Abstract Background As mental health issues increasingly become an important factor affecting public health and social harmony, China is gradually promoting the sinking of mental health services to grassroots communities. However, there are still fragmented, non-standard, and insufficient sustainability issues in the supply mode of mental health care services in grassroots communities, and the relevant legal and policy support system is not yet sound, which restricts service coverage and intervention effectiveness. Therefore, this study systematically sorts out the existing mental health care service models in grassroots communities, analyzes their legal and policy support status and bottlenecks, in order to provide theoretical and practical basis for building a standardized and sustainable community mental health service system. Methods The study selected 24 urban and rural communities from six provinces in eastern, central, and western China as survey subjects, covering three types of institutions: community health service centers, street social workstations, and community mental health service points. Conduct a systematic review and content analysis of community mental health related policy documents issued by the national and local governments since 2015. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 320 community mental health service providers, including general practitioners, social workers, and psychological counselors, to investigate service models, resource allocation, policy awareness, and implementation barriers. Finally, 36 policy makers, institutional managers, and service users were selected for semi-structured interviews to understand the service operation mechanism and policy implementation effectiveness. The study used SPSS 26.0 for descriptive and comparative analysis of questionnaire data, and Nvivo 12.0 for topic coding and qualitative analysis of interview texts. Results The study identified four main service models, with the "medical social collaboration" integrated service model accounting for 35.4% of the sample communities. The community health service center collaborated with community organizations to conduct psychological assessments and referrals. The "social worker led" supportive service model accounts for 29.2%, relying on community social work stations to carry out mental health education and group counseling. The "family neighborhood" mutual aid model accounts for 20.8%, based on community volunteers and neighborhood networks for psychological companionship and crisis warning. The "digital platform+" remote service model accounts for 14.6%, providing psychological assessment and counseling through online platforms. Policy analysis shows that the national level has issued the "Mental Health Law of the People's Republic of China" and relevant guidance on mental health services, but only 41.7% of communities in local supporting policies have clear service implementation guidelines and funding guarantee measures. The survey results show that 67.3% of service providers believe that the lack of specialized legal basis is the main obstacle to service development, and 71.5% reflect that the training time is less than 20 hours per year, and the standardization of services needs to be improved. Discussion The current grassroots community mental health care has formed a prototype of a diversified service model, but due to insufficient legal and policy support, lack of cross departmental collaboration mechanisms, and unsustainable resource guarantees, the overall service is still in a fragmented stage. The study provides a model reference and policy recommendations for improving the grassroots psychological service system, and further comparative research and long-term impact assessment of different regional models should be carried out in the future.

This research is about the Marsiadapari tradition of the Toba Batak community based on Islamic ethical framework to identify the meeting point between local environmental wisdom and Islamic ethics. Marsiadapari embodies assistance and resilience. It is a cultural arrangement for environmental balance and social harmony among the people. This is qualitative-descriptive research, and it is an examining text on Qur’anic principle; rahmah, mizan, and khalifah as well as ethnography research on local community. The results show that Marsiadapari subscribes to normative values that are aligned with Islamic environmental ethics; the sustainability culture of a community can be linked to its Islamic theology. This integration proposes a faith- and indigenous identity-based model for environmental action, contributing to the ongoing discussions on sustainability, decolonial theology and contextual Islamic praxis. Ultimately, the study proposes the Marsiadapari tradition as a culturally rooted, faith-inspired framework for strengthening inter-community harmony and environmental responsibility in plurality. This synthesis of ideas confirms that Islam can use local customs to encourage ethical behaviour towards the environment.

This study aims to identify cultural patterns and values in conceptual metaphors found in Nusantara fairy tales using a cognitive linguistic approach. This study was designed as a qualitative-descriptive study with a focus on analysing three main fairy tales that represent geographical diversity, namely Timun Mas from Java, Putri Mandalika from West Nusa Tenggara, and Malin Kundang from West Sumatra. The results of the analysis show that there are a total of 55 conceptual metaphors found in the three fairy tales. Structural metaphors dominate about fifty percent of all findings, followed by ontological and orientational metaphors. These metaphors serve as a means of transmitting cultural values that vary between regions, such as contextual wisdom in the western region, the values of collectivity and sacrifice in the central region, and an emphasis on social harmony and relationship with nature. These findings also reveal the mindset of the Indonesian people, who prioritise collectivity over individuality, as reflected in the metaphorical structure of fairy tales. The conclusion of this study confirms that Nusantara fairy tales are a medium rich in cultural cognition. Pedagogically, this study offers important implications for character education through a story-based moral education approach, where the metaphorical structure in fairy tales can serve as a cognitive scaffold for internalising moral values. Theoretically, this study also enriches the development of cognitive linguistics in the context of Indonesia's multicultural society.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the al-shulhu approach in resolving Islamic economic disputes, particularly in cases of breach of murabahah contracts in Indonesia. Employing a qualitative approach with a library research design, this study collects data from academic journals, books, and regulations such as DSN-MUI fatwas through qualitative content analysis. Source selection was based on criteria of relevance to the topic, recency of publication (focusing on the 2020–2025 range). The findings indicate that al-shulhu, rooted in the principle of sulh in the Qur’an (Surah An-Nisa: 128), is an effective dispute resolution mechanism as it emphasizes justice (al-‘adl), honesty (as-sidq), and mutual consent (ridhā). This approach enables solutions such as financing restructuring or penalty reductions without violating sharia principles, while maintaining social harmony between Islamic banks and clients. However, the application of al-shulhu faces challenges, including the lack of a clear legal framework, inconsistent implementation across institutions, and a shortage of competent mediators with expertise in Islamic law. This study contributes to academic discourse by bridging classical Islamic legal theory with modern dispute resolution practices and provides practical recommendations for Islamic financial institutions and regulators, such as OJK and DSN-MUI, to integrate al-shulhu into the national legal system through clear regulations and mediator training. The study recommends further empirical research to enhance understanding of al-shulhu’s application in religious courts and Islamic financial institutions.

Balancing Free Speech and Social Harmony - The Challenge of Hate Speech in India

Youth radicalization is a serious issue that threatens social harmony, national stability, and the sustainability of nationhood in Indonesia. Various reports indicate that nearly one-third of terrorism perpetrators over the past decade have come from young people, signaling ideological vulnerability among the productive age group. This article aims to propose a youth deradicalization approach through contemporary Islamic thought, emphasizing rationality, openness of thinking, and humanism as its main foundations. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach by analyzing the works, ideas, and thoughts of contemporary Islamic scholars and examining their relevance in the context of youth development and empowerment. The findings show that contemporary Islamic approaches that emphasize critical reasoning, dialogue, and respect for humanity are effective in shaping moderate attitudes, fostering social awareness, and strengthening an inclusive and tolerant Islamic identity. Therefore, this article recommends that religious education be integrated into curricula that emphasize the values of religious moderation, respect for diversity, and the rejection of violence. This approach is expected to help young people become more tolerant, adaptive, and resilient against the influence of extremist ideologies that are harmful to society.

This paper discusses how the concept of superstition is used as a social control tool within Hausa societies of Northern Nigeria. Although there has been modernization and growing religious changes, cultural beliefs that are based on fear are still affecting behaviors and strengthening societal norms. Qualitative ethnographic design was applied and data was gathered by interviewing, participant observation, and analyzing documents of elders, cultural custodians, religious leaders, and youths. The results indicate that the superstitions about aljannu (spirits), sihr/tsafi (witchcraft) and other taboos are strongly institutionalized in family settings and systems of communal authority. These ideologies are used to guarantee obedience, modesty and moral discipline thus leading to social harmony and identity. Nevertheless, the research does not only find that there are negative implications, such as, restraining female autonomy, propagating stigma (particularly, witchcraft accusations) and discouraging the use of scientific thinking, which influences health and educational decision-making. The paper concludes that superstition is still culturally relevant but it exists as a two-sided instrument in that it ensures good social order, but can hinder human rights and social development. It suggests the need to balance cultural conservation by enlightening the community, involving policy with the traditional leaders and better incorporation of scientific learning in education.

This study investigates the use of conversational implicature in Stephanie Perkins’s novel Anna and the French Kiss through the framework of Grice’s (1975) theory of conversational maxims. The research aims to identify the types of flouted maxims and interpret the implied meanings embedded in the characters’ utterances. Employing a qualitative descriptive method supported by frequency analysis, the data were drawn from 602 utterances in the novel that violated the Maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner. The findings reveal that the Maxim of Relation is the most frequently flouted, with 233 instances, followed by the Maxim of Manner with 220 instances, the Maxim of Quality with 103 instances, and the Maxim of Quantity with 46 instances. These violations function to express irony, maintain politeness, and manage emotional tension, reflecting the characters’ preference for indirect and context-sensitive communication. The frequent flouting of Relation and Manner indicates adolescents’ reliance on ambiguity and topic shifting to preserve social harmony and emotional balance. The study concludes that Grice’s framework effectively accounts for the implied meanings in literary dialogue and demonstrates how pragmatic strategies construct authenticity, emotional depth, and relational nuance in young adult fiction.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code introduces the criminalization of cohabitation under Article 412, sparking public debate regarding state intervention in private spheres. This research aims to analyze the challenges faced by law enforcement in implementing cohabitation regulations within Indonesia’s pluralistic society. Utilizing a normative judicial research method with statute and conceptual approaches, this study examines secondary legal data including the New Criminal Code and various legal doctrines. The findings indicate that while Article 412 is designed as an absolute complaint-based offense to balance institutional marriage protection with individual privacy, its implementation faces substantial sociological hurdles. These challenges include potential conflicts with living law such as customary and religious norms, risks of over-criminalization, and the threat of social vigilantism due to public misinterpretation. This research implies that law enforcement must prioritize restorative justice and intensive socialization to prevent human rights violations and maintain social harmony in a diverse cultural landscape.

In the contemporary era,many people have yet to fully comprehend or internalize the spiritual and social dimensions of prayer (shalat). As a result, shalat is often carried out merely as a routine obligation without deep reflection on its true purpose. In fact, shalat plays a significant role in shaping personal character and social behavior. This study employs a literature review approach by examining various sources, including books, academic journals, and educational articles that discuss the concept and significance of shalat as an act of worship. The findings indicate that a profound understanding of the inner meanings of shalat can foster self-awareness, self-control, and discipline. These values strongly contribute to the development of moral and ethical character. Furthermore, shalat reflects collective religiosity through its practices and procedures, symbolizing spiritual purification, reverence for God, and awareness of human limitations. Congregational prayer further emphasizes principles of unity, brotherhood, and equality, regardless of social status or background. In addition, shalat functions as a moral safeguard that prevents individuals from engaging in immoral and harmful actions. Therefore, shalat plays a crucial role not only in strengthening spiritual devotion but also in maintaining personal integrity and social harmony.

Moderate Islam (wasatiyyah) has become a crucial paradigm in addressing religious radicalism and promoting social harmony in plural societies, particularly in Indonesia. This study explores how the indigenous Kajang community in South Sulawesi transmits moderate Islamic values through a localized ethnopedagogical system embedded in everyday cultural practices. Employing a qualitative critical ethnographic approach, the research draws on in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis involving traditional leaders, families, and youth, with data analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The findings indicate that educational practices in the Kajang community are deeply rooted in cultural rituals, oral traditions, and daily social interactions. Core Islamic values, such as tauhid (monotheism), honesty (lempu), simplicity (kamase-masea), and ecological responsibility, are conveyed through role modeling by elders, communal participation in adat (customary) practices, and continuous reinforcement within the family. These mechanisms foster lived expressions of religious moderation aligned with the principles of tawassuth (moderation), tawazun (balance), and ta‘adul (justice). The study concludes that the Kajang ethnopedagogical model offers a culturally grounded framework for nurturing moderate Muslim identities and provides valuable insights for Islamic education reform in pluralistic contexts.

The doctor-patient relationship is a type of civil legal relationship. Under normal circumstances, it is a contractual relationship based on the complete free will of both parties. In this relationship, patients voluntarily seek medical assistance from doctors, who in turn willingly accept them as patients. As one of the most important interpersonal relationships, the doctor-patient relationship is characterized by mutual interdependence and inseparability. Doctors exist and grow because of patients, and medical science advances in response to diseases—without patients, doctors would lose the foundation of their professional survival. On the other hand, patients suffering from illnesses rely on doctors’ treatment to overcome diseases and regain health; without doctors’ professional help, the protection of patients’ health and lives would lack an effective safeguard. It can be said that patients are the “bread and butter” of doctors, while doctors are the messengers who help patients recover their health. Ideally, doctors and patients should maintain a relationship of mutual trust and harmonious coexistence. However, the conflicts in the doctor-patient relationship that have emerged in recent years have led to an increasing number of medical dispute cases, revealing that the tension between doctors and patients still persists. In recent years, hospitals across the country have adopted various measures to improve their technical standards and medical quality, and strengthen the management of medical safety. Nevertheless, medical disputes and controversies still occur from time to time. These incidents seriously disrupt the normal order of medical work and activities, damage the legitimate rights and interests of medical institutions, medical staff and patients, and also undermine social harmony and stability. To further enhance the effectiveness of preventing and resolving medical disputes, hospitals have been continuously exploring experience in dispute handling and promoting a diversified dispute resolution mechanism. Administrative mediation of medical disputes is an important channel for settling such conflicts, and it is bound to play an even greater role in resolving medical disputes.

The phenomenon of religious identity politics often arises in the context of multicultural societies, such as in Indonesia, where religion is used as a tool to achieve political goals. The formulation of this research problem is the extent to which religious identity politics affects social stability and harmony in a plural society. The aim is to analyze the role of religious identity politics in socio-political dynamics, both as a catalyst for social justice and as a trigger for polarization. This research uses a literature study method with a descriptive-analytical approach to review relevant academic literature. The theory of pluralism and majority domination is used as an analytical framework to understand religious identity politics' potential benefits and risks. The results show that religious identity politics can be an effective tool to fight for the rights of marginalized groups. However, its excessive use can exacerbate inter-group polarization and conflict. In conclusion, religious identity politics should be managed with the principles of inclusivity and policies oriented toward the common good to prevent social fragmentation.

This study investigates the incorporation of Sufi-oriented values into the management practices and production processes of MADA Drinking Water operated by the Ahlus Shafa Wal Wafa Islamic Boarding School Foundation. The research focuses on the Syafi’i ethical concept known as Giti–Gito, which encompasses spiritual and moral values including sincerity, patience, inner richness, holistic physical and spiritual well-being, as well as fairness in sharing resources. The main aim of this study is to examine how these values are implemented within pesantren-based business management and to assess their impact on employees’ work attitudes, leadership styles, and interpersonal relations in the workplace. This research employs a qualitative case study method. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and a review of relevant institutional documents. The findings reveal that the implementation of Giti–Gito values has successfully shaped a work environment grounded in religious ethics, social harmony, and humanistic principles. The Giti aspect strengthens employees’ commitment to sincerity, patience, and accountability in carrying out their responsibilities, while the Gito aspect contributes to enhancing employee welfare and fostering a sense of social responsibility. Although challenges remain in reconciling spiritual values with modern management demands, the integration of both spiritual and professional dimensions has demonstrated its effectiveness in creating a productive, ethical, and sustainable organizational environment.

This study aims to analyze the sentiment of the Hindu community toward religious issues on social media, with a specific focus on Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan. The development of social media as a digital public sphere has positioned platforms such as Instagram and Twitter as primary spaces for the spontaneous and open expression of opinions, perceptions, and religious attitudes. This study is important because religious issues in digital spaces often influence social harmony and shape religious discourse within society. The research employs a quantitative approach using text mining and sentiment analysis based on Natural Language Processing (NLP). Primary data were collected through web scraping techniques, utilizing Apify for Instagram and asynchronous Python scripts for Twitter, with relevant keywords, hashtags, and geographic indicators. The analysis process includes text preprocessing (cleaning, tokenization, stopword removal, and stemming), followed by sentiment classification using a lexicon-based approach with the InSet dictionary into three categories: positive, negative, and neutral. The analysis results were evaluated using a confusion matrix, along with precision, recall, and F1-score metrics to assess model reliability. The findings indicate that positive sentiment predominates on both Instagram and Twitter, followed by neutral sentiment, while negative sentiment appears in only a small proportion. Positive sentiment is generally associated with expressions of prayer, gratitude, tolerance, and calls for togetherness, whereas negative sentiment tends to emerge in discussions related to ritual differences or responses to socio-religious controversies. The sentiment analysis model achieved an accuracy of 100% on Instagram data (self-evaluation) and 74.4% on Twitter data (manual evaluation), with relatively high precision and recall values, indicating that the results are statistically reliable.

General Background: Religious songs have increasingly functioned as alternative media for conveying Islamic values within contemporary digital communication. Specific Background: The song Assalamualaikum by Opick communicates religious messages through symbolic lyrics that integrate spirituality, humanity, and everyday social life. Knowledge Gap: However, focused academic analysis of the layered Islamic preaching meanings in this song remains limited, particularly through a semiotic perspective. Aims: This study aims to examine the Islamic preaching messages embedded in the song Assalamualaikum using Roland Barthes’ semiotic framework. Results: Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the findings show that the song represents a balanced Islamic worldview through three interconnected meanings: the salam as a symbol of prayer and brotherhood, remembrance of God and charity as spiritual responses to life difficulties, and sustained hope for divine forgiveness. These meanings operate across denotative, connotative, and mythological levels, illustrating harmony between devotion to God and social relations. Novelty: This study offers a focused semiotic reading of a single religious song within the context of digital-era da’wah, providing a more specific analytical emphasis than previous studies. Implications: The findings contribute to Islamic communication scholarship by demonstrating how religious music functions as a meaningful medium of contemporary preaching and as a cultural text conveying spiritual and social values simultaneously. Highlights • The song communicates Islamic preaching through layered semiotic meanings• Salam is represented as prayer, brotherhood, and social harmony• Remembrance and charity are framed as spiritual responses to life challenges Keywords Islamic Preaching Message; Religious Song; Semiotic Analysis; Roland Barthes; Islamic Communication

This study analyzes the interpersonal language actions used by students in class interactions at SMP Negeri 5 Manuju with the Functional Systemic Linguistics (LSF) approach. This approach emphasizes the role of language as a tool to build social meaning and facilitate interaction in the context of learning. The purpose of the research is to understand how students use language to communicate, coordinate, and negotiate meaning in learning activities. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with data collection through direct observation of classroom interactions, in-depth interviews with teachers and students, and documentation in the form of recordings and field notes. Data analysis is carried out interactively through the stages of collection, reduction, presentation, and extraction of meaning from interpersonal utterances that appear in learning. The results showed that students' interpersonal language actions were realized through three types of mood clauses: interrogative, used to ask questions and ask for clarification; declarative, used to convey an opinion or information; and imperative, used to direct group work with mitigation to maintain social harmony. The function of this language act is not only to convey information, but also to build social relationships, organize group collaboration, and provide subtle approval or support. These findings provide an overview of how language plays a role in shaping communicative and collaborative interactions in the classroom.

This study investigates Islamic moral education through linguistic habituation grounded in local wisdom, emphasizing polite speech as a hidden curriculum for the formation of adab. The research was conducted as an in-depth case study involving 18 informants (one religious leader, three teachers, two administrators, and twelve students). Data were generated through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and analysis of institutional language practices. Data credibility was ensured through source and method triangulation as well as member checking. Thematic analysis using an interactive model reveals that polite language is not treated as formal linguistic instruction but operates as a culturally embedded pedagogical practice within everyday Islamic boarding school life. Linguistic habituation functions as a hidden curriculum that shapes moral dispositions, including verbal politeness, emotional self-control, humility (tawadhu’), and respect toward teachers and peers. Continuous exposure to polite speech fosters an orderly, respectful, and low-conflict communicative environment, strengthening social harmony among students. This study contributes conceptually by positioning language as a pedagogical mechanism for Islamic moral education and proposes a locally grounded yet contextually adaptable model for diverse Islamic educational settings.

This study examines the legal provisions regarding interfaith marriage in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic law and national law. The focus lies on the differences and points of convergence between the two legal systems in assessing the validity of marriages conducted between couples of different religions. This research employs a library research method with a normative-comparative approach, analyzing primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, as well as relevant court decisions. The results show that Islamic law explicitly prohibits interfaith marriage, particularly between a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man, as it contradicts the principles of faith and the objectives of marriage in Islam. Meanwhile, national law through Law Number 1 of 1974 stipulates that a marriage is valid only if conducted according to the laws of each religion and belief, which implicitly rejects the legality of interfaith marriage. In practice, however, some individuals seek legal loopholes through human rights interpretations or by registering their marriages abroad. Therefore, both Islamic and national law share the same goal: to preserve the sanctity of marriage and maintain social harmony based on the divine values upheld by the Indonesian nation.

The increasing phenomenon of intolerance in educational environments threatens social harmony in Indonesia's multicultural society. Islamic Religious Education (PAI) plays a strategic role in instilling the values ​​of humanity, tolerance, and peace among people. This study aims to develop and analyse a tolerance-based PAI learning model as a strategy to strengthen the moderate character of students at Madrasah Hurrasul Aqidah, Tarakan. The researcher used a qualitative approach with a case study type. The primary data sources of the study consisted of PAI teachers, the principal, and students. Meanwhile, secondary data sources were obtained from syllabus documents, school archives, and scientific literature related to PAI learning and tolerance education. Data collection techniques included participant observation and semi-structured interviews to explore respondents' perceptions and experiences more flexibly. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman interactive model through three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing/verification. Data validity was tested using source and technique triangulation by comparing the results of observations, interviews, and documentation to ensure data validity and reliability. The model for developing Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning based on culture and tolerance involves creating a syllabus that integrates four main pillars of values: peace, inclusivity, wisdom, and pluralism. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of a culture- and tolerance-based syllabus has a positive impact on increasing students' empathy and openness in interacting with friends of different religions. Furthermore, learning strategies involving discussions, simulations, case studies, and contextual learning have proven effective in fostering social empathy, respect for differences, and student discipline and responsibility. The limitation of this study is its limited scope in one location, so the results cannot be generalised widely. Nevertheless, these findings provide an important contribution to strengthening the paradigm of humanistic and multicultural religious education in Indonesia.