Social Order Research Articles

Analysis of the Fight between Islamism and Secularism in the Turkish Elections: Two Dominant Conflicting Forces

Turkey is the first Islamic country to officially adopt the principle of secularism, a significant change pioneered by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The radical implementation of secularism separated religion from state affairs, triggering complex political and social dynamics between Pro-Islam and Pro-Secular groups. In recent decades, particularly under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkey has witnessed a resurgence of Islamic values in politics and public life. Erdogan has succeeded in winning the hearts of the majority of the people through a narrative of Islamic-based national identity, economic development, and a populist approach, which has gradually shifted the dominance of secularism. This study aims to analyse the increasingly intense ideological struggle between Islamism and Secularism and to map contemporary political developments in Turkey. The method used is library research, involving the examination of various relevant academic and media sources. The results of this study offer a deeper understanding of the political and ideological dynamics in Turkey, as well as the impact of the conflict on domestic policies, Turkey's regional position, and the international community's response. Furthermore, this study also reveals how political contestation, mainly through elections, influences the national identity and social order of Turkish society today.Keywords: Secularism; Islamism; Turkish Election; Islamic Revival

Identity construction through education: the integration of the Nusayris into society in the late Ottoman and early Republican periods

ABSTRACT The Nusayri community, residing primarily in the coastal regions of Syria, Antakya (Antioch), and Çukurova, remained largely isolated from mainstream Ottoman society due to their distinct religious beliefs and esoteric practices. Despite their official recognition as Muslims, they were often marginalised within the broader Islamic community. This article examines the efforts undertaken during the late Ottoman period and the early years of the Turkish Republic to integrate the Nusayri community into the dominant social and political order. These efforts, characterised by a combination of religious reform and cultural assimilation policies, can be understood as processes of identity construction. The study, based on an in-depth analysis of Ottoman and Republican archival documents, highlights the instrumental role of education in these processes. The article also notes the shift from religious to national identity as the focus of identity-building activities from the Ottoman to Republican period. In this process, it was emphasised that identity construction, which was implemented in the form of belief correction during the Ottoman period, evolved into race correction during the Republican period. Despite these efforts, the Nusayri community largely retained its distinct language, cultural traditions, and religious beliefs, suggesting that the attempts to impose a singular national identity met with limited success.

Municipality-Non-Governmental Orgaiızations in Ensuring City Safety: An Example Of Preventing Child And Youth Criminality in Malatya

People living in urban areas have various local common needs, but the most prominent among them is undoubtedly living in a safe city. Regardless how adequate a city might have infrastructure and superstructure equipment, if its streets, avenues, commercial, open and closed areas lack the confidence of its inhabitants, a healthy social order cannot be established. In this study, the rehabilitation of children and youth involved in crime and their participation in social life within the scope of the cooperation of Malatya Yeşilyurt and Battalgazi Municipality with various non-governmental organizations for the purpose of ensuring urban security and building safer future was examined through case studies. Interviews were held with the Fire of Anatolia Sports Club Association, Orphans Caravan and Ya Damascus associations, among the associations in Malatya, and the impacts of the projects carried out with local governments on urban security were examined. The results revealed that the cooperation between local governments and NGOs yielded positive results and the sportive, educational support and guidance services received by young people and children should be continued increasingly. This study was conducted using phenomenological research design, as qualitative research method, and data were interpreted based on literature review and document analysis

Hope and despair: Female workers’ professional status in Yugoslav industry

This article explores female blue-collar workers’ professional positions and integration into workplace democracy within the self-managed industry in socialist Yugoslavia. Drawing on an extensive analysis of contemporary reports archived by Yugoslavia’s central women’s organisation, the article explores female blue-collar workers’ professional qualifications and participation in worker education programmes and worker councils – Yugoslavia’s self-managed industry’s core democratic body. The article aims to shows that the prevailing gender and class-based social order within Yugoslav industry hindered female workers’ professional advancement and representation in workplace democracy, perpetuating their secondary status, which was manifested through poor representation in workplace democracy and predominantly low professional qualifications.

Отечественная культурологическая библиографическая концепция в цифровую эпоху: аксиологический, персонологический, коммуникационный аспекты

The authors, having briefly outlined the main provisions of the modern cultural concept of bibliography, showed, from their point of view, the most relevant directions for updating the concept: axiological, communicative, personological. Emphasized M. G. Vokhrysheva's desire to update the concept based on the use of transdisciplinary approaches to study bibliographic phenomena, the inclusion of bibliographic issues due to its proximity to the scientific field of information cultural studies. It is noted that the possibilities for the development of the concept were prepared by the works of cultural scientists, including in their publications they formulate the "social order" of bibliography as a communication mediator between a person, a document, an author and society. The contribution of bibliographers to understanding bibliographic phenomena from different positions, primarily communication ones, is also shown. The authors propose to discuss from interdisciplinary positions the value of bibliographic activity in the digital world, its mediating function, communicative essence for achieving a consensus of digital bibliographic tools and human expectations from the digital information space for obtaining knowledge.

Between Battle and Everyday Life: Female Participants of the Partisan Movement of the Smolensk Region in Ego Documents of the 1940s.

Introduction. In the extreme conditions of occupation, several thousand women of the Smolensk region took part in the Resistance movement. The experience of their joining partisan detachments, adaptation, and participation in the “nationwide struggle” is an integral part of the problem of the functioning of society in war conditions. Methods and materials. The boundaries of women’s possibilities in the partisan movement are considered based on ego-documents: transcripts of 1943 conversations of the Mintz Commission and memoirs of 1947. Prosopographical methods are used. Analysis and results. Social practices of women in the partisan movement of the Smolensk region were carried out within the boundaries between traditional household responsibilities and masculine combat activity. The patriarchal structure of closed partisan communities was expressed in the distribution of responsibilities, attitude to weapons, and sexual relations. Most women in the detachments were bearers of traditional values and did not oppose discrimination by the command. The most active female partisans could prove themselves in the “male territory” – in reconnaissance and combat operations. Their weapons skills placed them on a higher level of the internal social hierarchy in the unit. Female partisans highly valued their contribution to the Resistance, regardless of specific practices. Male partisans had ambiguous attitudes towards their “combat girlfriends.” Their texts mention female fighters, scouts, and nurses less often, and, occasionally, those who were engaged in housework. With limited access to weapons and unofficial obstacles to combat service, women received awards less often than men. The closed societies of partisan units retained features of the pre-war social order, significantly transformed by the extreme conditions of the occupation. The range of social practices of female partisans included both patriarchal roles and practices free from gender inequality.

Language as a Barrier, Bridge and Battleground: A Study of Linguistic Experiences in the Context of Moroccan Migration to Southern Portugal

This article explores the critical engagement of two academics who confront lived experiences with the institutional and tangible dimensions of linguistic barriers and discrimination in the Portuguese district of Faro. Centred on the challenges posed at the border, the study fits into the wider framework of mobilities between North Africa and southern Europe, and attempts to demonstrate how language, as a form of social practice, impacts access to employment, education and society at large. Portuguese emerges as a dual entity: an institutional barrier, a form of socio-spatial control that reinforces exclusion, illustrating exclusionary processes within hierarchies and structural violence; a transnational bridge that fosters belonging and, simultaneously, a battleground where identity and self-determination face the constraints imposed by the economic, social, and political order that impact Moroccan migration to southern Portugal. The research highlights the imbrications of the undervaluation of migrants' cultural knowledge, the ambivalence of linguistic identity within a globalized world, exacerbating social exclusion, and systemic discrimination of non-privileged migrants in a polarized region shaped by social and economic asymmetries and increasingly representative nationalisms. From a systemic justice perspective, this devaluation reinforces structural inequalities, marginalizing those who do not conform to dominant linguistic norms. The national languages’ role as linguistic and cultural gatekeeper exemplifies the intersection of identity construction and socio-political hierarchies in the context of mobilities. This study, grounded in a collaborative project blending autobiography and biographical research, employs qualitative methods, including biographic interviews, ethnographic observation, and critical human rights studies.

The Destruction of Hungary by Stalinism

This paper explores Hungary's historical journey post - World War II within the socialist context. After the war, Hungary, like other Eastern European nations, fell within the Soviet - influenced sphere and adopted a socialist model. In the initial implementation, the model's administrative and economic mechanisms faced certain frictions with Hungary's unique social, cultural, and economic characteristics. Intellectuals, who were crucial in Hungary's socialist construction, held diverse views on the country's development path, triggering internal deliberations on the socialist model. Politically, the Soviet - Hungarian relationship significantly shaped Hungary's political landscape. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution was a manifestation of Hungary's struggle to balance its own development with the broader socialist framework and the Soviet - led influence. Economically, the initially - adopted economic management models brought about challenges such as imbalanced economic structures and difficulties in resource allocation. The judicial system also underwent changes that affected public perception and social stability. Although the socialist model Hungary adopted had positive aspects in maintaining early - stage social order and promoting development during difficult times, as the global and regional situations evolved, especially from the 1960s onwards, certain elements of the model encountered obstacles in adapting to new requirements. Hungary's experience underscores the significance of considering national distinctiveness, continuously innovating and adjusting development models, and handling the relationship between international influence and domestic development in the process of implementing socialist development models.

Peran Nilai-nilai Islam dalam Membangun Multikulturalisme Perspektif Kontemporer

In the era of globalization, which brings about increased cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity, there is a growing urgency to explore religious approaches that support harmonious social coexistence. This study is motivated by the need to develop an Islamic-based multiculturalism as a response to the challenges of intolerance and exclusivism. The primary objective of this research is to examine how Islamic values such as tasāmuh (tolerance), ta‘āruf (mutual understanding), ‘adl (justice), and rahmah (compassion) can contribute to strengthening multiculturalism in contemporary society. This research employs a qualitative approach through critical literature review and contextual analysis of Islamic texts and the social practices of Muslims. The findings indicate that when interpreted in a moderate and contextual manner, Islamic values possess transformative potential in fostering an inclusive and peaceful social order. Moreover, the study highlights that exclusive interpretations of religious texts remain a significant challenge in promoting multicultural ideals. The implications of this research underscore the importance of Islamic education and preaching that prioritize moderation and intercultural dialogue as key strategies for enhancing social coexistence and contributing to a more just, tolerant, and humane global civilization.

Aging in an “unlivable” place: social representations of a low-income urban neighborhood in Mexico City

This article presents a case study of the Tepito-Morelos neighborhood to analyze the aging in place process in low-income neighborhoods of Mexico City. These are neighborhoods with a strong historical tradition and socio-spatial identity, where intense economic activity has developed alongside the presence of organized crime. We consider that the theory of social representations helps to understand whether these types of neighborhoods offer living spaces that provide conditions for the dignified aging of their inhabitants. In the first part of the article, we focus on the relationship between the concept of aging in place and the theory of social representations. In the second part, we establish the research objectives and the methodology employed: in-depth interviews, field trips, a review of publications about the neighborhood, and an analysis of press coverage. The third part focuses on the presentation of results. The analysis of these materials allows us to observe that the social representations of the Tepito-Morelos territory articulate three types of social order that have governed the life of the community over several decades: urban morphology, and economic and cultural aspects. Over time, this tripartite order has had both benefits and negative effects on the aging-in-place process. It is important to take into account the socio-cultural complexity of the neighborhood to understand this process. This knowledge forms the basis for undertaking intervention strategies and designing policies to improve the conditions of aging in this type of neighborhood.

Понятие правовой культуры в рамках культурологического подхода

The work delves into the study of legal culture through the prism of the cultural approach. In contrast to narrow legal analysis, legal culture is not seen as an isolated system of norms and rules, but as an integral part of so-ciety, deeply rooted in its cultural foundations. It includes historically established traditions, social norms, moral values and beliefs that shape citizens’ perception and understanding of the law. The article analyzes in detail the functions of legal culture in a broad cultural context – ensuring compliance with legal norms, formation of civic responsibility, strengthening the legitimacy of state institutions, promoting social order and harmonious development of society. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the level of legal culture on the sustaina-bility of democracy as a political system enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The key fea-tures of a developed legal culture are defined: the importance of legal nihilism, respect for the law, active par-ticipation of citizens in the law-making process, and competent application of legal norms. Proposed ways to develop legal culture involve broad legal education, improvement of the education system, increasing the ef-fectiveness of law enforcement, as well as the formation of a culture of tolerance and mutual respect in society.

Penerapan Konsep Pluralisme Hukum Sally Falk Moore dalam Penyelesaian Konflik di Tingkat Pemerintahan Daerah

This article discusses the application of Sally Falk Moore's concept of legal pluralism in conflict resolution at the local government level in Indonesia, known for its cultural diversity and complex normative systems. Legal pluralism refers to the coexistence of various legal systems, where customary law and state law interact and influence each other. In this context, the article explains how customary law is recognized within Indonesia's positive legal framework and its important role in resolving disputes arising from differences between the two legal systems. Through an analysis of the interaction between state law and customary law, the article shows that applying legal pluralism can create balance and justice in conflict resolution, and strengthen the identity and rights of indigenous peoples. Using the concept of a semi-autonomous social environment, this article highlights the importance of recognizing the existence of customary law in improving social order and protecting community rights. In conclusion, applying legal pluralism not only provides solutions to conflicts but also contributes to developing a harmonious and equitable society.

Narrativa konstruktioner av klass: Sociala ordningar och positioneringar i läroverkets studentuppsatser under 1900-talets första tre decennier

Narrative constructions of social class: Social orders and positions in student essays from the Swedish Grammar School during the first three decades of the twentieth century. The article studies class formation in Swedish Grammar School, and how the parallel school system contributed to the forming of social classes. The source material consists of student essays dealing with industrialism, the rise of the working class, the labour movement, and the future lives of students from their own perspective. The research questions focus on the how the social structures were described in these essays and in what way various discourses from school textbooks influenced the student essays. The study is based on Althusser’s concept “interpellation”, which is a point of departure in our understanding of the essays as an act in which students negotiate narratives of the textbooks and position themselves within the society. In this discursive act, the working class was constructed as the Other, mainly carrying pejorative characteristics. Furthermore, the student essays paint a picture of the educated upper class, i.e. the social group of students, having the task of morally educating the lower classes. Thus, the student essays bear witness to how young men of the privileged class, positioned themselves in the social topography of their time.

Refusal as a critique of the order of things: bifurcations and utopian longings in contemporary rural France

ABSTRACT This text questions the ‘theoretical hegemony’ that seems to characterize the concept of resistance when it comes to assessing a challenge to the social organization or its guardians. Refusal, which is presented here as a form of constructive defiance, in fact proves to be just as relevant for this purpose, particularly when it comes to understanding collective actions that are non-confrontational but express a critique of the order of things. This is what the ethnography of utopian collectives established in the French countryside tends to show. The women and men who compose them, individually driven by the desire to ‘no longer play the game’, slip collectively, on certain occasions, into the interstices of the social order, acting together in order to refuse certain of its social, political and economic norms. Their ways of doing things and the social relationships they then form can prefigure certain features of a ‘different future’.

Social manufacturing supply-demand service matching design based on knowledge graphs and graph convolutional networks

Social manufacturing is a service-oriented paradigm that uses networked tools to integrate distributed social resources into collaborative communities, aimed at linking personalised production demands with social manufacturing capabilities. Motivated by above goal, this article proposed an autonomous matching design method for supply-demand service in social manufacturing. First, a unified knowledge base was constructed based on the cyber-physical-social framework to integrate the description of enterprise resources and social orders. Second, graph convolutional network networks and link prediction methods were used to complete the knowledge graph by predicting unknown relationships. Finally, a service-matching method that combines embedding vectors and cosine similarity was proposed, based on existing historical manufacturing data. Taking high-level axial parts as a case study, the feasibility of the proposed method was verified providing new theoretical guidance for optimising service configurations in social manufacturing.

Reassessing Nepotism: Wederrechtelijk and Onrechtmatige Daad in Indonesian Law

This research examines nepotism as a form of Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism (KKN), which has significantly undermined social and institutional order in Indonesia. The problem stems from the negative impacts of KKN on community welfare, resource misuse, and the erosion of public integrity and morals. The main goal of the paper is to analyze nepotism from a positive legal perspective by exploring the conceptual differences between "onrechtmatige daad" in civil law and "wederrechtelijk" in criminal law. The study uses a doctrinal approach that integrates conceptual, statutory, and case analysis, focusing on Law Number 28 of 1999 and Constitutional Court Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 as key case studies. Through evaluative, argumentative, and prescriptive techniques, the research develops arguments concerning the classification of nepotism as either a criminal or civil matter. The findings highlight that while both legal concepts—onrechtmatige daad and wederrechtelijk—serve to protect individual rights and public interests, they are applied differently. The study concludes that nepotism, which has caused systemic harm to fair and transparent governance, should be classified as a criminal act (wederrechtelijk) to ensure legal certainty and maximize the repressive effects of the law, adhering to the principles of lex scripta, lex certa, and lex stricta. As a recommendation, the government and the DPR should revise Law Number 28 of 1999 to strengthen the norms regarding nepotism and submit a material review to the Constitutional Court to align the law with the principle of legality, ensuring optimal protection of the public interest.

Larangan Berbuat Zalim dalam Hadis,Implikasi Hukum Pidana & Perdata

The prohibition of committing injustice (zulm) is a fundamental principle in Islamic teachings that emphasizes justice as the foundation of social life. In various hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), injustice is strongly condemned as a violation of both divine rights and human rights. This article aims to discuss in depth the prohibition of zulm and explore its deeper implications in both criminal and civil law. Injustice is not only seen as an individual sin, but also as a breach of social justice and public order. Therefore, the command to avoid zulm, as conveyed in hadiths, goes beyond theological and moral dimensions, extending into concrete and applicable legal principles. Through a normative and juridical approach, this study seeks to demonstrate that the prohibition of injustice can serve as a foundation for developing a fair legal system that upholds individual rights. In the context of criminal law, acts of injustice often manifest as crimes requiring firm punishment to maintain social order. Meanwhile, in civil law, injustice appears in forms such as unlawful acts, breaches of contract, or violations of property rights, which demand compensation or restitution. This reflects the importance of integrating Islamic values in building a civilized and justice-oriented legal system.

Exploring the Social Dimensions of Hume’s Political Philosophy: A Sociological Perspective

Purpose: This study explores the social dimensions of David Hume’s political philosophy, specifically focusing on the relationships between political legitimacy, social cohesion, and public trust in governance. It aims to examine how Hume’s theories of social order, conventions, and authority can shed light on contemporary political challenges, including institutional distrust, political fragmentation, and social inequality. Method: A quantitative research design was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. Data was collected from a sample of 312 respondents through structured questionnaires distributed to individuals across diverse demographics. The study used SmartPLS software to analyze the data and assess the relationships between independent variables (e.g., perceptions of justice, conformity to social conventions, and acceptance of political authority) and the dependent variables (political legitimacy, social cohesion, and public trust in governance). Moderating effects of trust in institutions and perceived economic inequality were also examined. Findings: The study found that all the proposed hypotheses were supported. Specifically, perceptions of justice, conformity to conventions, acceptance of political authority, and inherent sociability significantly influenced political legitimacy, social cohesion, and public trust in governance. Furthermore, trust in institutions and perceived economic inequality were identified as key moderating factors in these relationships, shaping the strength and direction of the connections between the variables. Originality/Significance: This research offers a novel application of Hume’s political philosophy to contemporary issues of governance and political legitimacy, providing insights into how social dynamics such as trust and economic inequality impact political systems today. Received: 30 November 2024 / Accepted: 5 April 2025 / Published: 08 May 2025

THE CONCEPT OF A NEW PATH OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION ACCORDING TO HAEDAR NASHIR

This article discusses the concept of a new path of religious moderation developed by Haedar Nashir, a contemporary Muslim thinker. Haedar Nashir emphasized that religious moderation must be based on the universal values of Islam that are inclusive, humanist, and adaptive to the changing times. This concept is designed to answer the challenges of radicalism, intolerance, and secularism which are often obstacles in creating social harmony. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, referring to the works of Haedar Nashir and a literature review related to religious moderation. The results of the study show that religious moderation according to Haedar Nashir not only serves as a theological strategy, but also as a practical approach to build a harmonious and productive religious life. This concept involves three main pillars: the strengthening of Islamic values that are rahmatan lil 'alamin, the integration of local culture with Islamic values, and the active participation of the ummah in building civilization. With this approach, religious moderation can be an effective solution in creating a peaceful, inclusive, and just social order. The implication of this research is to enrich the study of religious moderation from the perspective of Haedar Nashir, who emphasizes the importance of making moderation a state of mind for the Indonesian nation. Then add references for academics in understanding the concept of Wasathiyah Islam applied in religious and national life.

Dalit Caste Discrimination in Urban Areas of Nepal: A Case Study of Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

This study examines Dalit caste discrimination in the urban setting of Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, through a quantitative-dominant mixed approach. The researcher conducted a questionnaire survey of 134 respondents, 85 of whom were temporary students residing in Kirtipur for study purposes and 49 local students who were permanent residents. The findings of the quantitative study were further triangulated with qualitative assessment by employing purposively selected four Key informant interviews. The study's findings indicate that caste discrimination among Dalits is a structural issue, but attitudes are changing due to increased awareness and education. Nepali society, mainly urban areas, has massive mobility of people from different castes/ethnicities, and those regions are undergoing rapid sociocultural changes. Caste issues among the students have been diluted from extreme worldviews, but they are facing to penetrate the mainstream social order of society. While discrimination is rare among educated people, such as students, problems persist in rural and underdeveloped areas. Although policy reforms are in place, social behavioural changes remain crucial for achieving equality. The study's findings have significant implications for policy and further research, highlighting the need for continued social behavioural changes and further studies in this regard.