This article reveals interculturalism in local Balinese Indonesian literature and its relevance as literary teaching materials to support the prevention of intolerance in schools. This research is motivated by the fact that diversity is an empirical fact of Indonesian society that can have a positive impact as a social and cultural strength of the nation, but can also have a negative impact because it has the potential to cause social conflict. The potential for social conflict usually arises from intolerant attitudes in society, including in the school environment. This indicates that intercultural awareness must continue to be fostered. As a cultural product as well as a cultural practice, literature can play a role in strengthening students' intercultural awareness. Therefore, literary learning requires teaching materials that are relevant and contextual to the needs of building students' intercultural awareness. On that basis, research on interculturalism in local Balinese literature is important to conduct. Local Balinese literature was chosen as the focus of the research because the results of this research are expected to be applied in Bali as an open area with the complexity of typical intercultural problems. The main problems to be answered in this research are the representation of interculturalism in local Balinese literature and its relevance as literary teaching materials to support the prevention of intolerance in schools. This research uses a qualitative descriptive design with a sociology of literature approach. The research data source is in the form of local Balinese Indonesian literature containing intercultural elements. The results of the study found that interculturalism in local Balinese Indonesian literature is woven through the medium of marriage and friendship institutions. The meeting of two different cultures gives rise to cultural shock which is responded to with adaptive and accommodating attitudes of the story characters. In the relationship between characters who have different backgrounds, there are a number of factors that allow interculturalism to occur, namely economy, religion, and tradition. However, this study found a tendency for religion to be a separating factor, while customs and traditions are unifying factors.

This article examines the evolving role of technology in the management of online conflict, emphasizing a shift from passive moderation to active mediation. Conventional moderation systems eliminate content and penalize individuals, potentially hindering society's capacity to engage in challenging yet essential discussions. Mediation-based solutions facilitate mediated exchanges grounded in conflict resolution theory and computer-mediated communication. The updated study design employs a mixed methods approach that integrates content analysis of social media platforms and conflict events with qualitative case studies of platforms evaluating mediation options. The findings indicate that technological mediation can identify escalation trends, intervene contextually, and reduce overt animosity compared to conventional moderation. Nonetheless, two significant drawbacks exist: reliance on platform-generated statistics and restricted generalizability due to selective case studies, which hinder the comprehension of long-term effects on relationship quality from the perspective of direct users. In principle, technology serves as a hybrid intermediary both regulating and facilitating discourse extending Habermasian communicative action into digitally regulated realms. Biases, opacities, and reductions in empathic capacity would further limit the revolutionary potential. The study indicates that moderation and mediation represent both a technological and conceptual restructuring of digital governance, highlighting the need for inclusive, contextual, and morally attuned interventions.

This study explores Indonesia’s institutional readiness to develop an inclusive carbon market as a strategic instrument for achieving sustainable development. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and content analysis of national regulations, international best practices, and academic literature, the research examines how carbon schemes—ranging from emissions trading systems and carbon taxes to result-based payments and REDD+—can integrate environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The findings show that while Indonesia holds substantial potential in forestry and land-use sectors to generate carbon credits and attract green investments, institutional gaps remain in regulatory coherence, technical capacity, monitoring and verification systems, and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms. Evidence from global experiences underscores that successful carbon markets require transparent governance, cross-sectoral coordination, and strong community participation to prevent social inequities and conflicts over land rights. The study highlights that strengthening institutional capacity and embedding inclusivity into policy design are critical for transforming carbon markets from a purely emission-reduction tool into a catalyst for local empowerment and green economic transformation. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers seeking to balance climate mitigation, economic growth, and social equity in Indonesia’s pathway toward a low-carbon future.

This study aims to examine the application of religious moderation in overcoming religious fanaticism in Indonesia, a country with high religious and cultural diversity. The main objective of this study is to understand how religious moderation can reduce the potential for social conflict caused by religious fanaticism. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, the database used to search for literature is data contained in Google Scholar and the Covidence Application, 6 relevant studies were analyzed using the PICOC-PRISMA criteria. The results of the study indicate that religious moderation can be implemented through inclusive religious education, the role of mass media in disseminating values of tolerance, and government policies that support harmony between religious communities. In addition, factors that influence the emergence of religious fanaticism include narrow understanding of religion, social injustice, and the spread of radical ideology through social media. This study contributes to strengthening multiculturalism and harmony between religious communities in Indonesia.

The Qur’an serves as a comprehensive guide for life, directing spiritual aspects and regulating the social dimensions of human existence. To grasp its universal messages comprehensively, an asbāb al-nuzūl approach is essential, as it traces the historical context of the revelation. This study examines the application of the asbāb al-nuzūl concept in Tafsir al-Jalālain by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Maḥallī and Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī and its relevance to the formation of social interpretation, particularly concerning QS. An-Nisā’ [4]:58 and QS. al-Ḥujurāt [49]:9. Employing a qualitative-descriptive approach through library research, this study explores the exegetes’ interpretive patterns. The findings indicate that Tafsir al-Jalālain employs asbāb al-nuzūl not only to explain the causes of revelation but also to affirm broader moral and social meanings. QS. An-Nisā’ [4]:58 emphasizes the values of trustworthiness and justice in public leadership, while QS. al-Ḥujurāt [49]:9 highlights the importance of reconciliation in mitigating social conflicts. The application of the principle al-‘ibrah bi ‘umūm al-lafẓ lā bi khuṣūṣ as-sabab universalizes the message of the verses, making them relevant across the ages. Thus, Tafsir al-Jalālain is not only a concise exegesis (tafsīr ijmālī) but also contributes significantly to shaping a contemporary paradigm of social interpretation that resonates with modern reality.

Reformulation of the National Police Code of Ethics is an urgent need to address the various dynamics of horizontal conflict management involving police officers. Ambiguities in ethical norms as stipulated in the Republic of Indonesia National Police Regulation Number 7 of 2022 create difficulties in interpretation and implementation in the field. It results in unclear actions by officers in social crises, which have the potential to lead to ethical and human rights violations. This study uses a normative juridical approach to analyze relevant laws and regulations, namely Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Republic of Indonesia National Police, Government Regulation Number 2 of 2003 concerning Disciplinary Regulations for National Police Members, and Regulation No. 7 of 2022 concerning the Professional Code of Ethics and the National Police Code of Ethics Commission. The analysis reveal that several articles in Regulation No. 7 of 2022 contain norms that are open to multiple interpretations, do not accommodate the complexity of horizontal conflict situations, and lack contextual elaboration instruments. This study recommends reformulating the code of ethics by prioritizing the principles of lex certa and lex stricta, and suggesting harmonization of internal Polri regulations. Furthermore, strengthening the Polri Code of Ethics Commission is needed to ensure that ethical norms are enforced objectively, accountably, and in line with human rights values. This reformulation is expected to provide a clear ethical direction for Polri personnel and strengthen public trust in the police institution in handling social conflicts.

The analysis of the Polish environmental impact assessment (EIA) reports (EIARs) for natural gas (NG) projects, preceded by a legislation survey, with regards to the consideration of major accidents and disasters (MADs), showed that although reports prepared after January 1, 2017 contain more detailed information on MADs, none of the reports introduced the concept of risk, understood as the probability of hazards//impacts in combination with their consequences//effects, nor did they present the assessment results of such defined risk. The quality of the EIARs can be improved. It would be valuable, in addition to the arbitrary, minimum distances from the NG pipeline to other structures used in Poland (DMINs), to include assessment results of such defined risk. It is therefore recommended that sector-specific guidelines for assessing the risk of MADs on pipelines be developed in Poland to support LUP decisions, as well as general guidelines for integrating the risk assessment of MADs within the EIA. Although Polish EIA practitioners and proponents recognize the importance of public participation and consideration of social factors in the EIA practice, in the context of mitigating social conflicts fuelled by concerns about hazards posed by MADs, there is still room for improvement in this regard. It relates directly to the recommendations concerning the presentation of the results of the risk assessment of MADs in the EIARs. In addition, it is suggested that the Polish EIA legislation be modified and a set of man-made disasters analyzed in the EIA be expanded to include consideration of “technical disasters” in place of “construction disasters”.

The research discusses how political dynamics affect the division of society, especially when the authority deliberately acts unjustly in the authoritative allocation of values among social groups in society, bringing some groups closer and excluding others. This leads to the creation of gaps between the groups that make up society, which widen in intensity and increase in depth when political elites, through their political discourse and legal procedures, deliberately follow preferential and discriminatory policies between those groups. This ends with the division of society and the occurrence of social conflict, and here lies the problem of the research. The research assumes a direct relationship between political dynamics and increased societal division, as the exploitation of power by political elites, inflammatory political discourse, and the enactment of unjust laws lead to social division, while their decline contributes to strengthening societal cohesion. In order to identify the research problem and verify its hypothesis, the systems analysis method was used. The research concluded that unbalanced political practices pose a threat to the social fabric and stability. The exploitation of identity divisions by political elites and their promotion of the “us versus them” narrative can lead to violence or even genocide.

The dynamics of social conflict and deforestation: Empirical evidence from the refugee crisis in southeast Bangladesh

In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of relations around the SAG mining concession in the Siguiri prefecture. The analysis of land use dynamics from 1992 to 2022 showed that during this period there were changes in land management and new dynamics in the relationships between local communities, state institutions and the industrial gold mining company AngloGold Ashanti of Guinea (SAG). The results of the relational capacity (RC) calculation showed some positive effects of the company's presence in the Siguiri prefecture. These results show a reduction in the poverty level of Siguiri. Siguiri is one of the prefectures in Upper Guinea with the lowest level of poverty. However, local communities that initially had high expectations of AngloGold Ashanti of Guinea (SAG) are not entirely satisfied with the company, even though there have been some improvements in terms of access to electricity, road infrastructure, and basic social services, as they have not yet received what they expected. Feelings of discontent have often led these populations to demonstrate against the company or to attempt to reoccupy former sites in the mining concession. Thus, the thesis has developed a conceptual model for a mechanism to improve relations between the gold mining company and the local communities of Siguiri. This mechanism is based on the process of obtaining a social license for acceptance and approval of the operation by the communities. The analysis showed that obtaining the social license to operate necessarily requires the development of good relations with local communities. Good relations are maintained and guaranteed by the fundamental criteria of trust, transparency, communication and the impact of basic infrastructure. This relationship dynamic has as its main expression the relationship of trust. The achievement of the trust relationship reduces the risk of social conflicts and improves the reputation of the company. The conceptual model used was not run on specialized software and the mining company did not collaborate with the research team despite the administrative arrangements made for this purpose, which are the limitations of this study. Future studies will involve running the conceptual model in specialized software and applying it to another mining company in another region.

Fishing communities in Indonesia are often the most vulnerable social group to poverty and marginalization. Although the marine sector has great potential for the economy, small and traditional fishermen are often trapped in a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break. This article examines the poverty trap experienced by fishing communities through the perspective of social conflict theory. Using a qualitative approach that includes data collection through a literature review, this study analyzes how the unequal distribution of resources and power in the fisheries sector leads to exploitation and worsens the socio-economic conditions of fishers. Factors such as dependence on middlemen, market price instability, unfavorable fisheries policies, and marine ecosystem degradation due to overfishing and climate change further strengthen the poverty chain. In addition, internal conflicts within fishing communities also play a role in exacerbating poverty conditions. This article seeks to uncover the dynamics of social and economic conflicts that plague fishing communities, and offers solutions based on community empowerment and fairer policy reforms

The government of Kazakhstan promotes active citizenship and has introduced state-sanctioned consultative bodies, such as public councils, into the existing public administration. While public councils are formally autonomous, the state controls their agenda and regulate their inclusivity. According to Jayasuriya and Rodan’s model of state-sponsored political participation, irrespective of state control, such institutions can influence policy outcomes and manage social dissatisfaction. Elaborating on this framework, this study finds that local state bodies informally control public councils to ensure the interests of the state and business elites and manage public discontent. This implies that social conflict between the business elite and the state, on the one hand, and the general public on the other, is inadequately managed through the public councils.

The concept of utopia is explored by scholars from various disciplines, including literary theorists, political scientists, cultural analysts, educators, historians, and art historians who often refer to it as the Arcadian myth. In Central and Eastern Europe, posters depicting rural life and published during the 1950s were created exclusively in the style of Socialist Realism. This artistic method was employed to portray an idealized, fictional image of the countryside, whose characteristics bear striking resemblance to those of a utopia. The depicted vision consists of key elements typical of utopian literature, including: the absence of specific temporal and spatial coordinates, the dissolution of state structures, the prevalence of collectivism, professed equality (albeit illusory in practice), the eradication of social classes and conflicts, the paramount importance of labor, the omnipresent factor of happiness, the idealization of human figures and their behavior, as well as an Arcadian landscape. The utopian essence of these 1950s posters was further reinforced by the intrinsic attributes of the posters themselves which were reduced to serving merely as advertising tools, by the strategic deployment of ideology, and by the distinctive features inherent to Socialist Realism.

Legal Psychology in Colombia has been recognized primarily as a field centered on forensic evidence and expert reporting within the criminal justice system. This focus has limited the visibility and potential of the discipline, reducing its scope to forensic practice while overlooking the significance of social, structural, and relational perspectives for understanding legal phenomena —including those associated with vulnerability, exclusion, and social conflict. This article offers a reflection aimed at strengthening a psychosocial and intersectional approach to enhance Legal Psychology from an academic and research perspective, positioning it as an important field for generating knowledge related to rights protection, conflict transformation, and the construction of social justice. A contextual theoretical review is presented, exploring the limitations of the conventional paradigm, outlining the theoretical foundations of the proposed approach, and discussing its benefits in addressing more complex situations involving conflict, inequality, and structural violence. Additionally, the article examines the challenges for its inclusion in professional training, including curricular reform, a situated research agenda, and the strengthening of academic networks from a Latin American perspective. Ultimately, the article argues that a psychosocial and intersectional approach constitutes an ethical and political necessity aimed at humanizing the legal system and building a contextualized and high-impact Legal Psychology across different forms of justice.

GROWTH REPLACES CYCLICALITY – THE IMPACT OF THE EMERGENCE OF CLASSICAL ECONOMICS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHTThis article analyses impact of early political economy on evolution of political thought in Europe, tracing writings of David Hume and Josiah Tucker especially. Their economic theories goes to overcoming an old republican tradition of political thought. In republican thought civil virtue was fundamental for the Republic and pursuit of wealth taken as destructive for virtue. So, the main consequence of emergence of political economy was abandoning virtue – wealth contradiction. Wealth was no longer destructive for virtues (especially military ones) and became factor creating good manners, developing arts and sciences and, at the same time, backing military strenght Recognition of possibilities of economic growth by political economist paved the way to neglect the difference, important earlier, between Republic and Monarchy. In political economists’ opinion, Commerce Society thrives in different nations, having different political systems, in all produces wealth, emergence of arts and sciences and reduces social conflicts. Thus, in different political systems economic growth similarly creates more security and freedom. In consequence the main aim of political thought became not stability, but growth.

This article presents three thematic found poems based on reanimated data from interview transcripts, interview schedules, speeches, commentary, research ephemera, notes, and personal reflections related to school-to-work transition and youth training in 1980s Britain. This was a time of upheaval and change, with young people at the forefront of economic decline and social conflict. Rather than leaving their stories “archived,” found poetry has the analytical potential to offer new insights and understanding.

This study applies the theory of New Historicism to deeply analyze the unique presentation of Dickens' literary masterpiece A Tale of Two Cities on the French Revolution, an event of profound historical significance. As an influential theoretical trend, New Historicism has bridged the gap between traditional literary and historical research, opening up new paths for interpreting classic literary works. The research employs close reading and interdisciplinary methods to uncover the author's concealed creative intentions and to analyze the work's profound connection with history from various perspectives, drawing on insights from history, sociology, and other fields. The paper first explores the sharp social contradictions and class conflicts depicted in A Tale of Two Cities on the eve of the French Revolution. Subsequently, by analyzing the novel's descriptions of revolutionary scenes like the Capture of the Bastille and the violence during the Reign of Terror, it reveals the historical textuality and ideological implications. From a New Historicist perspective, the paper discusses how Dickens skillfully blends history and fiction, reflects on the limitations and violent tendencies of the revolution, and uses the themes of power struggle and humanitarian ideology to warn 19th-century British society about potential class conflicts and unrest. The novel's portrayal of the French Revolution not only enriches literary expression and supplements social details that official historical records may have overlooked, but more importantly, its reflection on history and exploration of human nature provide a profound warning and insight for British society amidst its own social changes.

ABSTRACT Based on Qing Dynasty archives, epigraphic materials, documentary compilations and relevant studies, this research explores the causes, manifestations of strikes by Suzhou cloth-fulling craftsmen in the early and middle Qing Dynasty, with a focus on the response mechanisms of the Qing government and social sectors, aiming to provide a new perspective on grassroots social conflicts and governance models in the Qing heyday. As Suzhou’s textile industry thrived, cloth-fulling (a low-threshold sector) became a livelihood for the poor, yet meager wages—their direct grievance—triggered strikes. To resist merchant exploitation, craftsmen adopted strikes, secret associations and guild halls as countermeasures. The Qing government initially mediated by erecting steles to promulgate regulations; when conflicts escalated, it collaborated with merchants to suppress craftsmen, who fought back fiercely, forming sustained confrontations. These strikes not only became a force against the wealthy and feudal authority but also influenced subsequent large-scale mass movements.

This article discusses the importance of pluralism and multiculturalism in building a peaceful and harmonious society amid the cultural, religious, and ethnic diversity in Indonesia. Pluralism emphasizes the importance of mutual respect and valuing differences, while multiculturalism asserts that every culture has an equal status and deserves appreciation. These two concepts play a strategic role in strengthening national unity, preventing social conflicts, and fostering tolerance between religious groups and cultural communities in Indonesia. In the context of the existing diversity, the implementation of pluralism and multiculturalism not only strengthens the unity of the nation but also creates an inclusive and just society. Education that integrates these values is key in shaping a generation that appreciates differences and upholds harmony. This article uses a theoretical approach and social analysis to emphasize that pluralism and multiculturalism are the main foundations for the realization of a civilized society that respects differences and lives in unity. Therefore, these values need to be applied in every aspect of social life, education, and public policy.

Social conflict prevention is a crucial aspect in maintaining social stability and harmony. This study aims to analyze the implementation of social conflict prevention policies carried out by the Bandung City Agency for National Unity and Politics (Bakesbangpol), with a focus on the early warning function. Referring to Law No. 7 of 2012 on the Handling of Social Conflicts, which regulates the government’s obligation to conduct early detection, prevention, and post-conflict recovery, this study employs a qualitative method using George C. Edwards III’s (1980) policy implementation model. The results show that although Bakesbangpol has made various efforts in preventing social conflict, challenges remain, such as limited human resources and budget constraints. The study recommends several strategic steps to improve policy implementation, including the development of an integrated information system for conflict monitoring, the use of technology for early detection, and community-based empowerment involving local leaders and organizations. These measures are expected to create a safer and more harmonious environment in Bandung City and maintain social stability amidst complex societal dynamics. Keywords: ; Implementation; Public Policy; Social Conflict