Smartphone Overdependence Research Articles

청소년의 스마트폰 과의존이 자아존중감과 학업무기력에 미치는 영향 : 부모양육태도의 조절효과

Since the onset of COVID-19, restrictions on students' extracurricular activities have increased academic stress, leading to decreased concentration and learning efficiency, and a rise in academic helplessness. therefore, this study aimed to examine how the surge in smartphone dependency among adolescents living alone during the pandemic affected academic helplessness, mediated by self-esteem, and moderated by parental nurturance. Data from a cohort of 2,384 third-year middle school students in South Korea during 2020, using the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018, were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 to validate each hypothesis. The results revealed that smartphone overdependence negatively influenced self-esteem, which in turn negatively affected academic helplessness. Moreover, smartphone overdependence directly positively influenced academic helplessness. Self-esteem significantly mediated the impact of smartphone overdependence on academic helplessness, and positive parental nurturance moderated the effect of self-esteem on academic helplessness. Based on these findings, the study emphasizes the critical educational implications of smartphone overdependence, suggesting tailored strategies for self-control and practical step-by-step interventions. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of parents providing supportive interventions rather than mere reprimands, focusing on student recovery and resilience in devising intervention strategies.

중국 대학생의 지각된 스트레스와 스마트폰 과의존과의 관계: 사회불안의 매개효과와 자아 탄력성의 조절된 매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of social anxiety and the moderated mediating effect of self-resilience in the relationship between perceived stress and smartphone overdependence among Chinese college students. Methods An online survey was conducted with 524 Chinese college students as the research subjects from June to August 2023. The collected data were verified for mediation and adjusted mediation effects using SPSS 26.0 and Process Macro Model 4. Results The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, social anxiety was found to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress and smartphone overdependence. Second, self-resilience was found to play a moderating mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress, social anxiety, and smartphone overdependence. Conclusions Through this study, we expect to confirm the impact of perceived stress and smartphone overdependence on social anxiety and self-resilience and provide appropriate implications for intervention in smartphone overdependence among Chinese college students. The purposes of this study were to specify variables related to convergence competency, and to analyze the structural relationships among them. The purposes of this study were to specify variables related to convergence competency, and to analyze the structural relationships among them.

The relationship between smartphone usage and eating behavior for elementary school students in Gangneung, South Korea: cross-sectional study

Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between smartphone usage and eating behavior among elementary school students. Methods: This survey was conducted on 4th- to 6th-grade students at elementary schools in Gangneung from September 6th to September 15th, 2023. Of the 129 copies of the questionnaire that were distributed to 5 schools, 66 copies (51.2%) were returned. Results: Compared to the nationwide statistics, the smartphone ownership rate of elementary school students in Gangneung was lower, but the rate of smartphone overdependence was higher. Smartphone dependence was 21.12 points for study subjects and 26.00 points for the overdependence risk group (Org). Compared to national statistics, the self-control failure factor was higher, so study participants in Gangneung City are thought to have great difficulty with self-control. The Org’s weekend smartphone use time of 7.54 hours was significantly more than the general user group (Gug)’s 4.06 hours. The number of days in which the Org consumed late-night snacks per week was 2.92 days, and the Gug had 2.15 days, but the difference was not significant. Eating fast food showed a positive correlation with eating sweet food, eating fatty food, and eating heavily seasoned food. It was found that frequent consumption of fast food is closely correlated with unhealthy eating behavior. Weekend smartphone use time showed a significant positive correlation with smartphone dependence and the number of days late-night snacks consumed per week. Conclusions: Study participants in Gangneung are more dependent on smartphones than national statistics. Smartphone dependence had a negative correlation with healthy eating behavior and a correlation with average unhealthy eating behavior.

A Meta-Analysis of the Factors Affecting on the infant’s Smartphone overdependence

A Meta-Analysis of the Factors Affecting on the infant’s Smartphone overdependence

학교 밖 청소년의 스마트폰 과의존 완화방안에 대한 델파이 조사

학교 밖 청소년의 스마트폰 과의존 완화방안에 대한 델파이 조사

스마트폰 과의존 관련 국내 연구 동향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze trends in research on smartphone overdependence published in Korea and then suggest directions for future research. Methods For this purpose, we selected 254 papers published in academic journals from 2016 to the end of November 2023 with martphones overdependence as the keywords. For data analysis, the data were classified by publication year, research method, academic field, academic organization, and related variables. Results The results of this study are as follows. First, Research on smartphones overdependence first began in 2016 and increased rapidly from 2020. Second, As for research methods, The research method was predominantly quantitative research. Third, The academic field with the most papers published was social science. The largest number of papers were published in [The Journal of Humanities and Social science(HSS21)], published by the The Journal Of Humanities and Social Sciences 21·Asia Culture Academy of Incorporated Association. Fourth, As for trends by variable related to smartphone overdependence, personal factor variables were the most studied, and sub-variables such as self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness, depression, and mindset were confirmed. Conclusions Based on these results, The problem of dependence on smartphones was confirmed as a social and environmental phenomenon that occurs in all age groups from infancy to old age. This suggested the development of a smartphone overdependence prevention program and finding policies and plans for controlled use.

The Relationship between Smartphone Overdependence and Depression among Young Office Workers: Moderated Mediation Effects of Sleep Disorders and Gender

The Relationship between Smartphone Overdependence and Depression among Young Office Workers: Moderated Mediation Effects of Sleep Disorders and Gender

대학생의 스마트폰 과의존과 대학생활적응 간의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify the mediating effect of grit in the relationship between college students' overdependence on smartphones and their adaptation to college life. Methods For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 204 college students in Busan Metropolitan City using smartphone overdependence, grit, and college life adjustment scales. The collected data were subjected to reli-ability verification and correlation analysis using the SPSS program. In addition, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify the mediation effect of grit, and a Sobel Test was conducted to verify the sig-nificance of the indirect effect of the mediation effect. Results First, there was a significant negative correlation between college students' smartphone overdependence and adaptation to college life, a significant negative correlation between smartphone overdependence and grit, and a significant positive correlation between college life adaptation and grit. Second, grit was found to partially mediate the relationship between college students' overdependence on smartphones and their adaptation to col-lege life. Conclusions These results mean that various methods should be explored and applied to improve the grit of col-lege students who are overly dependent on smartphones to adapt to college life.

Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Parent-child Communication and Smartphone Overdependence among Adolescents

Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Parent-child Communication and Smartphone Overdependence among Adolescents

Association between smartphone overdependence and mental health in South Korean adolescents: a secondary data analysis.

The rising prevalence of smartphone overdependence among adolescents and its detrimental impact on mental health have become a growing concern. This study aimed to investigate the association between smartphone overdependence and the mental health of Korean adolescents. Participants were drawn from the 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey conducted in 2020. The dependent variable as smartphone overdependence, while the main exposure of interest was mental health, encompassing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), perceived stress, sources of perceived stress, perceived loneliness, and perceived depressive symptoms. The study employed the Rao-Scott chi-square test and multiple logistic regression using IBM SPSS version 26.0. The participants comprised 54,948 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years. Among them, 25.1% (n=13,775) were categorized as smartphone overdependence group. Specifically, 20.3% of adolescents who reported GAD ≥10 and 22.5% of those who reported experiencing high levels of perceived loneliness were identified as smartphone overdependent. The GAD increased a risk of smartphone overdependence by 2.61 times (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.46-2.77). Perceived loneliness was associated with 1.98-fold (95% CI: 1.87-2.09) increased risk of smartphone overdependence. Additionally, conflict with peers was found to increase the risk of smartphone overdependence by 4.63-fold (95% CI: 3.89-5.52), followed by conflict with parents (odds ratio [OR]: 4.52, 95% CI: 3.84-5.31), and family environment (OR: 4.52, 95% CI: 3.75-5.46). The findings underscore a significant association between smartphone overdependence and mental health in Korean adolescents. Healthcare services to improve their emotional coping and interpersonal skills are necessary.

The Effect of Happiness on Smartphone Overdependence: Mediating Effect of Depression

The Effect of Happiness on Smartphone Overdependence: Mediating Effect of Depression

대학생의 스마트폰 과의존 경험에 대한 질적 메타분석

Objectives The purposes of this study were to analyze qualitative meta-analysis of university students’ experiences in smartphone overdependence. Though this, we intend to help find alternatives by looking at from various angles and understanding the difficulties of smartphone overdependence experienced by university students.
 Methods Based on the preceding qualitative meta-synthesis procedures, among the qualitative studies published in Korea on the subject of university students’ experiences in smartphone overdependence, 10 studies to be analyzed were selected for the purpose of this study. Six stages of qualitative meta-synthesis were conducted: selection of topics and research questions, selection of studies, coding and categorization of data, mutual comparative analysis between 3 researchers, derivation of results, comprehensive results and diagraming. By qualitative meta-analysis of 10 qualitative studies, the results were integrated and new meanings were discovered.
 Results By analyzing the selected studies, the experience of university students’ smartphone overdependence was shown as six major components and examples of each component. The main components were derived as ‘swamp of smartphone convenience’, ‘obsession with smartphone’, ‘recognition of smartphone overdependence’, ‘problem due to smartphone overdependence’, ‘difficulty in self-regulation of smartphone’ and ‘smartphone self-regulation motivation and effort’.
 Conclusions In the derived process, university students with smartphone overdependence were found to experience a cycle of self-regulation for their problem perception and problem behavior change. Based on this, we need to find ways to respond to university students with smartphone overdependence, and the implications and limitations of this study and suggestion for future study were proposed.

Factors influencing smartphone overdependence among adolescents

Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to smartphone overdependence. Therefore, we identified the factors influencing smartphone overdependence and risk subgroups among adolescents. The current study is a secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The survey targeted middle- and high-school students in South Korea aged 12–18 using stratified, clustered, multistage probability sampling, and 53,457 students from 793 schools participated in this study. Complex sample data were analyzed considering the strata, clusters, and weights. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed age, gender, household economic status, anxiety, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and experience of violent treatment as significant predictors of smartphone overdependence. Adolescents with severe anxiety were at a 3.326 times higher risk of smartphone overdependence than adolescents with minimal anxiety. Decision tree analysis showed that anxiety, gender, loneliness, and depressive symptoms were important in differentiating risk subgroups, with anxiety being the most significant factor. Group 13, comprising girls with severe anxiety, had the highest risk at 52.9%. Thus, early detection and prevention of issues such as anxiety, loneliness, and depressive symptoms, as well as treatment for violence, can prevent smartphone overdependence among adolescents. Additionally, more thorough interventions for anxiety are warranted to prevent smartphone overdependence.

Mediating Effect of Loneliness on Anxiety and Smartphone Overdependence among Korean Adolescents: Based on the 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Background: This study aimed to determine the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between anxiety and smartphone overdependence among Korean adolescents.Methods: This national cross-sectional secondary study used data from the 16th (2020) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The sample comprised 54,948 adolescents in middle and high schools. The mediating effects were analyzed using the procedure of Baron and Kenny and the Sobel test. Results: Anxiety impacted both loneliness and smartphone overdependence (P<0.001). Additionally, loneliness was identified as a factor influencing smartphone overdependence (P<0.001). Loneliness demonstrated a statistically significant mediating effect in the relationship between anxiety and smartphone overdependence (P<0.001).Conclusions: It was concluded that smartphone overdependence increases with the heightened maladaptive emotions of adolescents, such as anxiety and loneliness. These findings confirmed the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between anxiety and smartphone overdependence.

Explainable prediction of problematic smartphone use among South Korea's children and adolescents using a Machine learning approach

BackgroundKorea is known for its technological prowess, has the highest smartphone ownership rate in the world at 95%, and the smallest gap in smartphone ownership between generations. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, problematic smartphone use is becoming more prevalent among Korean children and adolescent owing to limited school attendance and outdoor activities, resulting in increased reliance on smartphones. 40.1% of adolescents are classified as high-risk, with only the adolescent group showing a persistent rise year after year. ObjectiveThe study purpose is to present data-driven analysis results for predicting and preventing smartphone addiction in Korea, where problematic smartphone use is severe.Participants and Methods: To predict the risk of problematic smartphone use in Korean children and adolescents at an early stage, we used data collected from the Smartphone Overdependence Survey conducted by the National Information Society Agency between 2017 and 2021. Eight representative machine and deep learning algorithms were used to predict groups at high risk for smartphone addiction: Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light GBM, Categorical Boosting, Multilayer Perceptron, and Convolutional Neural Network. ResultsThe XGBoost ensemble algorithm predicted 87.60% of participants at risk of future problematic smartphone usebased on precision. Our results showed that prolonged use of games, webtoons/web novels, and e-books, which have not been found in previous studies, further increased the risk of problematic smartphone use. ConclusionsArtificial intelligence algorithms have potential predictive and explanatory capabilities for identifying early signs of problematic smartphone use in adolescents and young children. We recommend that a variety of healthy, beneficial, and face-to-face activities be offered as alternatives to smartphones for leisure and play culture.

청소년의 스마트폰 과의존과 자아존중감이 공격성에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between adolescents' smartphone overdependence, self-esteem, and aggression.
 Methods The data of 2,275 in the Year 4 of the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) 2018 were analyzed. The analyzed data was subjected to frequency analysis, reliability analysis, technical statistical analysis, and correlation analysis using the SPSS 24.0 program. In order to analyze the mediation effect of self-esteem in the relationship between smartphone overdependence and aggression, we conducted Baron and Kenny's mediation analysis and the Sobel Test to verify the significance of the mediation effect.
 Results The results of this study are as follows. First, smartphone overdependence and Aggression showed a positive correlation, Second, in the relationship between smartphone overdependence and aggression, the self-esteem concentration showed a partial mediating effect.
 Conclusions This study confirmed that smartphone overdependence has a direct effect on adolescents' aggression, and that aggression is alleviated when mediated through self-esteem. These results discussed practical interventions in the development of educational programs and self-esteem promotion activities that can be mediated by protection and motivation factors to lower adolescents' overuse of smartphones and aggression levels.

Smartphone usage and overdependence risk among middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPrevious studies have predominantly focused on smartphone overdependence among adolescents and young adults. However, as smartphone usage has recently surged among South Korean middle-aged and older adults, the risk of smartphone overdependence cannot be overlooked among this population. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the smartphone usage pattern and the associated risk of overdependence in this specific age group.MethodsThe data for individuals who aged 50 or older were extracted from the dataset of a nationwide survey, “The Survey on Smartphone Overdependence, 2021,” and the usage of each type of smartphone content and risk of smartphone overdependence among individuals in their 50 s and 60 s were investigated. Age-group-based differences in demographic characteristics, Smartphone Overdependence Scale scores, self-awareness of smartphone overdependence, digital literacy, and psychosocial factors were analyzed. Additionally, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors associated with the potential-to-high risk of smartphone overdependence in both age groups.ResultsIndividuals in their 50s had significantly higher digital literacy, social relations, life satisfaction, and smartphone overdependence scores than those in their 60s, and the percentage of individuals in the high-risk group was also higher in the 50s age group. For both age groups, the most used content was “messenger,” “news,” and “movies/TV/videos,” whereas the least used content was e-learning, gambling, and adult content. The multivariable analysis indicated that, for individuals in their 50s, having a lower educational level was associated with significantly higher odds, whereas having a job and utilizing e-commerce-related contents on smartphone were associated with significantly lower odds of potential-to-high risk for smartphone overdependence. Concerning individuals in their 60s, having a lower educational level and using adult content or gambling were significantly associated with higher odds of potential-to-high risk for smartphone overdependence.ConclusionThis study reveals the risk of smartphone overdependence among middle-aged and older adults in South Korea as well as the associated risk factors. This will assist policymakers in developing policies for the appropriate use of smartphones by these age groups.

청소년이 지각한 부모 양육태도, 스마트폰 과의존, 학교적응의 관계에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과

청소년이 지각한 부모 양육태도, 스마트폰 과의존, 학교적응의 관계에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과

Exploring the Link Between Smartphone Overdependence, Depression, and Suicidal Behaviors Through the Mediating Effect of Lifestyle Risk Behaviors Among South Korean Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study Using National Big Data

IntroductionThis study examined how lifestyle risk behaviors mediate the relationship between smartphone overdependence, depressive symptoms, and suicidal behavior in adolescents. MethodBased on a secondary analysis of national survey data obtained in 2020 in South Korea, this study had 54,948 participating adolescents. Multiple logistic regression and mediating effect analyses were used to assess the relationships between the study variables. ResultsAdolescents’ lifestyle risk behaviors partially mediated the link between smartphone overdependence and depression (Z=6.86, P<0.001), suicidal ideation (Z=7.04, P<0.001), and suicidal planning (Z=4.59, P<0.001). DiscussionThis is the first study to examine the mediating role of comprehensive lifestyle behaviors, not single habits, in the relationship between smartphone overdependence, depression, and suicidal behaviors. Encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescents can help alleviate the link between smartphone overdependence and mental health problems.

청소년이 지각한 부모의 부정적 양육태도가 스마트폰 과의존에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purposes of this study were to analyze the structural relationships among negative parenting atti-tudes perceived by adolescents, self-esteem, aggression, and smartphone overdependence and to investigate the mediating effect of self-esteem and aggression on the relationship between negative parenting attitudes and smartphone overdependence.&#x0D; Methods For this purpose, 2,359 students(1,262 males and 1,097 females) in the third year of middle school were selected as subjects using data from the Korean Children and Youths Panel Survey(KCYPS) 2018. For the col-lected data, descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 23.0 and the structural model was verified through AMOS 21.0.&#x0D; Results First, the correlation analysis of negative parenting attitudes, self-esteem, aggression, and smartphone overdependence showed significant correlations among all variables. Second, self-esteem and aggression each had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between negative parenting attitudes and smartphone over-dependence. Third, self-esteem and aggression sequentially influenced smartphone overdependence in the relationship between negative parenting attitudes and smartphone overdependence.&#x0D; Conclusions This means that the higher the adolescents' perceived negative parenting, the lower their self-esteem, which in turn leads to higher aggression, which has a significant effect on increasing smartphone overdependence. In order to reduce smartphone overdependence among adolescents, education and counseling to improve self-esteem and reduce aggression are needed along with smartphone overdependence prevention education.