Social Equity Research Articles

The Impact of County-Level Government Fiscal Expenditure on Rural Common Prosperity

Common prosperity, as a core value pursuit of the socialist theoretical system with Chinese characteristics, profoundly reflects the essential attributes and distinctive features of Chinese modernization. Among these, effectively narrowing the urban-rural income gap is a critical pathway to achieving common prosperity. Scientific and rational fiscal expenditure policies, serving as an important tool for adjusting national income distribution and promoting social equity and justice, play an indispensable role in advancing common prosperity. Based on county-level panel data from China between 2000 and 2023, this study constructs a two-way fixed-effects econometric model to empirically analyze the impact of government fiscal expenditure on rural common prosperity. The findings indicate that government fiscal expenditure significantly enhances rural common prosperity, a conclusion supported by robustness tests including alternative econometric methods, lagged treatment, and winsorization. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the fiscal expenditure elasticity in less-developed regions is significantly higher than in developed regions, and the fiscal expenditure coefficient in high-transfer regions is markedly greater than in low-transfer regions, aligning with the law of diminishing marginal utility and the Lewis dual-sector model. Mechanism analysis demonstrates that government fiscal expenditure boosts common prosperity by promoting capital deepening (i.e., stimulating fixed-asset investment) and by driving the primary and secondary industries, exhibiting partial mediating effects.

CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE PEOPLE MOBILITY IN LATVIA: FROM TRANSPORT POVERTY TO SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

Sustainable transport provision in a country with low population density, a relatively small population and relatively low numbers of tourists is significant for transition toward a greener, more inclusive, and cost-efficient transport system. Latvia's transport policy aligns with the European Green Deal, which aims to shift towards sustainable and smart mobility. While prime concerns are carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and developing a multimodal public transport network with rail as its backbone and inclusive mobility, transport poverty has not been a priority. To ensure truly inclusive mobility in terms of transport poverty as well, a holistic approach is needed—one that unites social and environmental considerations into transport planning through targeted subsidies, expanded rural transport services and equality in less populated and remote areas, and investments in multimodal infrastructure. The aim of this study is to analyze the current state of sustainable people mobility in Latvia, focusing on the interaction between environmental goals and active transport, accessibility and social equity. Particularly focus on the problem of transport poverty, which is a key challenge for achieving inclusive mobility, especially for the most disadvantaged populations. This study uses the transport poverty indicators mentioned in the European Commission’s final report (2024) on transport poverty and data from various sources to identify the situation in Latvia and the European Union. Such a study has not been conducted before in Latvia. This study contributes to the growing discourse on sustainable mobility, highlighting the critical need to address transport poverty in the context of Latvia. Key findings include proposals for promoting active mobility and the transition to low-emission vehicle technologies, as well as how to make mobility more equitable. The results show that Latvia has made progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementing a public transport policy. Although obstacles such as uneven infrastructure development, the high cost of sustainable transport options and the lack of integration of urban and rural transport networks continue to perpetuate inequalities in mobility access.

An investigation of 15-minute neighbourhoods in Surrey, British Columbia: A community-informed social equity analysis for a fast-growing, diverse, Canadian city

An investigation of 15-minute neighbourhoods in Surrey, British Columbia: A community-informed social equity analysis for a fast-growing, diverse, Canadian city

Geochemical Ecological Economic Triadic Harmonization: Sustainable Pathways for Earth System

This study presents a framework for achieving global ecological civilization through the principle of ‘Geochemical-ecological-economic triadic harmonization.’ Facing escalating environmental challenges, rigorous implementation of this principle is crucial for fostering a green future that integrates Earth system integrity, environmental protection, and sustainable economic development. The framework emphasizes (1) a holistic understanding of Earth’s interconnected ecosystems, (2) the urgent need for environmental conservation, and (3) the transformative potential of human economic evolution. By fostering enhanced Earth consciousness, unwavering environmental commitment, green economic transformation, and social equity, this approach aims to construct a world characterized by ecological civilization, economic prosperity, and social harmony. The paper argues that upholding ‘Geochemicalecological-economic triadic harmonization’ and pursuing a green development pathway can realize synergistic outcomes for both economic advancement and environmental stewardship, securing a legacy of a healthy Earth for future generations. It advocates for moving beyond the conventional “pollute first, remediate later” paradigm and establishing a non-zero-sum relationship between environmental integrity and economic prosperity by focusing on achieving coordinated and sustainable development across Earth’s systems, environmental stewardship, and human economic advancement

Bridging Regional Disparities for Sustainable Development : Challenges and Strategies

Regional disparities in Bihar remain a significant challenge to achieving sustainable development. Despite economic growth in certain areas, large sections of the state continue to lag due to inadequate infrastructure, low industrialization, and socio-economic imbalances. This paper explores the causes and consequences of regional disparities in Bihar, highlighting how uneven development affects economic progress, environmental sustainability, and social equity. The study examines key challenges such as poverty, migration, agricultural dependence, and limited industrial expansion, particularly in regions like North Bihar. Additionally, it discusses government policies and developmental initiatives aimed at bridging these gaps, including improved connectivity, investment in agro-based industries, and skill development programs. A case study approach is used to assess the impact of interventions like rural industrialization and inclusive growth policies. The paper concludes by suggesting strategies for achieving balanced regional development, emphasizing sustainable practices, equitable resource distribution, and enhanced governance mechanisms. Addressing these disparities is crucial for Bihar’s long-term economic resilience and social well-being.

A critical review: the 15-minute city

ABSTRACT The 15-minute city, popularized by Moreno in 2016, aims to mitigate global warming through urban planning. While widely discussed in media and politics, it has sparked controversy, particularly over its feasibility, economic implications, and social equity concerns. This critical review examines the concept by highlighting overlooked urban complexities, such as diverse social needs, geographical conditions, business competitions, and political context. The findings reveal that despite its potential benefits, the 15-minute city requires Fundamental reforms to address these gaps. This article comprehensively compiles reliable opinions, and categorizes the advantages, disadvantages, and ambiguities of this concept, and finally presents its suggestions.

Research hotspots and trends in the Historic Urban Landscape: a bibliometric perspective

ABSTRACT As urbanisation accelerates and climate change intensifies, the tension between urban development the preservation of cultural heritage more pronounced. By adopting interdisciplinary integrative approach, the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) offers a significant framework for amalgamating cultural heritage conservation and urban planning. This study employs a combination of bibliometric and qualitative analyses to evaluate the current status in the field as well as developmental trends. Furthermore, it utilises software tools to thoroughly analyse the development trajectory and evolution, identifying the most influential countries, institutions, and authors, a network and co-occurrence analysis of the HUL. Over the last 20 years, literature on the subject has increased significantly while research focuses have changed, moving from static preservation to adaptive reuse, cultural tourism, and technology integration. Europe and North America have been at the forefront of theoretical and technological advancement, whilst Asia and Latin America have added value through practical case studies. Nevertheless, social equity, ecological sustainability, and conservation practices in resource-limited environments remain significant gaps within the current literature. By constructing a knowledge map of the HUL, this study reveals the core issues and research hotspots and proposes future research directions, providing scientific basis for cultural heritage preservation and sustainable urban development.

Social Equity and Representative Bureaucracy: The Case of Nigeria's Federal Character Principle

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the attitudes of public servants toward government‐mandated equity‐focused public sector hiring. We study this in the context of the Federal Character Principle (FCP) in Nigeria, which exists to ensure ethnic, gender, and religious representation in the federal civil service. Utilizing in‐depth interviews of mid‐level employees in select ministries, we ask: (1) do Nigerian public servants value the FCP? (2) do they experience a sense of diversity and inclusion within their agencies that they associate with the FCP? (3) how is FCP implementation related to the perception of organizational legitimacy? We find that civil servants see the FCP as a valuable policy, but they express concerns for its potential effects on civil servant quality and effectiveness. Respondents highlight the largely unsuccessful policy implementation, but trust the leadership of organizations considered more representative. Given the results, we discuss balance in the pursuit of public administration pillars—efficiency, economy, effectiveness, and equity.

Bridging innovation and practice: assessing the readiness for 3D printing in construction

PurposeThis study investigates the factors that influence 3D printing technology adoption in the construction industry, with a focus on the economic, environmental, social and regulatory barriers to widespread integration. Despite the widely acknowledged potential of 3D printing to transform construction practices by lowering costs, increasing efficiency and enhancing sustainability, adoption has been slow. The research focuses on the economic, social, environmental and regulatory factors.Design/methodology/approachThe literature review discusses both the benefits – such as lower labour costs, faster construction times and less material waste – and the drawbacks – such as high initial costs, reliance on traditional methods and a lack of standardized regulations. A quantitative research methodology was used to investigate these issues, which included distributing a structured survey to 150 construction industry professionals. The survey’s purpose was to collect detailed quantitative data on 3D printing perceptions, preferences and experiences. The data were analysed with SPSS software using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and reliability testing, which provided a thorough understanding of the factors influencing 3D printing adoption.FindingsThe study concludes with actionable recommendations to address these challenges, such as advocating for increased government support through subsidies and incentives, investing in training and education to reduce resistance to change and developing standardized regulations to ensure the safe and effective implementation of 3D printing. These strategies, which are consistent with the literature, are required for the construction industry to fully realize the benefits of 3D printing technology, ultimately increasing productivity, lowering costs and contributing to more sustainable construction practices.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has several limitations. The sample size was modest and geographically limited, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to broader construction contexts. Additionally, some survey constructs demonstrated low internal reliability, suggesting the need for more refined measurement tools in future studies. The cross-sectional design also limits the ability to assess changes in perceptions over time. Despite these limitations, the study provides important insights into the economic, social, environmental and regulatory barriers to 3D printing adoption. The findings offer practical implications for industry stakeholders, policymakers and researchers seeking to advance innovation within the construction sector.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide actionable insights for construction industry stakeholders seeking to adopt 3D printing technologies. Addressing economic challenges through financial incentives, training and partnerships can enhance feasibility, particularly for SMEs. Environmental benefits such as material efficiency and reduced waste should be leveraged to support sustainable practices. Policymakers must develop clear regulatory frameworks to streamline approvals and ensure safety. Training programmes and awareness campaigns are essential to overcome social resistance and skill gaps. By addressing these areas, industry professionals and decision-makers can accelerate the responsible integration of 3D printing and drive innovation in construction processes.Social implicationsThe adoption of 3D printing in construction carries significant social implications, particularly in workforce transformation and public acceptance. While the technology may reduce demand for manual labour, it creates opportunities for skilled jobs in digital design, robotics and machinery operation. This shift highlights the urgent need for reskilling and upskilling programmes. Additionally, public perception plays a crucial role; concerns about safety, reliability and job displacement can hinder adoption. Raising awareness through education and demonstration projects can build trust and acceptance. Promoting inclusive access to training and employment in 3D printing can also support social equity and technological inclusion.Originality/valueThis research reveals that 3D printing in the construction industry has numerous advantages and a few evident issues that have to be resolved to let construction use this effective type of technology more often. What is needed is a more consolidated, coordinated and systematic approach through the formation of strategic alliances, the development of complete legal codes and the promotion of lessons with construction ideas and information. Such an approach will additionally help to eliminate current barriers and guarantee that the construction industry will be ready to meet future requirements and challenges effectively.

The Impact of Sustainable Forestry Practices on Economic and Social Development in Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges to Address in 2025

This study investigates the impact of sustainable forestry practices on the economic and social development of Indonesia, focusing on opportunities and challenges anticipated in 2025. Employing a qualitative research approach through extensive literature review and library research, the study synthesizes theoretical and empirical findings from scholarly articles, policy reports, and case studies related to sustainable forestry management in Indonesia. The analysis reveals that sustainable forestry practices contribute significantly to economic growth by promoting responsible resource utilization, enhancing livelihoods in rural communities, and supporting environmental conservation efforts. Furthermore, the social dimensions of sustainable forestry include community empowerment, improved social equity, and the preservation of indigenous knowledge and cultural heritage. However, the study identifies several critical challenges, such as policy enforcement gaps, land-use conflicts, limited stakeholder collaboration, and pressures from illegal logging and deforestation. Addressing these challenges requires integrated policy frameworks, multi-stakeholder engagement, and the adoption of innovative forestry technologies. The research highlights opportunities for leveraging sustainable forestry as a catalyst for inclusive economic development and social well-being, aligning with Indonesia’s national development goals and international commitments to climate change mitigation. This study provides practical implications for policymakers, forestry managers, and community leaders seeking to enhance the sustainability of Indonesia’s forestry sector while fostering socio-economic advancement. The findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring, adaptive governance, and inclusive approaches to overcome barriers and capitalize on the transformative potential of sustainable forestry by 2025.

Revitalizing Italy’s Housing Stock: Policies and Economic Strategies for Energy Efficiency and Social Equity

This paper critically analyzes Italy’s strategies to improve energy efficiency in the residential building sector, focusing on social housing. Using a policy-oriented qualitative research design supported by secondary data analysis, the study examines key instruments such as the Superbonus 110% initiative and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR). It explores how these measures align with the European Green Deal and address the dual challenges of ecological transition and social equity. Findings reveal that while the Superbonus and PNRR investments significantly boosted energy retrofitting projects and macroeconomic indicators, access to benefits was uneven, favoring higher-income households. The analysis also highlights systemic barriers, such as bureaucratic complexity and initial cost barriers, that limit participation by vulnerable groups, particularly those living in outdated social housing. The paper concludes that future policies must better integrate social inclusion mechanisms, simplified administrative processes, and effectively target energy poverty to maximize environmental and social outcomes.

DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL E ECONOMIA VERDE EM RONDÔNIA: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE AS EXPERIÊNCIAS NO ESTADO

This research analyzes the green economy and sustainable development in Rondônia, focusing on the applicability of these concepts in a region characterized by the rich biodiversity of the Brazilian Amazon. The study aims to investigate the ways in which sustainable development and the green economy are disseminated and implemented in the state. The methodology adopted is qualitative, based on bibliographic and documentary studies, including scientific articles, books, monographs and works by entities that report local experiences in these areas. Sustainability is addressed in its three main dimensions: environmental, economic and social. The green economy is understood as an economic model that promotes human well-being and social equity, while prioritizing a low-carbon economy and the reduction of intensive consumption of natural resources. The work seeks to contribute to the understanding of sustainable initiatives in Rondônia and their relevance for the balance between environmental preservation, economic development and social justice.

The determinants of neighborhoods’ social sustainability factors: conceptualization and scale development

ABSTRACT Social Sustainability in the built environment is understood as a community’s ability to support residents’ long-term well-being and quality of life. While the concept integrates environmental, social, and economic dimensions, there remains a significant research gap in defining and measuring social sustainability at the neighborhood level, particularly in the Indian urban context. To address this, the study developed and empirically tested a neighborhood social sustainability (NSS) scale. Drawing from interdisciplinary literature, key factors were identified through exploratory factor analysis and validated through expert consensus using the Delphi method. The model was tested using survey data from respondents across six neighborhoods in Bhopal. Results confirmed that social sustainability is a second order, multidimensional constructs comprising social equity, social capital, safety and security, diversity, public spaces and parks, sense of place, and neighborhood-built environment. Notably, social equity and the neighborhood-built environment emerged as second order construct and central dimensions. The validated NSS model offers a robust, context-specific framework for assessing social sustainability in Indian neighborhoods. It serves as a tool for urban planners and policymakers to design socially responsive urban environments, helping bridge the theoretical and practical gaps in social sustainability discourse and contributing to more inclusive and resilient urban development.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LABOR MARKET DYNAMICS: EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

This paper explores the dual impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on employment, examining both the job creation opportunities and the displacement risks AI brings to labor markets. As AI technologies advance across sectors like manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and services, they create new industries while automating routine tasks. However, the effects on employment are uneven, with high-skilled workers benefiting more than those in low-to-medium-skilled roles, contributing to greater economic inequality. The paper discusses the challenge of skill mismatches between traditional education systems and the evolving needs of the AI-driven economy. It highlights the importance of reskilling and lifelong learning initiatives to address these gaps. The study also reviews government responses to AI’s impact, with proactive policies on digital infrastructure, education, and innovation better positioning countries to capitalize on AI’s potential. Conversely, regions slow to adopt AI risk economic stagnation. The paper presents a framework for understanding AI’s diverse effects on employment and suggests a balanced approach to harness AI’s benefits while ensuring social equity. It concludes with policy recommendations to support a resilient, inclusive workforce capable of thriving in the AI era. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Employment Dynamics, Job Creation, Job Displacement, Workforce Skills, Economic Policy, Reskilling Programs, Labor Market Development Trends.

How does income distribution affect the impact of public investment on private investment? Empirical evidence from Brazil

PurposeThis article aims to investigate whether the effect of public investment on private investment differs in regimes of relatively high and low-income inequality in Brazil from 1996 to 2022.Design/methodology/approachThe linear vector autoregressive (VAR) model was applied to estimate the effect of public investment on private investment. To investigate the role of income distribution in this result, we employed a threshold vector autoregressive (TVAR) model.FindingsThe results reveal that the crowding-in effect only occurs in the relatively low-income inequality regime: a 10% increase in public investment results in a 0.8% and 3.4% increase in private investment after one and four quarters, respectively. Conversely, the response is not statistically different from zero in the relatively high-inequality scenario. Thus, from a macroeconomic standpoint, diminishing inequality can enhance the responsiveness of private investment to public investment.Originality/valueOur results underscore the substantial macroeconomic potential of policies designed to mitigate inequalities. These policies play a pivotal role in advancing social equity and propelling more inclusive economic growth.

The Impact of Sustainable Policies on Subjective Well-Being in a Developing Nation: The Case of Ecuador

Objective: This study explores the impact of public policies that promote social equity and rights to nature on subjective well-being (SWB). The focus is on how sustainability policies, particularly environmental protection and poverty reduction, have influenced life satisfaction in Ecuador. Design/methodology/approach: The research uses ordinal logistic regression models to analyze data from Ecuador’s National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment. Life satisfaction is the dependent variable, while independent variables include income, education, job satisfaction, concern for the environment, and regional differences. The analysis covers data from 2007 and 2014, representing periods before and after Ecuador’s 2008 constitutional reform. This highlights the study’s temporal focus on changes in subjective well-being. Findings: The results indicate that implementing public social investment policies increases life satisfaction, particularly in regions such as the Coast. After the policy was implemented, income, higher education, job satisfaction, and concern for the environment were associated with higher levels of subjective well-being. However, disparities persist, with lower life satisfaction among Indigenous groups, women, the elderly, and those living in poverty. Originality/value: This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between sustainable policies and subjective well-being, highlighting Ecuador’s unique constitutional framework. It offers lessons for other developing nations seeking to balance social equity, economic growth, and environmental sustainability to improve overall quality of life.

Socially inclusive infrastructure for disaster risk reduction in urban planning: insights from the SADC region

IntroductionThe accelerating pace of urbanization in the 21st century has intensified the need for inclusive and resilient infrastructure development, particularly in the face of rising socio-economic inequalities and escalating disaster risks. This study explores the integration of social equity dimensions and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) principles within urban planning frameworks as a pathway toward sustainable and resilient urban futures.MethodsA qualitative research design was adopted, drawing on a triangulated methodology that includes document analysis, an extensive literature review, and selected case studies on urban planning practices. These methods were employed to interrogate current urban development paradigms and assess the extent to which equity and resilience are operationalized in planning processes.ResultsFindings indicate that, despite growing theoretical advancements in equitable and risk-sensitive urban development, significant systemic challenges remain. These include limited community participation in planning processes, persistent institutional silos, and resource constraints that hinder transformative action. The analysis further reveals that current urban governance mechanisms often lack the capacity to meaningfully integrate long-term resilience and equity considerations.DiscussionIn response to these challenges, the study recommends a paradigm shift in urban planning towards the adoption of future-oriented and participatory approaches. Key policy recommendations include: (1) embedding equity-focused DRR strategies within urban development policies; (2) fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration to bridge institutional divides; and (3) mainstreaming anticipatory and inclusive planning models in urban governance systems. Such integrative approaches are essential for aligning infrastructure development with the broader goals of social justice, environmental sustainability, and urban resilience.

From the Margins to Pushing the Margins: Advocating for Social Justice and Equity in Physical Education

ABSTRACT In this article, which is based on the 2025 NAKHE Amy Morris Homans lecture I conducted, I will share (a) my personal and professional journey as to how I have come to center my research and pedagogy on social justice and equity issues in physical education and PETE, (b) provide an overview of federal education laws that have influenced the “equitable” schooling experiences of p-12 and higher education students in the United States, (c) offer a critical perspective of physical education standards as policy, and (d) explore the influence of social justice research and pedagogy in physical education/physical education teacher education.

From inclusion to empowerment: advancing equity through co-research with people living with dementia.

Too often, people living with dementia are spoken for rather than spoken with. This reflects deeply embedded assumptions/biases about people living with dementia in our society. This article explores the experiences and insights of individuals with dementia, positioning empowerment as a foundational strategy to advance social citizenship and equity. We collaboratively on more than a decade of shared work in research and advocacy. Our collective analysis identifies three key dimensions essential for meaningful empowerment: (a) recognizing strengths and building capacities, (b) equitable leadership, and (c) supportive environments and learning together. Our findings demonstrate that intentional, respectful collaboration produces extensive social, political, and healthcare benefits, actively challenging inequities and fostering a deeper sense of belonging and contribution.

Identifying solutions to face groundwater overexploitation and degradation: A policy design experiment in Tunisia

AbstractGroundwater plays an important role in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly in the Maghreb. There, groundwater management policies have been unable to stop groundwater degradation and overexploitation. In this context, it is urgent to propose concrete methodologies allowing local stakeholders to identify solutions that (1) take into account water issues but also energy and food production (i.e. solutions that are “bundled”); (2) are innovative; and (3) create a sense of collective belonging among participants. This article analyses to what extent the P‐KCP method, derived from policy design, can tackle this challenge. P‐KCP was used in the Lymaoua area in Tunisia. The article analyses the 39 solutions identified by Lymaoua participants and discusses the limitations and lessons learnt from this experiment. These concern the choice of the geographical area, farmers' engagement, gender representation and the use of models. The conclusion includes recommendations for coupling P‐KCP with participatory planning to detail how the solutions can be concretely implemented and monitored, as well as the governance arrangements needed. Another recommendation is to expand the scope of collective groundwater organizations to encompass energy, agricultural production, land use, social equity and ecosystem preservation issues. Finally, avenues for future research are suggested.