Internet Of Things In Smart Grid Research Articles

Energy Consumption Analysis for Continuous Phase Modulation in Smart-Grid Internet of Things of beyond 5G.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) underpinning the smart-grid Internet of Things (SG-IoT) has been a popular research topic in recent years due to its great potential for enabling a wide range of important applications. However, the energy consumption (EC) characteristic of sensor nodes is a key factor that affects the operational performance (e.g., lifetime of sensors) and the total cost of ownership of WSNs. In this paper, to find the modulation techniques suitable for WSNs, we investigate the EC characteristic of continuous phase modulation (CPM), which is an attractive modulation scheme candidate for WSNs because of its constant envelope property. We first develop an EC model for the sensor nodes of WSNs by considering the circuits and a typical communication protocol that relies on automatic repeat request (ARQ)-based retransmissions to ensure successful data delivery. Then, we use this model to analyze the EC characteristic of CPM under various configurations of modulation parameters. Furthermore, we compare the EC characteristic of CPM with that of other representative modulation schemes, such as offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which are commonly used in communication protocols of WSNs. Our analysis and simulation results provide insights into the EC characteristics of multiple modulation schemes in the context of WSNs; thus, they are beneficial for designing energy-efficient SG-IoT in the beyond-5G (B5G) and the 6G era.

Energy Balance of Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting.

The internet of things (IoT) makes it possible to measure physical variables and acquire data in places that were impossible a few years ago, such as transmission lines and electrical substations. Monitoring and fault diagnosis strategies can then be applied. A battery or an energy harvesting system charging a rechargeable battery typically powers IoT devices. The energy harvesting unit and rechargeable battery supply the sensors and wireless communications modules. Therefore, the energy harvesting unit must be correctly sized to optimize the availability and reliability of IoT devices. This paper applies a power balance of the entire IoT device, including the energy harvesting module that includes two thermoelectric generators and a DC-DC converter, the battery, and the sensors and communication modules. Due to the small currents typical of the different communication phases and their fast-switching nature, it is not trivial to measure the energy in each phase, requiring very specific instrumentation. This work shows that using conventional instrumentation it is possible to measure the energy involved in the different modes of communication. A detailed energy balance of the battery is also carried out during charge and discharge cycles, as well as communication modes, from which the maximum allowable data transfer rate is determined. The approach presented here can be generalized to many other smart grid IoT devices.

Analysis of Challenges and Solutions of IoT in Smart Grids Using AI and Machine Learning Techniques: A Review

With the assistance of machine learning, difficult tasks can be completed entirely on their own. In a smart grid (SG), computers and mobile devices may make it easier to control the interior temperature, monitor security, and perform routine maintenance. The Internet of Things (IoT) is used to connect the various components of smart buildings. As the IoT concept spreads, SGs are being integrated into larger networks. The IoT is an important part of SGs because it provides services that improve everyone’s lives. It has been established that the current life support systems are safe and effective at sustaining life. The primary goal of this research is to determine the motivation for IoT device installation in smart buildings and the grid. From this vantage point, the infrastructure that supports IoT devices and the components that comprise them is critical. The remote configuration of smart grid monitoring systems can improve the security and comfort of building occupants. Sensors are required to operate and monitor everything from consumer electronics to SGs. Network-connected devices should consume less energy and be remotely monitorable. The authors’ goal is to aid in the development of solutions based on AI, IoT, and SGs. Furthermore, the authors investigate networking, machine intelligence, and SG. Finally, we examine research on SG and IoT. Several IoT platform components are subject to debate. The first section of this paper discusses the most common machine learning methods for forecasting building energy demand. The authors then discuss IoT and how it works, in addition to the SG and smart meters, which are required for receiving real-time energy data. Then, we investigate how the various SG, IoT, and ML components integrate and operate using a simple architecture with layers organized into entities that communicate with one another via connections.

A Survey on IoT-Enabled Smart Grids: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, and Challenges

The state of the power system has changed over the last decades. Recently, the power system has faced several challenges and issues. On the one side, demands for electrical energy are increasing day-by-day, with power losses, grid failure, and lack of smart technology; on the other side, security threats are also increasing. The current power grid cannot deal with these issues. The Internet of things (IoT) has grown quickly in a very short time because of its main features. By using IoT in the power grid, we can enhance the conventional grid’s efficiency, capacity, reliability, sustainability, scalability, and stability. Using the IoT in smart grids resolves the numerous problems faced by current smart grids. According to the latest research on IoT-enabled smart grid (SG) systems, security issues have been identified as one of the key problems. This paper reviews the different security aspects and applications while integrating the IoT with smart grids and discusses various frameworks. Apart from this, we also focus on various IoT and non-IoT technologies used in the smart grid network, such as sensing, communication, and computing technologies, as well as their standards.

Optimal energy management in smart grid with internet of things using hybrid technique

This paper proposes an energy management system (EMS) in smart grid based on Internet of Things (IoT) configuration using hybrid approach. The proposed approach is joint execution of Multi-fidelity meta-optimization and Turbulent Flow of water based optimization (TFWO), hence it is known as M2FWO technique. The main objective of this proposed EMS is to better manage power with the resources of Smart Grid by constantly monitoring data from the IoT-based communication framework. Here, each home device is connected to data acquisition module is utilized to facilitate the demand response (DR) growth for energy management system in smart grid. The framework collects DR from every smart home device and then transmits the data to the centralized server. The transmitting data is enabled by M2FWO method. The smart grid IoT framework enhances the feasibility of these networks makes better use of obtainable resources. The proposed system is in charge to satisfy the total supply with energy requirement. Finally, the proposed model is stimulated on MATLAB/Simulink site, then the efficiency is examined with existing methods.

An Adaptive Information Security System for 5G-Enabled Smart Grid Based on Artificial Neural Network and Case-Based Learning Algorithms.

With the deployment of 5G Internet of Things (IoT) in the power system, the efficiency of smart grid is improved by increasing two-way interactions in different layers in smart grid. However, it introduces more attack interfaces that the traditional information security system in smart grid cannot response in time. The neuroscience-inspired models have shown their effectiveness in solving security and optimization problems in smart grid. How to improve the security mechanism in smart grid while taking into account the optimization of data transmission efficiency using neuroscience-inspired algorithms is the problem to be solved in this study. Therefore, an information security system based on artificial neural network (ANN) and improved multiple protection model is proposed. Based on the ANN algorithm, the link state sample space is used to train the model to obtain the optimal transmission path in 5G power communication network. Integrating the intelligent link state module, the zero-trust security protection platform using case-based learning algorithm is designed and taken as the first protection, the network security logical isolation facility is taken as the second protection, and the forward and backward isolation facilities are set as the third protection to achieve the strengthened security of 5G IoT in smart grid. The experimental results show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. In addition, the experimental results also show that the proposed system can resist malicious terminal access, terminal hijacking, data tampering and eavesdropping, protocol fuzzy, and denial-of-service attacks, so as to reduce the security risks of 5G IoT in smart grid. Since the proposed system can be easily integrated into the existing smart grid structure in China, the proposed system can provide a reference for the design and implementation of 5G IoT in smart grid.

Enhanced traffic-adaptive slotted MAC for IoT-based smart monitoring grid

The implementation of a wireless sensor network has been utilized in many applications of urban and rural areas. One such application is smart-grid Internet of Things, (IoT)-based monitoring systems that work on real-time communication. They require an intelligent scheduling mechanism to scrap delay in dynamic traffic flows without undergoing any efficiency loss. This study presents a data-driven TDMA-based paradigm, called traffic-adaptive slot-assignment MAC (TASA-MAC) that supports IoT-channel dynamics in time-critical large-scale monitoring systems while combating the packet delay. The proposed work showcases low run-time scheduler-complexity for low-cost end nodes independent of the network’s scalability owing to TASA-MAC’s optimal fitness-function parameters under intermittent IoT-traffic scenarios, i.e., energy cost and residual energy ratio. The proposed scheduler minimizes the delay of exigency packets while also prompts the system to deliver them before their deadline expiry. The analytical and simulation model of TASA-MAC demonstrates its superiority in terms of moderated delay, packet throughput, and energy demand as compared to the existing models.

Communication Delay Modeling for Wide Area Measurement System in Smart Grid Internet of Things Networks

We present communication frameworks, models, and protocols of smart grid Internet of Things (IoT) networks based on the IEEE and IEC standards. The measurement, control, and monitoring of grid being achieved through phasor measurement unit (PMU) based wide area measurement (WAM) framework. The WAM framework applied the IEEE standard C37.118 phasor exchange protocol to collect grid data from various substation devices. The existing frameworks include the IEC 61850 protocol and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. These protocols have been selected as per the smart grid configuration and communication design. However, the existing frameworks have severe synchronization errors due to the communication delays of IoT networks in the smart grid. Therefore, this article designs the timing mechanism and a delay model to reduce the timing delay and boost real‐time measurement, monitoring, and control performance of the smart grid WAM applications. The result shows that the proposed model outperformed the existing WAM system.

A Review on Smart Grid Internet of Things

Smart electrical network or better known as Smart Grid is one form of transformation and technological reform in the electricity industry. Smart Grid is a modern electrical energy network that intelligently integrates power grids with communications devices that support electricity generation and distribution networks to be more attractive, communicative and qualified. Smart Grid is also able to prevent and to isolate the interference quickly and present information on electrical data in real time. While the Internet of Thing (IoT) is a method that aims to maximize the benefits of internet connectivity to transfer and to process data or information through an internet network wirelessly, virtual and autonomous. IoT technically can be encouraged in developing smart grid network by integrating main power system infrastructure from generating side to end consumer through wireless sensor network automatically. With the utilization of IoT is expected to improve the reliability of information systems from the power grid as well as improve the efficiency of existing electrical infrastructure. This paper will present the concept of smart grid technology, IoT and discuss the IoT design and application model in smart grid network.

Communication in Smart Grids: A Comprehensive Review on the Existing and Future Communication and Information Infrastructures

Advanced information and communication infrastructures are essential to successfully operate smart grids (SGs) and provide efficient, reliable, and sustainable electricity to the customers. After providing the background of the communication paradigm in SGs, a comprehensive survey of the major issues related to the architectures, the key technologies, and the requirements of the SG communication infrastructure are analyzed in this article. The role of cloud computing and Internet of Things in SGs is also discussed. Finally, the standardization, potential applications, and future fruitful research issues of the communication infrastructures of the SGs are classified and discussed.

Internet of Things in Smart Grid: Architecture, Applications, Services, Key Technologies, and Challenges

Internet of Things (IoT) is a connection of people and things at any time, in any place, with anyone and anything, using any network and any service. Thus, IoT is a huge dynamic global network infrastructure of Internet-enabled entities with web services. One of the most important applications of IoT is the Smart Grid (SG). SG is a data communications network which is integrated with the power grid to collect and analyze data that are acquired from transmission lines, distribution substations, and consumers. In this paper, we talk about IoT and SG and their relationship. Some IoT architectures in SG, requirements for using IoT in SG, IoT applications and services in SG, and challenges and future work are discussed.

An Efficient Partially Overlapping Channels Assignment for Smart Grid IoT With Differentiated QoS

In smart grid (SG), internet of things (IoT) has drawn much attention around the years due to increased volume of traffic. Various types of electrical devices in SG demand a differentiated quality of service (QoS). However, the spectrum resource for SG wireless communication is quite limited. The network performance and spectrum utilization in a SG-IoT network can be greatly enhanced by adopting wireless mesh networks (WMNs) with multi-radio multi-channel (MRMC) and partially overlapping channels (POCs). In this paper, a game-based efficient POCs assignment algorithm is proposed to satisfy the diverse QoS and improve the spectrum utilization efficiency. The utility function in the proposed game model is taken both of the differentiated QoS and interference into consideration to optimize the network capacity. Then Nash Equilibrium (NE) of the game model is analyzed, and a variable learning step algorithm (VLSCA) is designed to improve its convergence speed. In the simulations, seven SG application services divided into four priority levels are considered to compare with the other two typical channel assignment algorithms. The results show that our algorithm has better performance to ensure a higher priority level traffic with lower end-to-end delays and packet loss ratios.

Power Transmission and Distribution Monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Grid

In the last decade, much of the attention is made towards introducing the smart systems and appliances to meet the requirement of the century and make life comfortable. During the same period, electric power sector also made the necessary innovation to compensate the demand of today’s electric supply and to make use of electric resources effectively by introducing “Smart-Grid”. The smart grid is a part of transformation and reformation in the power industry sectors. The smart grid is a future modern power system that utilizes internet of thing to monitor, control and create various intelligent communications in the electrical system. In this paper, the author first presents the fundamental architecture of Internet of Things (IoT). They then outline the key technologies of IoT for Smart Grid. Finally, the ideas of applied communication and framework of transmission and distribution monitoring based IoT for Smart Grid is discussed. The deployment of IoT technologies in Power System infrastructures would accelerate the smart grid development and enhance the electricity delivery services becoming more robust, attractive, responsive and communicative.

Intelligent Inspection System on Information Equipment in Smart Grids Based on IOT

To automatically obtain the real-time data of electric power information equipments and improve management level on intelligent inspection, a technical framework based on internet of things (IOT) is provided for information equipment inspection in electric power system. It provids new data sources efficiently and improves intelligent inspection level. Architecure of the proposed three layer framework is given. And key technologies and functions are discussed. Finally three layer software constuct is illustrated. After the upgrading the existing system, the results show inspection system based on IOT is more secure, reliable, and easy to use and maintain. All of these features embody the meticulous management of information equipment. The study accelerates the application of IOT in smart grids.