Social Effort Research Articles

From desperation to best practice: Spatial decision-making in the regeneration of Gyldenrisparken

Post-war social housing estates in Europe have been undergoing wide-scale regeneration to improve the physical decay of these sites and address the concentration of vulnerable residents in these areas, which has resulted in their social segregation, marginalisation and stigmatisation. As these estates cover and affect quite large public spaces, holistic approaches have recently been adopted. Bearing in mind that each regeneration case is unique, this paper describes the collaborative approach taken in the regeneration of Gyldenrisparken in Denmark, which evolved from a desperate situation to a best practice case. The paper focuses on the spatial decision-making process — in particular, how the architectural quality of physical interventions was established and how participatory mechanisms were utilised and developed to enable liveable spaces and sustainable regeneration. Making use of a combination of qualitative documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with key actors, this study encompasses the whole regeneration process, including initiatives taken by the housing association and municipal agents, the methodology developed to collect ideas and implement them in the physical design of the public spaces, and the social effort to make the whole process sustainable and the estates liveable. It concludes that post-war estates have the potential to secure their future by embracing physical and social efforts through proactive empowerment strategies and creating new spatial identities.

From desperation to best practice: Spatial decision-making in the regeneration of Gyldenrisparken

Post-war social housing estates in Europe have been undergoing wide-scale regeneration to improve the physical decay of these sites and address the concentration of vulnerable residents in these areas, which has resulted in their social segregation, marginalisation and stigmatisation. As these estates cover and affect quite large public spaces, holistic approaches have recently been adopted. Bearing in mind that each regeneration case is unique, this paper describes the collaborative approach taken in the regeneration of Gyldenrisparken in Denmark, which evolved from a desperate situation to a best practice case. The paper focuses on the spatial decision-making process — in particular, how the architectural quality of physical interventions was established and how participatory mechanisms were utilised and developed to enable liveable spaces and sustainable regeneration. Making use of a combination of qualitative documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with key actors, this study encompasses the whole regeneration process, including initiatives taken by the housing association and municipal agents, the methodology developed to collect ideas and implement them in the physical design of the public spaces, and the social effort to make the whole process sustainable and the estates liveable. It concludes that post-war estates have the potential to secure their future by embracing physical and social efforts through proactive empowerment strategies and creating new spatial identities.

Social Effort Discounting Reveals Domain-General and Social-Specific Motivation Components

BackgroundSocial motivation is crucial for healthy interpersonal connections and is impaired in a subset of the general population and across many psychiatric disorders. However, compared with nonsocial (e.g., monetary) motivation, social motivation has been understudied in quantitative behavioral work, especially regarding willingness to exert social effort. We developed a novel social effort discounting task, paired with a monetary task to examine motivational specificity. We expected that social task performance would relate to general motivation and also show selective relationships with self-reported avoidance tendencies and with sociality. MethodsAn analyzed sample of 397 participants performed the social and nonsocial effort discounting task online, along with self-report measures of various aspects of motivation and psychiatric symptomatology. ResultsSocial and nonsocial task motivation correlated strongly (ρ = 0.71, p < .001). Both social and nonsocial task motivation related similarly to self-reported general motivation (social, β = 0.16; nonsocial, β = 0.13) and to self-reported approach motivation (social, β = 0.14; nonsocial, β = 0.11), with this common effect captured by a significant main effect across social and nonsocial conditions. Significant condition interaction effects supported a selective relationship of social task motivation with self-reported sociality and also with avoidance motivation. ConclusionsOur novel social effort discounting task revealed both domain-general and social-specific components of motivation. In combination with other measures, this approach can facilitate further investigation of common and dissociable neurobehavioral mechanisms to better characterize normative and pathological variation and develop personalized interventions targeting specific contributors to social impairment.

Exploring Influences on ICT Adoption in German Schools: A UTAUT-Based Structural Equation Model

The 2018 International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS) provides a comprehensive dataset with contextual information on German school environments. The data comes from responses by eighth-grade teachers and principals to a questionnaire about Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for teaching. We performed an exploratory re-analysis examining what influences teachers' adoption and use of ICT by employing six factors — Social Influence, Effort Expectancy, Performance Expectancy, Facilitating Conditions, Behavioural Intention, and Use Behaviour — from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). We measured relationships between these constructs with a Structural Equation Model (SEM) consisting of 15 indicators provided by the ICILS study. The goodness of fit measures indicated confirmation of the model (RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .05, CFI = .93, TLI = .91). Our findings show that teachers' attitudes toward ICT and the school administration's support affected how ICT was applied in the classroom.

Implementation of the Kotabaru Regency Social Service Policy Model in Empowering Vagrants and Beggars as an Effort for Social Rehabilitation through the Barakat Cangkal Becari Program

The "Barakat Cangkal Becari" program is a social rehabilitation program for homeless people and beggars by touching on rehabilitative aspects, preventive aspects, guarantees, social protection and empowerment. Barakat Cangkal Becari Program. has an element of renewal where activities will be provided to support skills. This research discusses the empowerment of homeless people and beggars as a social rehabilitation effort through the Barakat Cangkal Becari study program at the Kotabaru Regency Social Service. This research is descriptive qualitative in nature. Data collection was carried out by means of interviews, observation and documentation. The results of the research show that the empowerment efforts carried out by the Kotabaru Regency Social Service as social rehabilitation efforts include 1) Outreach and Repatriation of Homeless People and Beggars; 2) Physical, Mental and Social Guidance; 3) Skills Guidance; 4) UEP Stimulant Assistance; 5) Life Guarantee; 6) Stimulant Assistance; 7) Returning Homeless and Beggar Children to School; 7) Social Advocacy and Accessibility Development. Apart from that, there are stages of community empowerment, namely: 1) Stage of awareness and behavior formation; 2) Transformation stage; 3) Stage of increasing intellectual abilities, skill proficiency. Then the actors involved in the empowerment efforts carried out include:1) Social Services; 2) Social Rehabilitation Homes 3) Central Government Agencies; 4) Higher Education; 5) Private. The inhibiting factors that influence include: 1) Changing the mindset, mentality and attitude of WBS Barakat Cangkal Becari HR;2) Social Advocacy Efforts and Accessibility Development; 3) Location of the Barakat Cangkal Becari Program; 4) Lack of Facilities and Infrastructure. Meanwhile, supporting factors that influence include: 1) Sufficient funds for the empowerment process; 2) Good cooperation between stakeholders.Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the aim of empowerment is that WBS Barakat Cangkal Becari can be independent and carry out its social functions in community life. Efforts that can be made are:1) There is planning for empowerment activities every year; 2) There are indicators of success every year; 3) groups or work units consisting of several stakeholders; 4) Strengthening mental, social guidance, social advocacy, and developing accessibility; 5) Construction of facilities and infrastructure for social rehabilitation institutions in Kotabaru district.

Modelling the factors that affect the intention to adopt emerging digital technologies for a sustainable smart world city

All over the world, urbanization's problems are forcing governments to look for innovative ways to run contemporary cities and as such, solving urban problems has become a hot topic. The implementation of smart city technology is one of the most sought-after solutions. However, research on the variables that influence individuals' intentions to use smart city services is still in its infancy, particularly in developing countries. This research looked at what influences people's decisions to utilize or embrace smart city services in on Asian country. It extended the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model by adding trust in technology, trust in government, perceived security concern and perceived privacy concern. Using a simple random sampling technique, data were collected from 470 participants across three major cities in one Asian country. The biggest predictor of the desire to use smart city services, according to our research, is the facilitating condition. Other elements include social influence, hedonic drive, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and trust in the government. The inclination to use smart city services was shown to be inversely correlated with privacy and security concerns. Trust in smart city services had nothing to do with its usage intention. Finally, gender and age did not act as moderators of the hypothesized relationships in our model. This outcome established strong theoretical and practical implications as discussed in this article.

When social status gets in the way of reproduction in modern settings: An evolutionary mismatch perspective

AbstractLow fertility is a growing concern in modern societies. While economic and structural explanations of reproductive hindrances have been informative to some extent, they do not address the fundamental motives that underlie reproductive decisions and are inadequate to explain why East Asian countries, in particular, have such low fertility rates. The current paper advances a novel account of low fertility in modern contexts by describing how modern environments produce a mismatch between our evolved mechanisms and the inputs they were designed to process, leading to preoccupations with social status that get in the way of mating and reproductive outcomes. We also utilize developed East Asian countries as a case study to further highlight how culture may interact with modern features to produce ultralow fertility, sometimes to the extent that people may give up on parenthood or even mating altogether. Through our analysis, we integrate several lines of separate research, elucidate the fundamental dynamics that drive trade-offs between social status and reproductive effort, add to the growing literature on evolutionary mismatch, and provide an improved account of low fertility in modern contexts.

Factors Influencing University Students’ Behavioral Intention and Use of eLearning in Kathmandu Valley

This study aims to investigate the factors influencing university students’ intention and behavior toward eLearning in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The research framework used in this study was the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT). The most common factors associated with UTAUT are social influence, facilitating conditions, habit, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, behavioral intention, and use behavior. Data were collected from 385 university students through a closed-ended questionnaire through social media platforms. The demographic information of respondents was summarized using SPSS version 25 software, while structural equation modeling was performed using SmartPls version 3 to identify the factors that influence behavioral intention and use behavior of eLearning. The data analyses revealed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, and habit all significantly influence the behavioral intention of eLearning, with facilitating conditions being the most significant factor. Similarly, habit, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention also significantly influence the use behavior of eLearning, with facilitating conditions as the most significant factor. It suggests that students are more likely to utilize eLearning tools when they have access to various technical devices and receive sufficient support from educational institutions. Therefore, universities should prioritize accessibility, feedback mechanisms, and seamless integration of eLearning into curricula. Peer support, technical assistance, and promotion of the benefits of eLearning are also essential for fostering engagement. By focusing on these aspects, eLearning adoption can be optimized, leading to improved academic performance and learning outcomes among university students in Kathmandu Valley.

The Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Serbian Hospitality: A Potential Path to Sustainable Practice

This study investigates the perceptions of employees in the hotel industry of the Republic of Serbia regarding the acceptance and importance of artificial intelligence (AI). Through a modified UTAUT model and the application of structural equation analysis (SEM), we investigated the key factors shaping AI acceptance. Research results show that behavioral intention and habit show a significant positive impact on AI usage behavior, while facilitating conditions have a limited but measurable impact on behavioral intention. Other factors, including social influence, hedonic motivation, performance expectancy, and effort expectancy, have minimal influence on the examined variables. The analysis reveals the crucial mediating role of behavioral intention, effectively bridging the gap between various predictors and AI usage behavior, thereby highlighting its significance in the broader context of technology adoption in the hotel industry. The primary goal of the study, which closes significant research gaps, as well as the manner in which it uses a specific model and statistical analysis to accomplish this goal, shows how innovative the work is. This method not only broadens the field’s understanding but also offers valuable insights for shaping sustainable development practices in the hospitality sector in the Republic of Serbia.

Examining the pathways of social comparison and achievement goals to academic grades among South Korean high school students

ABSTRACT Social comparison is prevalent, even within classrooms, yet limited research explores its impact on academic outcomes. The current study adopted social comparison theory and achievement goal theory and tested a structural equation model that explained the pathways among two types of social comparison (i.e. ability-based and opinion-based), achievement goals, self-efficacy, effort, and academic grades. Based on a sample of 398 high school students, the current study demonstrated associations between opinion-based social comparison and mastery goals and between ability-based social comparison and performance goals. Furthermore, the current study identified different pathways for the indirect effects of social comparison and achievement goals that contributed to academic grades. The findings yielded the learning-oriented pathways and the performance-oriented pathways. The learning-oriented pathways showed the connections among opinion-based social comparison, mastery-approach goals, internal learning capacities (i.e. self-efficacy and effort), and academic grades; whereas the performance-oriented pathways demonstrated the connections among ability-based social comparison, performance-approach goals, and academic grades. This study implies that having a balanced mind-set between learning-oriented and performance-oriented approaches would benefit students most. Parents and teachers can play pivotal roles in nurturing students to focus on their internal learning processes within the competitive environment. The implications of competition-based achievement in classrooms are discussed.

Paperless Technologies in Universities: Examination in Terms of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

This study aims to determine the factors affecting the use of paperless technologies by university office staff and academicians. The study sample comprised 726 academics and administrative staff from 10 public and 3 foundation higher education institutions in Turkey. Care was taken to ensure that the selected universities had switched to paperless processes or that work was largely conducted through digital tools. When the path analysis results were examined, it was determined that performance expectation, effort expectation, and social impact positively affected the intention to use paperless technologies. In addition, intent to use has a mediating role on the effect of social influence, effort expectation, and performance expectation on actual usage of paperless technologies. Our hypotheses were supported. According to the research results, social impact, effort to be spent, and the performance of paperless technologies effectively encourage academic and administrative staff at universities to use paperless technologies.

Unraveling the drivers of the adoption of improved fish smoking technology among small-scale fisheries: A case study of the Ahotor oven in Ghana

Post-harvest losses and food safety concerns in the fish-processing sector have led to the development of improved fish-smoking technology (IFST) such as the Ahotor oven in Ghana. Nevertheless, traditional fish-smoking ovens remain widely used in coastal communities. However, previous research has primarily focused on the scientific aspects of this issue, leaving a gap in understanding user perceptions and intentions from a behavioural perspective. To address this gap, a behavioural theoretical model, based on the revised unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT-2) adapted to the context of IFST was proposed in this study. This study aimed to unravel the driving factors influencing the behavioural intentions to use the Ahotor oven. A survey was applied to 357 women engaged in fish smoking activity from five coastal communities in the Western and Central regions of Ghana and aware of the Ahotor oven, and the theoretical model was subsequently tested using a partial least-squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) analysis. Our findings revealed that social influence, effort expectancy, facilitation conditions, habits, hedonic motivation, and performance expectancy all had a direct impact on fishmongers' intention to use the Ahotor oven. Social influence was found to be the dominant factor, but negatively moderates the relationship between habit and behavioural intention to use the Ahotor oven. This means that social influence significantly dampens the established positive effect of habit on behavioural intention among fishmongers, leading to low adoption of the Ahotor oven. These results provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in the fisheries sector, enabling them to understand the behavioural factors that enablers and inhibitors influencing intention to use the Ahotor oven improved fishsmoking technology (IFST), and to take necessary actions to improve its adoption among fishmongers in coastal communities.

USGS and social media user dialogue and sentiment during the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

Responsive and empathic communication by scientists is critical for building trust and engagement with communities, which, in turn, promotes receptiveness toward authoritative hazard information during times of crisis. The 2018 eruption of Hawai‘i's Kīlauea Volcano was the first volcanic crisis event in which communication via the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) social media group, “USGS Volcanoes,” played a major role in providing eruption information to publics. Providing a concrete assessment of the social media effort during the eruption is necessary for optimizing future social media hazard crisis communication. We present qualitative and quantitative analyses of USGS Volcanoes' Facebook posts and over 22,000 follow-on comments spanning the 2018 eruption. Our analyses reveal that, for the 16 posts with the highest user engagement, USGS Volcanoes and informed non-USGS users directly answered 73% of questions and directly corrected or called out inaccuracies in over 54% of comments containing misinformation. User sentiments were 66% positive on average per comment thread regarding eruption information, and user feedback toward USGS Volcanoes, USGS scientists, or the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory was 86% positive on average. Quantitative sentiment analysis reveals a 61% correlation between users' overall expressed sentiments and frequency of the word “thank,” providing further evidence that social media engagement by USGS Volcanoes and informed users positively impacted collective user sentiment. Themes emerging from our qualitative thematic analysis illustrate how communication strategies employed by USGS Volcanoes successfully engaged and benefitted users, providing insights for communicating with publics on social media during crisis situations.

Exploring behavioural patterns and their relationships with social annotation outcomes

AbstractBackgroundSocial annotation has emerged as a promising educational technology that fosters collaborative reading and discussion of digital resources among learners. While the positive impact of social annotation on students' learning process and performance is widely acknowledged, students' behavioural patterns in social annotation are underexplored.ObjectivesThis study investigated patterns in students' use of annotation and response behaviours in social annotation activities. We also explored how students' performance in the behavioural, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions varied based on their behavioural patterns.MethodsWe recruited 93 undergraduates who were enrolled in an elective course at a large North American University. Students were tasked with collaboratively annotating the class readings uploaded to Perusall, a social annotation platform, over 7 weeks. We used metaclustering to determine the optimal number of clusters pertaining to student behaviours. We compared the differences among clusters across multiple performance dimensions.Results and ConclusionsTwo distinct clusters were identified and defined as initiators and responders. We found that responders had significantly longer active reading time and exhibited greater social annotation effort compared to initiators. However, initiators received more peer acknowledgement, as evidenced by higher upvotes. No significant difference was found in cognitive insight between initiators and responders, but responders demonstrated significantly higher cognitive discrepancy. Additionally, there were no significant differences in positive and negative tones between initiators and responders; however, responders displayed higher levels of prosocial behaviours than initiators. This study has significant practical implications regarding promoting students' collaborative learning experience in social annotation.

Consumer attitude toward using artificial intelligence (AI) devices in hospitality services

PurposeThe study investigates the consumer’s attitude to using artificial intelligence (AI) devices in hospitality service settings considering social influence, hedonic motivation, anthropomorphism, effort expectancy, performance expectancy and emotions.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a quantitative methodology to collect data from Bangladeshi consumers who utilized AI-enabled technologies in the hospitality sector. A total of 343 data were collected using a purposive sampling method. The SmartPLS 4.0 software was used to determine the constructs' internal consistency, reliability and validity. This study also applied the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the research model and hypotheses.FindingsThe finding shows that consumer attitude toward AI is influenced by social influence, hedonic motivation, anthropomorphism, performance and effort expectancy and emotions. Specifically, hedonic motivation, social influence and anthropomorphism affect performance and effort expectations, affecting consumer emotion. Moreover, emotions ultimately influenced the perceptions of hotel customers' willingness to use AI devices.Practical implicationsThis study provides a practical understanding of issues when adopting more stringent AI-enabled devices in the hospitality sector. Managers, practitioners and decision-makers will get helpful information discussed in this article.Originality/valueThis study investigates the perceptions of guests' attitudes toward the use of AI devices in hospitality services. This study emphasizes the cultural context of the hospitality industry in Bangladesh, but its findings may be reflected in other areas and regions.

Mixed-Methods Study of Disability Self-Management in Mexican Americans With Osteoarthritis.

Health disparities in osteoarthritis (OA) outcomes exist both in the occurrence and treatment of functional limitation and disability for Mexican Americans. Although the effect of self-management of chronic illness is well established, studies demonstrate little attention to self-management of function or disability, despite the strong potential effect on both and, consequently, on patients' lives. The purpose of this study pilot was to develop and test key variable relationships for a measure of disability self-management among Mexican Americans. In this sequential, two-phased, mixed-methods, biobehavioral pilot study of Mexican American women and men with OA, a culturally tailored measure of disability self-management was created, and initial relationships among key variables were explored. First, a qualitative study of 19 adults of Mexican American descent born in Texas (United States) or Mexico was conducted. The Mexican American Disability Self-Management Scale was created using a descriptive content analysis of interview data. The scale was tested and refined, resulting in 18 items and a descriptive frequency of therapeutic management efforts. Second, correlations between study variables were estimated: Disability and function were negatively correlated. Disability correlated positively with social support and activity effort. Disability correlated negatively with disability self-management, pain, and C-reactive protein. Function was positively correlated with age, pain, and depression. Liver enzymes (alanine transaminase) correlated positively with pain and anxiety. This mixed-methods study indicates directions for further testing and interventions for disability outcomes among Mexican Americans.

Configurational paths to turnover intention among primary public health workers in Liaoning Province, China: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis.

A stable public health workforce plays an indispensable role in the realization of the goal of health for all. However, there is an exodus of public health workers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Given the limited evidence on the mechanisms shaping turnover intention (TI) among public health workers, the study aims to investigate the triggering mechanisms of high and low turnover intention by combining job demands, job resources, and personal resources through a set theory perspective based on the Job-Demand-Resources (JD-R) model. The cross-sectional study was conducted from September 7 to 18, 2020 at district (county) level CDC in Liaoning Province, China. A total of 584 public health professionals were included. Overcommitment, effort, social respect, occupational identity, job rewards, self-efficacy, and psychological resilience were included in the study as configuration factors. The data were gathered through an online questionnaire and were analyzed using multiple regression and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Social respect (B = -0.682, P < 0.001), occupational identity (B = -0.168, P < 0.001), and effort (B = 0.114, P < 0.001) were associated with turnover intention. Five configurations for high turnover intention and five for low turnover intention were obtained through the fsQCA, with occupational identity and effort playing an essential role in all pathways. Moreover, the configurations for low turnover intention are not the antithesis of the configurations for high turnover intention. Managers should synthesize the combined effects of factors when implementing interventions and formulating policies. Given the vital role of occupational identity and effort, mechanisms for the rational distribution of work to avoid excessive efforts and measures to promote occupational identity should be implemented to reduce the turnover intentions of primary public health workers and encourage their intention to stay.

Pediatric intensive bowel continence rehabilitation training: a retrospective study to evaluate feasibility, tolerance and effectiveness.

Pediatric continence dysfunction is not uncommon. It causes long-term disability, impairing quality of life, activities and relationships with pears and can affect until adulthood. A high-risk population are children with Hirschsprung's disease and congenital anorectal malformation. Conservative medical and surgical management of continence dysfunction in this population is deeply described, while the rehabilitation issues are still unexplored. Aim of this study is to preliminary verify the feasibility, tolerance and effectiveness of an intensive technological aided and individualized pelvic floor rehabilitation program for pediatric patients. This is a single-center, retrospective observational study. The assessment was performed by collecting demographic data, general and local physical examination and scoring assessment tools (Rintala Continence Score and Wexner Score). The study was conducted in the Rehabilitation Unit of the pediatric Giannina Gaslini Institute, a tertiary care pediatric hospital in Genoa (Italy) between September 2015 to August 2019. We enrolled 31 children; 25 male (80.6%) and six females (19%), aged between 5 and 14 years (mean age 9 years) at the beginning of the training. Twenty children (65.5%) had Hirschsprung's disease, and 11 children (34.5%) had a congenital anorectal malformation. The rehabilitation training program was customized on the compromised function, the anatomic characteristics, the child's age and compliance. The training was aimed at improving tone, strength, endurance of the pelvic floor, compliance and rectal sensitivity, and also the frequency of the bowel movements. All patients enrolled in the study underwent an intensive outpatient treatment lasted 5 days for children older than 7 years; 10 days for younger. The intensive rehabilitation treatment was followed by a continuous home training program. Twenty-nine children (96.8%) completed the training. A global improvement is observed in continence functioning in all the cohort at T1 (P<0.0001), maintained at T3 (P<0.0001) at both Rintala Continence Score and Wexner Score. No adverse effects have been referred. Our specific pediatric training program for pelvic floor rehabilitation is effective and safe for children with continence dysfunctions after pelvic surgery due to Hirschsprung's disease and anorectal malformations. The continence rehabilitation multimodal program should be integrated in the care of children with continence dysfunctions. It cooperates in the prevention of the long-term health global impairment and also in the reduction of social economic effort.

Exploring user interaction patterns in an online physician interactive community based on exponential random graph models

The online physician interactive community (OPIC) is a platform designed for medical workers to discuss medical issues. Physician users can create content in OPIC by posting and replying to posts to discuss the solutions of medical problems with other users. The OPIC plays an important role in bringing together physicians from different medical specialties and disseminating medical experience. However, most OPIC users are not very active in replying to posts, which makes it difficult to fulfill users’ needs for medical information exchange and the development of OPIC is difficult. Current research has given little attention to the communication of physician users in the OPIC. It is necessary to examine how reposting links are established between users in OPIC. This study builds a user interaction network based on the perspective of social network analysis using user repost data from a well-known OPIC in China. Then, an exponential random graph model (ERGM) was applied to quantitatively analyze this user interaction network. Some reposting patterns among OPIC users were discovered. There is significant reciprocity in OPIC of reposting interactions between users. Users with homogeneous characteristics in terms of professional status, community honor status, and geographic location were more likely to interact with each other. In addition, users who added a profile, had a higher level of social effort, and generated more neutral content were more likely to receive responses from others. This study reveals the interaction patterns between physician users in OPIC, which enriches the related research within the OPIC domain and helps to improve communication between users in OPIC.

Correction to: Validation of the Social Effort and Conscientiousness Scale (SEACS) in Schizophrenia

Correction to: Validation of the Social Effort and Conscientiousness Scale (SEACS) in Schizophrenia