Smoking Ban Research Articles

The consequences of health mandates on infant health: Evidence from a smoking-ban regulation

Low- and middle-income countries, where more than four-fifths of the world’s smokers live, are far behind in implementing comprehensive smoking bans in public places. This paper studies the infant health consequences of a highly enforced smoking-ban law in Brazil that reduced exposure to smoking for workers in hospitality occupations. Using administrative data and a difference-in-differences strategy, we show that pregnant women’s decreased exposure to smoking improved birth outcomes. Vulnerable workers who were more likely to have unintended pregnancies benefited more from the smoking ban, highlighting the regulation’s distributional consequences. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the intervention is highly cost-effective, as the infant health benefits surpass enforcement-related costs. Furthermore, we show that several behavioral changes that could offset the regulation’s intended impact are unlikely to operate in our setting.

Promoting Smoke-Free Environments: The Impact of Thirdhand Smoke Awareness on Smoking Bans at Home.

A creating smoke-free home is a way to protect a vulnerable group from being exposed to secondhand smoke in the home, such as children, infants, and non-smokers. Studies reported an intervention for promoting a smoke-free home by using secondhand smoke messages and smoking cessation messages. However, the thirdhand smoke (THS) message has rarely been found. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the prevalence and correlations of smoking bans in homes. Secondary data from a community-based cross-sectional design survey was used for this study. Smoking ban status was defined as a smoking ban or no smoking ban. We used multiple logistic regression to test the association between factors and smoking ban status. An adjusted odd ratio and 95% confidence interval were reported. Of the 882 participants included in this analysis, 38.66% (95%CI: 35.43, 41.97) had a smoking ban at home. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that participants who believe that secondhand or THS harms children had a greater correlation with developing a smoking ban in the home compared with those who did not believe (odd ratio: 3.94, 95% confidence interval: 2.35, 6.60 and odd ratio:4.22, 95% confidence interval:2.6, 6.86, respectively). This study found that the belief that thirdhand smoke and secondhand smoke exposure harm children. The smoke-free home message's relevance to the harms of thirdhand smoke exposure should be adapted to be promoted, especially in homes.

Tobacco Policy and ENDS Policy Influences on Adolescent Vaping Across the U.S. States

Although the use of tobacco has declined among youth, ENDS has the potential to disrupt or reverse these trends. Policies for tobacco and ENDS may have an impact on adolescent ENDS use. The impacts of state-level policies were examined for both tobacco and ENDS indoor use bans, excise taxes, and age-of-purchase laws on past-month adolescent ENDS use from 2013 to 2019. This study used cohort data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study and policy data from the Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation repository-3 policies for ENDS and 2 policies for tobacco products. Policies included comprehensive indoor vaping/smoking bans, purchase-age restrictions, and excise taxes. Hybrid panel models were estimated in 2022 using data merged from the 2 longitudinal sources on past-month vaping. The analytic sample (observations=26,008) included adolescents aged 12-17 years, yielding a total of 72,684 observations. The odds of adolescent ENDS use were 21.4% lower when the state had an ENDS purchase-age restriction and 55.0% lower when the state had a comprehensive tobacco smoking ban than in the years when the state did not have the ban. During a period of significant growth in ENDS use among U.S. youth, ENDS purchase-age restrictions and smoking bans reduced the odds of past-month vaping among adolescents. Wider implementation of policies may help intervene in youth vaping.

In Italy Banning Smoking Has Not Worked. How Crucial Are New Nicotine-Delivery Devices in Reducing Tobacco-Related Health Risk?

In Italy Banning Smoking Has Not Worked. How Crucial Are New Nicotine-Delivery Devices in Reducing Tobacco-Related Health Risk?

Passive exposure and perceptions of smoke-free policies in hospital and university campuses among nursing students: A cross-sectional multicenter study.

Outdoor smoke-free regulations reduce exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and help to denormalize tobacco use. As future key agents in health promotion, nursing students' attitudes should agree with tobacco-control policies. The objectives of this study were: 1) assess nursing students' exposure to SHS in nursing schools, 2) explore their perceptions of compliance with the existing smoke-free regulations in acute-care hospitals; and 3) describe their support for indoor and outdoor smoking bans on hospital and university campuses. This was a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in 2015-2016 in all 15 university nursing schools in Catalonia, Spain. A questionnaire gathered information on SHS exposure, awareness of the smoke-free regulation in acutecare hospitals, and support for smoke-free policies in indoor and outdoor areas of hospitals and university campuses. Participants were nursing students attending classes on the day of the survey. We performed descriptive analyses and calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 4381 respondents, 99.1% had seen people smoking in outdoor areas of their university campus, and 75.2% had been exposed to SHS on the campus (6.0% indoors and 69.2% outdoors). Nearly 60% were aware of the smoking regulation in place in acute-care hospitals. There was widespread support for smoke-free indoor hospital regulation (98.7%), but less support (64.8%) for outdoor regulations. Approximately 33% supported the regulation to make outdoor healthcare campuses smoke-free, which was higher among third-year students compared to first-year students (APR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.24-1.62), among never smokers (41.4%; APR=2.84; 95% CI: 2.21-3.64) compared to smokers, and among those who were aware of the regulation (38.4%; 95% CI: 1.37-1.75). Exposure to SHS on university campuses is high. Nursing students express low support for strengthening outdoor smoking bans on hospital and university campuses. Interventions aiming to increase their support should be implemented.

Disparities in Smokefree and Vapefree Home Rules and Smokefree Policy Attitudes Based on Housing Type and Cigarette Smoking Status, United States, 2019.

This study examined variations in cigarette smoking status, home smoking and vaping rules, and attitudes toward smoking rules among U.S. adults. We analyzed data from the 2019 U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey Supplements (n = 40,296 adults) and calculated weighted prevalence estimates of adult cigarette smoking based on housing type. In 2019, multi-unit housing (MUH) residents who currently smoked were predominantly residents of privately rented housing (66.9%), followed by privately owned (17.6%) and public housing (15.5%). MUH residents who currently smoked had the highest proportions of allowing smoking (26.7%) or vaping (29.1%) anywhere inside their homes and were least likely to support rules allowing smoking inside all MUH apartments or living areas. In the adjusted models, MUH residents with a current smoking status were 92% less likely to have a complete smoking ban. More than one in four MUH residents with a current smoking status allowed all smoking inside the home and supported allowing smoking inside all MUH apartment or living areas, reinforcing how MUH residents may be at higher risk of experiencing secondhand smoke or aerosol exposure, or incursions within their places of residence. Our results can inform the development, implementation, and sustainment of strategies to reduce exposures from tobacco and nicotine products in all living environments.

EVALUATION OF THIRD HAND CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE AND AWARENESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

ABSTRACT
 Background:Third Hand Smoke (THS) is tobacco dust that settles in the environment after smoking. It combines with other pollutants in the air and diffuses back into the air. It can enter the systemic circulation by inhalation, absorption through the skin, and ingestion of tobacco dust-contaminated objects. It cannot be completely eliminated by ventilating and cleaning the environment. Exposure to THS negatively affects the health of all people, especially infants and children. The aim of the study is to reveal THS exposure and awareness in 6th grade students of Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine and the factors associated with it.
 Methods and Results: As a data collection tool, a questionnaire consisting of a Beliefs About Third Hand Smoke (BATHS-T) Scale was prepared to recognize sociodemographic data form, smoking status, tobacco control policies, smoking bans at home and in the car, attitudes towards buying / renting a house / car, and THS awareness. Using an online survey, 322 people were reached. 
 Conclusions: The mean BATHS-T (total) score of the participants was 37±8.0. Female gender, living with family, having good or higher academic achievement, not smoking, supporting anti-tobacco policies, not living with a smoker were associated with higher BATHS-T score. There was no statistically significant difference between the smoking ban at home and in the car and the BATHS-T score. In this respect, the study reached different results from the existing literature. 
 Further studies is needed to elucidate this difference.

Impacts of Smoking Ban Policies on Billiard Hall Sales in South Korea Using Objective Sales Information of a Credit Card Company: Quasi-Experimental Study.

Smoking ban policies (SBPs) are potent health interventions and offer the potential to influence antismoking behavior. The Korean government completely prohibited smoking in indoor sports facilities, including billiard halls, since the government revised the National Health Promotion Act in December 2017. This study aimed to examine the impact of the SBP on the economic outcomes of indoor sports facilities, particularly billiard halls. This study used credit card sales data from the largest card company in South Korea. Data are from January 2017 to December 2018. Monthly sales data were examined across 23 administrative neighborhoods in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. We conducted the interrupted time series model using the fixed effects model and the linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE). The sales and transactions of billiard halls were not significantly changed after the introduction of the SBP in the full PCSE models. The R2 of the full PCSE model was 0.967 for sales and 0.981 for transactions. The introduction of the SBP did not result in substantial economic gains or losses in the sales of billiard halls. In addition to existing price-based policies, the enhanced SBP in public-use facilities, such as billiard halls, can have a positive synergistic effect on reducing smoking prevalence and preventing secondhand smoke. Health policy makers can actively expand the application of SBPs and make an effort to enhance social awareness regarding the necessity and benefits of public SBPs for both smokers and the owners of hospitality facilities.

Understanding Second-hand Smoke (SHS) Exposure among University Students in Selangor and Perak, Malaysia: Role of Parents and Peers

Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure remains a significant public health concern worldwide, posing various adverse effects on individual health during both short- and long-term exposures. University students in Malaysia are particularly at risk due to the potential influence of parents and peers on their SHS exposure. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research exploring the extent of this influence and its implications for effective intervention strategies. This cross-sectional study administered an online questionnaire to 387 students from two universities in Selangor and Perak. Prevalence rates of SHS exposure were determined, and factors associated with exposure were identified through descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Almost half (49.9%) of the participants had been exposed to SHS. Female students had a reduced risk of exposure by more than half compared to male students (p = 0.050). Meanwhile, those who had a smoking parent and smoking friends had approximately four times (p = 0.000) and two times (p = 0.002) the increased likelihood of being exposed to SHS, respectively, then those who did not. Participants with higher household income (p = 0.000) and higher mothers’ educational attainment (p = 0.028) had a significantly lower risk of SHS exposure. In conclusion, gender, parental smoking, peer smoking, and socioeconomic status were identified as factors associated with SHS exposure. Parental and peer awareness and understanding of SHS risk must be enhanced to minimise its exposure among their children and friends. Hence, health policymakers should address strategies such as ongoing public awareness campaigns, the extension of a smoking ban on advertising, promotion, and marketing of tobacco products, and rules for smoking prohibition at home to drive Malaysia’s effort towards a smoke-free generation.

Analysis of the Implementation of Non-Smoking Area Policy in Madiun Middle Schools and High Schools

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Indonesia became the second largest cigarette market in the world. </em><em>Based on the 2018 Riskesdas data, the prevalence of smokers aged over 15 years was 33.8 percent</em><em> Based on Madiun Regency Regional Regulation Number 10 of 2020 Concerning Non-Smoking Areas. The aim of this research is to find out about smoking-free area policies in junior high schools and high schools in Madiun City. The implementation of this research was carried out in January-February 2023 in the Madiun City Middle School and High School environment with the research subjects being 35 school principals or persons in charge of smoking-free areas in Middle and High Schools in Madiun City. </em><em>The sampling procedure was proportional random sampling</em><em>. collection of research data with primary data collected using a questionnaire Implementation of policies according to van horn and van meter theory. Data analysis in this study is multivariate analysis with multiple regression tests..The results showed that there was influence from the social, economic and political environment (p value 0.012), there was an influence on the implementor's position (p value 0.016), and there was no influence on the character of the executing agent (p value 0.837) in the Madiun City Middle School and High School environment. There is a need for support from the Education Office and the school itself, such as providing visual media as facilities and infrastructure that support the implementation of smoking-free areas and continuously socialize the dangers of smoking at every school meeting and ceremonial activities or morning assembly. This will play a role in making a policy easier to remember in the school community.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table><strong><em>Keyword: Implementation, No-Smoking Areas, Policy, Schools, Smoking</em></strong>

Implementation of 100% Tobacco Free Campus at the University of Riau, Efforts and the Challengees

Indonesia is a country with the fourth-largest cigarette consumption in the world. In an effort to realize a healthy Indonesia, the government issued a regulation on Guidelines for Smoking Free Zones. One of the locations that are expected to implement Smoking Free Zones is a university which is called Tobacco Free Campus (TFC). The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of 100% TFC in all faculties in the University of Riau. Data obtained by TFC observation and face-to-face interviews. Observations were made in 10 faculties, and interviews with 67 informants consisting of heads of administration, lecturers, staff, and students. To maintain data accuracy, source triangulation and method triangulation were performed. The results of this study indicate that ten faculties at the University of Riau did not meet the criteria of TFC. Some of the efforts that have been made in the application of 100% TFC include the TFC policy, media promotion of smoking bans, socialization of TFC, and imposition of sanctions on the TFC policy. Some of these obstacles include the absence of a TFC policy in most faculties, the absence of a TFC monitoring team, the uneven distribution of promotional media in strategic places, the absence of TFC socialization, no sanctions applied for TFC violations, academicians who do not comply with TFC standards, and locations that are considered as a smoking area.

Determinants of participation in the implementation of non-smoking area policies for restaurant and cafe managers in Indonesia

Background.The Non-Smoking Area is a room or area that is declared prohibited for smoking activities or activities to produce, sell, advertise and/or promote tobacco products. The Regional Regulation on Non-Smoking Areas in Indonesia has been enacted since 2013, including in public places such as restaurants and cafes, but has not yet been fully implemented. The Non-Smoking Area Policy is the best choice to implement in government and private institutions. Objective. This study aimed to determine participation in implementing Non-Smoking Areas in restaurants and cafes in Indonesia. Materials and Methods. This study is a cross-sectional quantitative survey with an analytical survey approach, with a purposive sampling technique of 419 restaurants and cafes, analyzed with the help of the chi-square test and logistic regression. Results. The results showed that age, income, smoking status, knowledge, and attitudes were related to participation in implementing Non-Smoking Areas (P value <0.05). The attitude variable in multivariate logistic regression analysis had the most significant impact (OR: 2,949; 95% CI: 1,716 -5,069), and the smallest effect is the age factor (OR: 0,591; 95% CI: 0,361-0,967). Conclusions. Age, smoking status, income, knowledge, and attitudes regarding Non-Smoking Areas are the factors that contribute to the majority of restaurant and cafe managers in Indonesia not participating in the implementation of Non-Smoking Areas. Therefore, the government should maximize the role of the Non- Smoking Areas task force, socialize and provide awards such as the title of “Breathing Free” restaurant and cafe.

Comparison of the rate of certain trace metals accumulation in indoor plants for smoking and non-smoking areas.

Tobacco smoke causes to release severe toxic metals into the environment. It is recognized as the most significant issue in indoor air quality. Pollution and toxic substances in smoke quickly spread and penetrate the indoor environment. Environmental tobacco smoke is responsible for lowering indoor air quality. There is much evidence that poor air quality occurs with inadequate ventilation conditions in indoor environments. The plants have been observed to absorb the smoke in the environment into their own body like a sponge. The plant species in this study can be used easily in almost every office, home, or other indoor areas. Using indoor plants is very beneficial in biomonitoring and absorbing these trace metals. Some indoor plants have shown successful performance as biomonitors for health-damaging pollutants. The study aims to determine the concentration of three trace metals (Cu, Co, and Ni) using five indoor ornamentals frequently used in smoking areas, namely D. amoena, D. marginata, F. elastica, S. wallisii, and Y. massengena. The Ni uptake and its accumulation in S. wallisii, and Y. massengena increased in correlation with smoke areas. However, the rate of accumulation of Co and Cu was found to be independent due to consideration of the environmental emissions. Consequently, our results suggest that F. elastica is more resistant to smoking, whereas S. wallisii would be a better choice as a biomonitoring plant of tobacco smoke.

Overview of the Implementation of the No Smoking Area (KTR) Policy in the Indonesian Campus Environment: Literature Review

Every teaching and learning place (including campuses) is required to implement the No Smoking Area Policy (KTR) in accordance with Law on Health No. 36 of 2009. The campus itself is one of the seven KTR areas in Indonesia. The smoking ban policy in seven KTR areas is expected to reduce the prevalence of Indonesian smokers and control risk factors for non-communicable diseases caused by smoking The purpose of this study is to know and obtain an overview of the implementation of KTR policies in the Indonesian campus environment. This research uses systemic literature review design by studying articles. The reviewed articles use qualitative studies. There were 2120 articles according to keywords and were selected again into 9 articles according to the topic, namely about KTR policies in the Indonesian campus environment. The articles used were published between 2015 and 2020. That the KTR implementation policy has been implemented on Indonesian campuses but has not been optimal with various problems. The problems encountered were lack of socialization, no KTR supervision system, no enforcement of rules, no data collection and evaluation as well as factors of smoking habits. The implementation of campus KTR policy is considered not going well and optimally because there are many violations and implementation obstacles in the form of socialization, law enforcement, monitoring, and evaluation of KTR.

Non-Smoking Area Implementation and Habbit Change in Bugis Ethnic, Sidrap Regency, Indonesia

This study to provide an overview regarding the implementation of Non Smoking Areas (Kawasan Tanpa Rokok) on the Bugis Ethnic in Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research was conducted using a qualitative method by collecting data through interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods with related literature and reviewing various regulations issued by the government to support the existing data. The results shows that the implementation of the KTR has not complied by some of the community, so there are still many violations committed regarding the implementation of KTR in public places. Legal implementation related to violations of the Non Smoking Areas is considered still weak and need to improve but the habit changes made was in the series of "Mappacci" activities in Carawali village, no longer serving cigarettes but instead giving plant seeds to the bride and groom. However, this good implementation cannot be followed up due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. The community considered not ready to accept the sanctions. Outreach, promotional and preventive efforts really need to be massively increased to increase public knowledge regarding the rules and dangers of smoking but in carawali village, they can replace old habits with new ones.

Smoking patterns, stances and awareness regarding anti-smoking legislation of medical students in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Globally every year cigarette smoking is known as universal and preventable cause of mortalities and morbidities among young people and students. In developing countries like Bangladesh the use of cigarette is increasing day by day. As students are very important segment of the society they should be educated with the consequences of smoking cigarette. A descriptive cross-sectional survey on 280 medical students of a selected medical college was carried out to determine their smoking patterns, stances and awareness regarding anti-smoking legislation in Dhaka city. The study was commenced from July to December, 2014. The frequency of smoking in the study was 63.2% and it was highest among final year students. More than fifty percent students smoked 1 to 5 sticks per day. Comprehensive plan with proper instructions and measures should be developed to educate healthcare providers regarding smoking hazards and provide counseling to large number of general public. Specific training and counseling should be a part of the required curriculum at medical schools to address these issues.

OpenPose based Smoking Gesture Recognition System using Artificial Neural Network

Smoking is an extremely important health problem in modern society. This study focuses on a method for preventing smoking in non-smoking areas, such as public places, as well as the development of an artificial neural network based smoking motion recognition system for more accurately recognizing smokers in such areas. In particular, we attempted to increase the rate of recognition of smoking behaviors using an OpenPose based algorithm and the accuracy of such recognition by additionally applying a hardware device for recognizing cigarette smoke. In addition, a preprocessing method for inputting a dataset into the proposed system is proposed. To improve the recognition performance, four types of dataset models were created, and the most suitable dataset model was selected experimentally. Based on this dataset model, test data were created and input into the proposed neural network based smoking behavior recognition system. In addition, the nearest neighbor interpolation method was selected experimentally as an image interpolation approach and applied to the image preprocessing. When applying experimental data based on learned data, the developed system showed a recognition rate of 70-75%, and the smoking recognition accuracy was increased through the addition of the hardware device.

Chronic secondhand smoke exposure on cardiovascular regulation and the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in mice

Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. About 80% of SHS-related deaths are due to cardiovascular causes. Reducing SHS exposure with smoking bans is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes in non-smokers. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors have been shown to attenuate tobacco exposure-induced lung inflammatory responses, making them a great candidate for combating SHS exposure-induced cardiovascular outcomes. The goals of this study were to determine 1) the time course of environmentally relevant SHS exposure effects on cardiac autonomic function and blood pressure (BP) regulation and 2) whether prophylactic administration of a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (TPPU) can protect against SHS-induced autonomic and cardiovascular dysregulation. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice (11 wk) implanted with BP/electrocardiogram (ECG) telemetry devices were exposed to 12 wks of either filtered air (FA, n=19) or 3 mg/m3 of SHS (6 hr/d, 5 d/wk, n=18), followed by 4 weeks recovery window (SHS substituted with FA). Separate mice were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups: FA (n=12), FA+TPPU (n=12), and SHS+TPPU (n=22). TPPU (15 mg/l) was given by drinking water during the 12 weeks of exposure period (estimated dose = 3.75 ug/g/day). BP and ECG were recorded continuously for 36 hours every month when mice were not exposed. Data were stratified by 12-hour circadian window: The dark cycle (dark 1) immediately after the 5th day of exposure and the following light and dark (dark 2) cycles. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was determined with the sequence method. Standard time domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were obtained from normal-to-normal R-R intervals. Results: SHS-exposed mice had significantly higher physical activity levels (~ 50% higher, p<0.05), an effect that persisted 4 wks after cessation of SHS exposure. SHS exposure significantly decreased 1) short-term HRV (RMSSD) by ~20% as early as after 4 wks of exposure; 2) overall HRV (SDNN) with maximum effect at 12 wks (-15%, p<0.05); 3) pulse pressure (-8%, p<0.05) as early as week 4; and 4) BRS with maximum effect at 12 wks (-11%, p<0.05). All SHS-induced changes in cardiovascular regulation were ameliorated by 4 weeks of recovery. Treatment with TPPU in drinking water eliminated SHS exposure-induced decreases in HRV, PP and BRS. However, SHS-induced increase in activity persisted (30% higher, p<0.05) even with TPPU treatment. Conclusions: These data suggest that 1) Three months of environmentally relevant SHS significantly reduces cardiac autonomic function and BP regulation; 2) cardiovascular consequences from SHS can be rescued by removing from SHS exposure; and 3) oral TPPU can prevent SHS-induced cardiovascular dysregulation. R01 ES025229, T32 HL086350, T32 ES007059, R35ES030443 This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Implementasi Kawasan Tanpa Rokok di Sekolah Menengah Atas Swasta Wilayah Perkotaan

The large number of smokers in Indonesia needs coordinated and integrated action to address, especially since the number of smokers among students continues to rise. One of the measures to address this issue is the no smoking area policy, including at school. However, no smoking area policy objectives must be supported by optimum policy execution. This study aims to determine the implementation of the Non-Smoking Area Policy at Pramita High School Tangerang City. This study uses qualitative research by conducting in-depth interviews. The principal, students, and counseling teachers are the three primary informants. Teachers and administrative personnel serve as the two supporting informants. The Content Analysis approach was used to analyze the data. Non-Smoking Areas Policy has yet to be implemented optimally at SMA Pramita Tangerang City. The school needs more resources and has yet to constitute a working group to enforce a smoke-free zone and consequences for breaches. There have also been no reporting systems for breaches of this policy, making it impossible to determine the number of violations and the level of compliance of school residents with this policy of no-smoking areas. A school must strengthen the implementation of No Smoking Areas by conducting socialization, developing a dedicated team, providing supporting facilities and infrastructure and imposing strict punishments on violators of the restrictions.

Impact of national smoking bans on per-capita tobacco consumption, in Europe: a time trend analysis

Impact of national smoking bans on per-capita tobacco consumption, in Europe: a time trend analysis