Scaling laws arise and are eulogized across disciplines from natural to social sciences for providing pithy, quantitative, 'scale-free', and 'universal' power law relationships between two variables. On a log-log plot, the power laws display as straight lines, with a slope set by the exponent of the scaling law. In practice, a scaling relationship works only for a limited range, bookended by crossovers to other scaling laws. Leading with Taylor's oft-cited scaling law for the blast radius of an explosion against time, and by collating an unprecedented amount of datasets for laser-induced, chemical and nuclear explosions, we show distinct kinematics arise at the early and late stages. We illustrate that picking objective scales for the two axes using the transitions between regimes leads to the collapse of the data for the two regimes and their crossover, but the third regime is typically not mapped to the master curve. The objective scales permit us to abandon the arbitrarily chosen anthropocentric units of measurement, like feet for length and heart-beat for time, but the decimal system with ten digits (fingers) is still part of the picture. We show a remarkable collapse of all three regimes onto a common master curve occurs if we replace the base 10 by a dimensionless radix that combines the scales from the two crossovers. We also illustrate this approach of radical scaling for capillarity-driven pinching, coalescence and spreading of drops and bubbles, expecting such generalizations will be made for datasets across many disciplines.

Analysis of intellectual and thematic progress of the Journal of Environmental Management - Section V: Environmental Policy, Economics, and Social Science.

A quasi-experimental analysis of capabilities and limitations of generative AI in academic content evaluation in social sciences

New directions for interconnector research: drawing from social sciences and humanities perspectives to explore the Celtic Interconnector

Population health and the carceral continuum: A narrative review.

Preserved social behavior recognition in patients with epilepsy.

Translating social science into policy: Recommendations for managing societal aspects of radon and NORM.

Knowledge and acceptability of male HPV vaccination among young people and community stakeholders in northwest Tanzania: social sciences in the Add-Vacc trial.

Avian influenza research through the lens of One Health: A bibliometric study.

Servant leadership is a leadership approach that focuses fundamentally on service to others. In educational contexts, servant leadership has become an attractive topic for research. The main objective of this research was to analyze the last 11 years of scientific production from the Scopus database on servant leadership in educational settings (2013-2023). 48 publications analyzed using bibliometric indicators were taken as a data source. The analysis includes visualization, bibliographic coupling, co-occurrence, and co-authorship analysis. The results of the study show that collaborative research networks between countries around the world were examined, with the United States emerging as the dominant contributor, followed by Indonesia, India, China, and Peru, with the period 2020 and 2022 being those with the highest scientific production, also validating that K. Dahleez, KF Latif, and F. Marimon were the most influential contributors in scientific production and citations; however, A. Abbas has made a greater contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 4, Quality education. The major legacy has focused on two main thematic areas, the Social Sciences and Business, Management and Accounting. The analysis of the main keywords revealed a deep research interest, highlighting the extension and diversity of the concepts of servant leadership, higher education, education, teachers, knowledge hiding, learning, leadership and life satisfaction. This study highlights the importance of international cooperation in the field of cultural research and the need for countries to develop research capital to address knowledge gaps. These findings reveal research trends for future studies, influential authors, and co-authorships across countries, helping researchers identify gaps and future directions. The findings may facilitate the development and use of servant leadership in educational settings to improve outcomes as a sector.

The prisoner's dilemma (PD) portrays the fundamental challenge of social interaction and ranks among the most-important models in the social sciences. Over the past two decades, the study of the PD has experienced a resurgence due to the introduction of concepts and techniques from statistical physics. In this Perspective, we recount the history of the substantive narrative underlying the PD to physicists who may not have encountered it yet and we show —on the narrative's 75th anniversary— that the original PD narrative hinted at a solution to the very problem of cooperation that it sought to describe. These hints at a solution to the PD foreshadowed a fascinating stream of contemporary research, thus further establishing the richness of the PD's narrative: 75 years after its inaugural articulation, the PD's substantive narrative continues to impart new wisdom.

The unique demands for analyzing nonlinear time series produced by complex systems have generated a paradigm shift in statistical theory and application in much the same way as nonlinear dynamics have augmented the understanding of specific phenomena in the life and social sciences. Topics covered include: the statistical computation of the fractal dimensions, ergodicity, strategic use of nonlinear model libraries, identifying oscillators, state space analysis and entropy, time delays and the production of emergents, and quantum computing of fractal images. Substantive applications include US unemployment, political affiliation in the Netherlands, bipolar disorder, biomechanics, heart rate complexity, Bitcoin and other market prices, temperature anomalies and climate change, and economic growth.

Knowledge construction modes in humanities and social sciences: A cross-disciplinary analysis through linguistic complexity lens

Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five globally. At Rwamagana Level II Teaching Hospital, Health Management reports show a significant rise in pneumonia cases from 2019 to 2023. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with pneumonia in children under five among parents at the Rwamagana Level Two Teaching Hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sample of 230 people. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The findings showed that the prevalence of pneumonia among children under five attending the outpatient and paediatric departments was 17.8%. Multivariate analysis showed female children had nine times higher odds of pneumonia than males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=9.055, P=0.031). Children in urban areas had significantly lower odds (AOR=0.132, P=0.031), as did those from non-home-owning households (AOR=0.183, P=0.042), though this finding may reflect deeper socio-economic issues. Children with smoking parents were over 21 times more likely to develop pneumonia (AOR=21.502, P=0.002). In conclusion, pneumonia prevalence in children under five at Rwamagana Hospital is high, with significant biological and socio-economic risk factors. The study recommends intensified health education, increased childhood vaccination efforts, and parental support to improve socio-economic conditions.

ABSTRACT The paper explores the institutional and conceptual flipsiding of democracy, which belongs to an illiberal and authoritarian repertoire. Firstly, the paper departs from research in the social sciences embracing a wider approach to democracy, including illiberal aspects, which, in effect, dilutes the meaning of democracy. Secondly, the paper explores institutional change that illiberal elites implement with the goal of power hoarding and subversion of democracy. The institutional changes target the scope of democracy with the goal of permanently fixing the power position of the incumbent ruling actors (institutional flipsiding). Moreover, the institutional changes follow an illiberal script to illiberalism which is common to all autocratizing regimes. Thirdly, the paper deals with the conceptual subversion (conceptual flipsiding) targeting the meaning of democracy, as it attempts to dissociate democracies from their liberal fundaments, such as civic and political rights. It concludes that illiberal regimes are prone to masquerading as democracies. They do so by changing both the scope and meaning of democracy, as they want to pass as democracies, both in front of domestic and foreign audiences.

Introduction: Breast lesions comprise about 34-40% of lesions evaluated by fine-needle aspiration in surgical practice. FineNeedle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is increasingly used as a simple and cost-effective method to assess the nature of breast lesions, with high sensitivity and reasonable specificity, which helps in planning further treatment. However, a small percentage of breast lesions cannot be confidently diagnosed as benign or malignant and are termed grey-zone lesions. These include reactive atypia seen in some benign conditions and atypia of malignancy. Aim: To analyse the cytological features of atypical proliferative breast diseases associated with a malignant diagnosis on histopathologic examination. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving FNAC smears of all patients diagnosed as proliferative breast disease with atypia in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India, from January 2018 to June 2021. Clinical and cytological features were studied, and patients were followed-up until June 2022. The lesions were classified histologically into benign and malignant lesions. The cytological features in the FNAC smears were studied. The data were entered into spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel, and the variables were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 for Windows. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate features significantly associated with a histological diagnosis of malignancy. Results: The study included a total of 162 cases diagnosed as proliferative breast disease with atypia on FNAC. Histopathological follow-up was available for these cases, with 73 benign and 89 malignant. Clinical features that were statistically significant in subjects with malignant histopathological diagnoses included age over 40 years, presence of a hard and fixed breast lump, and nipple changes. Cytological features predictive of a malignant histological diagnosis included clusters with ill-defined borders, loosely cohesive or cribriform clusters, clusters with markedly reduced or absent myoepithelial cells, reduced stromal fragments, numerous singly scattered atypical cells, markedly reduced or absent bipolar bare nuclei in the background, high mitotic rate, and necrosis. The nuclear features that were statistically significant included marked nuclear enlargement, nuclear pleomorphism, irregular nuclear contour, nuclear overlapping, and coarse nuclear chromatin. Conclusion: The diagnosis of malignancy requires a multifaceted approach, including correlation with clinical, radiological, and pathological features. For an unequivocal cytological diagnosis of malignancy, a constellation of cytomorphological features is needed; a single morphological feature cannot reliably distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Proper knowledge of the various cytomorphological features of malignancy can help predict malignancy even if all classical cytological features are not present. Cytological study can be a useful adjunct in triaging cases where prompt histopathological assessment is mandatory.

The contribution of end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring to the management of pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Introduction: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is an established and effective treatment for severe psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. However, ECT is often associated with significant haemodynamic fluctuations and Postictal Agitation (PIA), which may pose safety concerns. Dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, has shown promise in stabilising haemodynamics and reducing PIA in various clinical settings. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine in attenuating haemodynamic responses and PIA in patients undergoing modified ECT (m-ECT). Materials and Methods: This double-blinded, randomised controlled study was conducted at Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India, from July 2023 to September 2024, and included 100 patients undergoing m-ECT. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous 0.9% normal saline (Group C) or intravenous dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1 µg/kg (Group D), administered over 10 minutes prior to m-ECT. Haemodynamic parameters, including Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and Rate Pressure Product (RPP), were measured at multiple intervals. PIA was assessed using the emergence agitation score. Additional parameters recorded included seizure duration, time to spontaneous breathing, and time to obey verbal commands. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26.0. The Independent t-test and Chi-square test were applied where appropriate, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Demographic characteristics, including age, gender distribution, and American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, were comparable between both groups, with no statistically significant differences. The mean age in Group C was 36.64±11.71 years, and in Group D was 38.28±12.10 years (p-value=0.467). The mean peak HR was significantly lower in Group D (97.46±9.50 bpm) compared to Group C (124.10±20.54 bpm). MAP was also significantly lower in Group D (94.6±12.2 mmHg) than in Group C (123.96±15.94 mmHg). The RPP was reduced in Group D (9154.64±1547.45) compared to Group C (10113.84±1706.19). Overall, Group D demonstrated significantly lower levels of emergence agitation, suggesting that dexmedetomidine was more effective in promoting calm recovery. The statistically significant p-value (0.006) supports this conclusion. Conclusion: Intravenous dexmedetomidine effectively reduces haemodynamic fluctuations and PIA in patients undergoing modified ECT. It provides better cardiovascular stability, lowers HR and blood pressure, and improves the quality of recovery. Although it slightly prolongs the time to obey verbal commands, the overall benefits make dexmedetomidine a safe and valuable adjunct in the anaesthetic management of m-ECT.

Introduction: The Mayo Adhesive Probability (MAP) score is a preoperative Computed Tomography (CT)-based scoring system developed to predict the presence of Adherent Perinephric Fat (APF), a known contributor to increased surgical difficulty. While extensively studied in partial nephrectomy, its application in Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Simple Nephrectomy (LTSN) remains unvalidated. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of the MAP score in predicting surgical difficulty and perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing LTSN. Materials and Methods: The present prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Urology, IPGME&R ,Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from July 2024 to March 2025. Fifty patients undergoing LTSN for benign non-functioning kidneys were enrolled. Preoperative MAP scores were calculated from CT imaging. Patients were categorised into three groups: Low (0-1), Moderate (2-3), and High (4-5) MAP scores. Surgical difficulty was graded using a novel composite score based on intraoperative and postoperative parameters. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman’s rank correlation using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v25, considering the ordinal nature of MAP scores and non-parametric data distribution. and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 50 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 53.2±10.6 years and a mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 26.1±3.4 kg/m². Based on MAP score stratification, 12 (24.0%) patients were categorised into the Low MAP group (0-1), 23 (46.0%) patients into the moderate MAP group (2-3), and 15 (30.0%) patients into the high MAP group. A statistically significant association was observed between MAP scores and all intraoperative and postoperative difficulty markers. The high MAP group had the longest operative time (170.53±30.1 min), greatest blood loss (569.27±107.02 mL), maximum haemoglobin decline (2.05±0.48%), highest complication rate (73.3%) and prolonged hospital stay (7.53±1.36 days). The Low MAP group showed favourable metrics across all parameters (operative time 107.5±22.13 min, blood loss 258.25±37.68 mL, complications in 16.7%, and hospital stay 3.92±1.08 days). Kruskal-Wallis test confirmed statistical significance (p<0.001). Conclusion: The MAP score is a validated, reliable preoperative tool for predicting surgical difficulty in LTSN. High MAP scores are significantly associated with increased surgical complexity, prolonged operative time, blood loss, and postoperative complications.

Introduction: Blood within the vitreous cavity is referred to as Vitreous Haemorrhage (VH). VH is one of the most frequent conditions that present to the emergency room and is a major cause of painless visual loss . Aim: To evaluate the various aetiologies, management strategies, and outcomes following treatment in patients with VH. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department from August 2023 to August 2024 for a period of one year at Great Eastern Medical School and Hospital, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Newly diagnosed cases of vitreous haemorrhage in patients over 35 years of age were included in the study and those with a history of retinal detachment were excluded. A detailed history regarding the aetiology of the VH was taken, and a complete ocular examination was performed. Necessary investigations were conducted. Treatment was administered according to the cause of VH, and this was noted. Follow-up was conducted for a three-month postoperative period. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) software and Microsoft Excel. Results: The current study included 21 patients with a total of 23 eyes. The largest group of patients was in the age range of 45 to 50 years (42.85%), with a mean age of 54.38±3.438 years. Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) was determined to be the most frequent cause, seen in 11 patients (52.38%), followed by Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO), seen in 5 cases (23.80%). Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) injections were the most commonly used treatment method, administered in 10 (43.47%) of the 23 eyes. Other treatment options included observation, laser photocoagulation, and Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV). Preoperative visual acuity was <1/60 to Perception of Light (PL) + in 12 (52.17%) cases, while in the postoperative follow-up, the majority of patients (20 cases, or 86.94%) were in the visual acuity group of 6/6 to 6/60. Conclusion: In the present study, the most common cause of vitreous haemorrhage was found to be PDR. Early diagnosis and timely intervention for VH lead to good visual prognosis.