters and threats to coral reefs; (3) willingness to encourage fishing; and (4) value orientations toward the aquarium fish trade. The results indicate the MPAs in West Hawaii were moderately effective for alleviating conflict, encounters between stakeholders occurred on both islands, dive operators strongly opposed commercial fishing and perceived aquarium fishing as a serious threat to the coral reef ecosystem, and polarized value orientations toward the aquarium fish trade confirms pervasive social values conflict. The conflict between these groups was also asymmetrical. MPAs are inadequate for resolving long term conflict between groups who hold highly dissimilar value orientations toward the use of marine resources. Future marine spatial planning and MPA setting processes should include stakeholder value and conflict assessments to avoid and manage tensions between competing user groups.

Interpersonal and Social Values Conflict Among Coastal Recreation Activity Groups in Hawaii

We report on user conflicts at six Hawaiian beaches and compare the extent to which evaluations of coastal recreation conflicts differ among groups. This information can be used to help understand current recreation users at coastal sites in Hawaii. Exploratory factor analyses supported a multidimensional interpersonal conflict factor based on four activity subgroups and a multidimensional social values conflict factor based on three activity subgroups. In this study, interpersonal and social values conflicts of Hawaii recreationists align themselves by recreation activity group and not by behavior. ANOVAs and t-tests were used to assess the conflict differences according to gender, residency status, location, age, and recreation activities. A discussion follows regarding the implications of our findings on managing conflict and users.

Measuring Motivations as a Method of Mitigating Social Values Conflict

Alaska's Western Arctic Caribou Herd is an important subsistence resource for communities along its migration path and provides opportunities for sport hunting. Members of local communities have expressed conflict with sport hunters' actions including dispersing caribou away from their communities, failing to salvage meat, and trophy hunting. We measured sources of conflict among village residents and sport hunters' motivations for hunting. A cluster analysis of the motivations revealed four groups: general experience (40%), social hunter (25%), family hunter (13%), and trophy hunter (21%). Results illustrate not all sport hunters are hunting primarily for trophy and may share similar values with locals (e.g., family and nature). This information can be used in outreach material by the Bureau of Land Management (the managing agency) to mitigate conflict. This method can be applied to other cases in which social values conflict is present, allowing agencies to respond to this conflict adaptively.

Clarifying Interpersonal and Social Values Conflict among Recreationists

Recreation conflict has been examined relative to interpersonal (i.e., goal interference) conflict and differences in social values. Although this distinction is useful, prior methodologies for operationalizing the two concepts can result in a confound where individuals in the interpersonal conflict category could be expressing goal interference, social values, or both types of conflict. This research note: (a) clarifies the conceptual distinction by incorporating an additional variable that sorts respondents into the most appropriate conflict categories, and (b) uses a multivariate approach to provide an overall evaluation of the magnitude of each type of conflict. Data were obtained from on-site surveys of cross-country skiers (n = 264) and snowmobilers (n = 203) at two Colorado locations. Consistent with previous research, an asymmetrical relationship was found between skiers and snowmobilers, with skiers experiencing more conflict. Cluster analyses of six conflict items indicated that 36% of skiers reported no conflict, 30% noted a conflict in social values, and 34% experienced interpersonal conflict. By comparison, 81% of snowmobilers indicated no conflict, 0% social values conflict, and 19% interpersonal conflict. Few respondents expressed both interpersonal and social values conflict. Whether these levels of conflict are acceptable or unacceptable depends on management objectives and desired outcomes.

Coping with Stress Resulting from Social Value Conflict: Non-Hunters' Response to Anticipated Social Interaction with Hunters

This research investigated nonhunting-hikers' response to social interactions with hunters in outdoor recreation settings. Hikers were presented with a hypothetical scenario describing a social interaction with hunters. Social value conflict and psychological stress/coping theories were used to hypothesize and test a structural equation model. Fifty-two percent of the sample (n = 388) indicated that the social interaction would be stressful. Hikers appraised the social situation as controllable. The coping response combined emotion and problem-focused coping. This plan included confronting the hunters, expressing personal values, and attempting to dissuade the hunters from continuing to use the area as a hunting ground. Hikers followed perceived rules of etiquette for social interactions and tried not to damage opportunities to continue using the area. Coping responses were consistent with previous models in recreation and psychology. Results are discussed in light of previous research to foster theoretical development. This research was supported in part by funds provided by the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dr. Alan Watson is specifically acknowledged for support of this study. Remainder of research supported by Clemson University through Public Services Activities (research) funds.

Social Values versus Interpersonal Conflict among Hikers and Mountain Bikers

Conflict has traditionally been defined in terms of goal interference (interpersonal conflict) where the physical presence of one individual or group interferes with the goals of another individual or group. Recent research has identified social values differences as an alternative explanation for conflict. Social values conflict can occur between users with different beliefs and values, even if there is no contact between them. This article builds on this conceptual distinction by examining social values and interpersonal conflict reported by hikers (n = 210), mountain bikers (n = 163), and those who participate in both activities (n = 400). Data for this article were obtained from onsite surveys. Respondents evaluated unacceptable behaviors associated with hiking and mountain biking. Across all three groups, less conflict was reported for hiking than for mountain biking. To the extent that conflict did exist for hiking, mountain bikers and dual-sport participants were more likely than hikers to report unacceptable behaviors. For evaluations of mountain biking behavior, hikers were more likely than mountain bikers to experience conflict, whereas dual-sport participants fell in between these two extremes. All three groups reported more interpersonal than social values conflict.