Small Surface Roughness Research Articles

Comparative Study on Micro-Grinding Performance of 2.5D Cf/SiCs, 2.5D SiCf/SiCs, and SiC Ceramics.

To investigate the micro-grinding process and performance of 2.5D Cf/SiC composites and 2.5D SiCf/SiC composites in depth, single-factor micro-grinding experiments were conducted by using SiC ceramics as a comparison. Differences in the material removal process, surface microstructure, surface roughness, and grinding force of the three materials under the same grinding parameters were comparatively analyzed. The results indicate that crack propagation is severe during the micro-grinding process of SiC ceramics. The ground surface is uneven, accompanied by pit defects and large surface roughness Ra. However, the presence of reinforcing fibers and interfaces in the two types of composites can inhibit crack propagation or change their extension directions. Therefore, their surfaces are smooth and flat after grinding, with small defects and low surface roughness Ra. In addition, the grinding processes of the two composites are both related to fiber orientation. There are differences in crack propagation paths and fiber fracture positions in the weft fiber layer and the radial fiber layer, which result in different forms of grinding defects. During micro-grinding, the real-time force signals of 2.5D Cf/SiC composites and 2.5D SiCf/SiC composites are relatively stable, while the signals of SiC ceramics have a large number of spikes. The average micro-grinding force of the three materials is: SiC ceramics > 2.5D SiCf/SiC composites > 2.5D Cf/SiC composites.

Multi-dimensional ultrasonic-assisted belt grinding on the surface integrity of Inconel 718

In order to meet the requirements of the isotropic high-performance machining of complex surfaces, this paper proposed three-dimensional ultrasonic assisted belt grinding (3D-UABG) method that integrates the advantages of surface strengthening and isotropic machining, analyzed the motion characteristics and surface formation laws. Then, the influence of ultrasonic vibrations on the surface integrity of Inconel 718 was studied by a self-designed 3D-UABG device. Finally, the surface formation mechanism was revealed combined with the surface integrity and abrasive grain motion characteristic. Results showed that compared with conventional abrasive belt grinding (CABG), the abrasive grain in normal-ultrasonic assisted belt grinding (N-UABG) reduced the height of texture peak formed an intermittent texture, which makes it have smallest surface roughness. At the same time, the high-frequency impact of abrasive grains not only increased the surface plastic deformation, but also realized the impact strengthening. Planar two-dimensional ultrasonic assisted belt grinding (2D-UABG) reduced the directionality difference of surface quality. However, the deflection characteristics of abrasive grains make it have a large surface roughness. The 3D-UABG surface has good comprehensive mechanical properties. The abrasive grains have three-dimensional dynamic characteristics in space, which effectively inhibit anisotropic stress state, promote uniform deformation, and helpful to obtain approximately isotropic surface texture and small surface roughness. On the one hand, the in-plane motion characteristics of planar two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration gave grinding surface more uniform surface integrity. On the other hand, the spatial motion trajectory of abrasive grains driven by three-dimensional ultrasonic vibration made it have a slow increased cutting depth, which avoided the tear damage caused by materials plastic accumulation and the large roughness caused by abrasive deflection under large cutting depth. In 3D-UABG, lower feed speed and amplitude and linear velocity matched to grinding parameters contribute to the improved surface integrity. This study has guiding significance for the development and engineering application of ultrasonic-assisted belt grinding technology.

Experimental Research of High-Quality Drilling Based on Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Machining.

Micro-hole is widely used in various fields, and common machining methods of micro-hole in factories are drilling and electrical discharge machining (EDM), but because of low machining efficiency, these methods cannot meet requirements. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate a high efficient micro-hole machining technology to meet the demands of micro-hole machining in factory. Over past few decades, ultrasonic machining technology has developed rapidly and achieved good results in solving many critical machining problems in field of difficult-to-cut materials. Therefore, this paper builds an ultrasonic vibration-assisted drilling (UAD) experiments platform to combine micro-fine small hole drilling with ultrasonic machining technology for micro-hole multi-factor experimental research. Results show that UAD machining of micro-hole below diameter 0.5 mm is comparable to conventional drilling machining because of its high-frequency pulse intermittent cutting process, stable change in machining diameter, good stability of parameters such as shape tolerance roundness and cylindricity, small cutting force during cutting, small tool wear, and small surface roughness of inner wall of micro-hole. Compared with EDM, UAD has high efficiency and good stability of parameters such as diameter and roundness of shape tolerance. Comprehensive analysis of UAD can be used as an alternative technology solution for machining small holes in non-special requirements of metal materials in factory and has technical feasibility of stable batch production.

Morphology-Dependent Interaction of Silica Nanoparticles with Intestinal Cells: Connecting Shape to Barrier Function.

The intestinal compartment ensures nutrient absorption and barrier function against pathogens. Despite decades of research on the complexity of the gut, the adaptive potential to physical cues, such as those derived from interaction with particles of different shapes, remains less understood. Taking advantage of the technological versatility of silica nanoparticles, spherical, rod-shaped, and virus-like materials were synthesized. Morphology-dependent interactions were studied on differentiated Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 cells. Contributions of shape, aspect ratio, surface roughness, and size were evaluated considering the influence of the mucus layer and intracellular uptake pathways. Small particle size and surface roughness favored the highest penetration through the mucus but limited interaction with the cell monolayer and efficient internalization. Particles of a larger aspect ratio (rod-shaped) seemed to privilege paracellular permeation and increased cell-cell distances, albeit without hampering barrier integrity. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and chemical modulation of cell junctions effectively tuned these responses, confirming morphology-specific interactions elicited by bioinspired silica nanomaterials.

Secondary electron emission of B-doped/undoped double-layer heteroepitaxial single crystal diamond film

A B-doped/undoped double-layer single crystal diamond structure was proposed to enhance secondary electron emission (SEE), and the double-layer single crystal diamond film was heteroepitaxially grown on MgO substrate by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The crystal quality, surface morphology and conductivity of the film were studied. It is found that the film has high crystal quality, the full width at half maximum of X-ray diffraction rocking curve is 0.14°, and the surface roughness is small. For these reasons, the B-doped/undoped double-layer single crystal diamond film has better SEE performance than the B-doped/undoped double-layer polycrystalline diamond film. At the incident electron energy of 2 keV, the SEE yield of B-doped/undoped double-layer single crystal diamond reached 22.4. The physical model calculation results indicate that at a low B doping concentration, less sp2 carbon and smaller surface roughness are beneficial to improve the SEE yield.

Phase purity and surface morphology of high-Jc superconducting Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ thin films

Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) thin films with thicknesses less than 50 nm (<20 unit cells) are grown by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) onto (001) LaAlO3 (LAO) single crystal substrates. Phase-pure and smooth c-axis oriented Bi-2212 films with optimal oxygen doping, critical temperature Tc0 up to 86 K, and critical current density Jc(60 K) above 1 MA/cm2 are obtained for samples that are annealed in situ at temperatures below 700 °C. At higher temperature Bi-2212 films on LAO substrates partially decompose to non-superconducting impurity phases, while films on MgO and SrTiO3 substrates are stable. The broadening ΔTc of the metal-to-superconductor resistive phase transition in magnetic fields is much larger for thin films of Bi-2212 as compared to YBa2Cu3O7. The magnetic field-induced suppression of Tc0 is stronger for Bi-2212 films containing impurity phases as compared to the phase-pure Bi-2212 films. The degradation of LAO substrate crystals after several steps of deposition and chemical removal of the Bi-2212 layer is investigated. New, commercially prepared substrates provide Bi-2212 films with smallest surface roughness (3 nm) and strong out-of-plane texture. However, thin films of almost the same quality are obtained on re-used LAO substrates that are mechanically polished after the chemical etching.

Low-temperature plasma nitriding at 500°C on surface-nanocrystalline Ti–4Al–2V alloy

Both surface nanocrystallization and high temperature favor nitrogen diffusion during plasma nitriding, but the surface nanostructure may be destroyed by high temperature to lose its diffusion-enhancing effect. In this paper, the combined effect of surface nanocrystallization by shot peening (SP) and nitriding temperature on the plasma nitriding of Ti–4Al–2V titanium alloy was studied. The results show that the interaction of nanocrystallization and temperature on plasma nitriding balanced best at 500 °C of the Ti–4Al–2V sample shot peened at both 0.2 MPa-10 min and 0.6 MPa-10 min. At this temperature, the surface nanocrystalline had maintained its thermal stability to some extent and played the greatest role in promoting nitrogen diffusion by more grain boundaries and a thickest nitrided layer was obtained on the SPed sample. The SPed sample nitrided at 500 °C exhibited better corrosion resistance and interface adhesion than the coarse-grained sample due to its denser/thicker nitrided layer and the retained gradient structure. In addition, the effect of surface roughness under different SP pressures on the corrosion resistance and adhesion of the nitrided layer was also concerned. A small surface roughness obtained under a low SP pressure was beneficial to improve the corrosion resistance and reflect the true adhesion of the nitrided layer.

Surface Properties of Global Land Surface Microwave Emissivity Derived from FY-3D/MWRI Measurements

Land surface microwave emissivity is crucial to the accurate retrieval of surface and atmospheric parameters and the assimilation of microwave data into numerical models over land. The microwave radiation imager (MWRI) sensors aboard on Chinese FengYun-3 (FY-3) series satellites provide valuable measurements for the derivation of global microwave physical parameters. In this study, an approximated microwave radiation transfer equation was used to estimate land surface emissivity from MWRI by using brightness temperature observations along with corresponding land and atmospheric properties obtained from ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Surface microwave emissivity at the 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89 GHz vertical and horizontal polarizations was derived. Then, the global spatial distribution and spectrum characteristics of emissivity over different land cover types were investigated. The seasonal variations of emissivity for different surface properties were presented. Furthermore, the error source was also discussed in our emissivity derivation. The results showed that the estimated emissivity was able to capture the major large-scale features and contains a wealth of information regarding soil moisture and vegetation density. The emissivity increased with the increase in frequency. The smaller surface roughness and increased scattering effect may result in low emissivity. Desert regions showed high emissivity microwave polarization difference index (MPDI) values, which suggested the high contrast between vertical and horizontal microwave signals in this region. The emissivity of the deciduous needleleaf forest in summer was almost the greatest among different land cover types. There was a sharp decrease in the emissivity at 89 GHz in the winter, possibly due to the influence of deciduous leaves and snowfall. The land surface temperature, the radio-frequency interference, and the high-frequency channel under cloudy conditions may be the main error sources in this retrieval. This work showed the potential capabilities of providing continuous and comprehensive global surface microwave emissivity from FY-3 series satellites for a better understanding of its spatiotemporal variability and underlying processes.

Incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles in CoWP coating for improved wear and corrosion resistance via electrodeposition

The CoWP/TiO2 composite coating is prepared by electrodeposition by adding TiO2 nanoparticles in the plating solution. The influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the composition, thickness, roughness, surface morphology, mechanical performance and corrosion resistance of CoWP/TiO2 composite coating is investigated. It is found that adding proper amount of TiO2 nanoparticles in the plating solution can improve the deposition rate, increase the coating thickness, and enhance the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of composite coating. TiO2 nanoparticles in the plating solution can enter the crystal lattice of CoWP alloy and induce heterogeneous nucleation during electrodeposition, which plays the role of refining grain, so as to obtain compact surface morphology with smaller surface roughness. The CoWP/TiO2 composite coating electrodeposited from the plating solution with 15 g/L TiO2 nanoparticles has the best wear resistance and corrosion resistance with the smallest wear scar depth (17.04 µm) and minimum corrosion current density (12.92 μA/cm2). When the TiO2 nanoparticles in the solution are up to 20 g/L, the agglomeration phenomenon of TiO2 nanoparticles inhibits the electrodeposition, resulting in the decline of deposition rate, the increase of alloy surface roughness, and the decrease of wear and corrosion resistance performance.

High-performance metal halide perovskite X-ray detectors fabricated with antisolvent-assisted spray-coating

Metal halide perovskites have gained significant attention as promising materials for ionizing radiation detection due to their facile fabrication process, exceptional optoelectronic properties and high attenuation coefficients. To effectively absorb the incident X-ray photons, thick active layers have been reported and fabricated via spray-coating. However, the conventional spray-coating method is susceptible to various adverse effects, making it challenging to achieve high-quality thick perovskite films. In this work, we propose the use of antisolvent-assisted spray-coating to deposit perovskite films, which results in small surface roughness, thick films on various substrates. The slow growth of the thick film and the ability to regulate its crystallization through the modulation of processing atmosphere were also carefully studied. The optimized X-ray detector demonstrated a sensitivity of up to 3370.8 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, demonstrating its great potential for X-ray detection applications.

Effect of load application method on thermal contact resistance and uniformity of temperature distribution

Traditionally, the research on thermal contact resistance based on real rough surfaces is often limited to the uniform load. This study investigated the effects of the material, surface roughness, pressure load, and temperature on the thermal contact resistance and contact interface temperature distribution non-uniformity under a concentrated load. First, rough surfaces with different surface roughness degrees were generated by using a random generation method, and microscopic contact numerical models of three different materials were established. Then, the real contact area of different pressure loads under uniform and concentrated loads were calculated. Finally, heat transfer analysis was performed at different temperatures based on the microcontact state, the thermal contact resistance and the contact interface temperature distribution non-uniformity were calculated. Compared with the uniform load, the thermal contact resistance and the non-uniformity of the temperature distribution were improved under the concentrated load, and the effect was more obvious under the conditions of a large pressure load and small surface roughness degree. In addition, it was found that the uniformity of the temperature distribution on the contact surface was proportional to the real contact area and temperature instead of the thermal contact resistance except when the real contact area was very small.

Examination of proper impurity doping and annealing conditions for solution processed Ga2O3 thin films

We investigated a method to improve the resistivity of Ga2O3 thin films using a wet-process and controlling the Sn-doping conditions. Undoped and Sn-doped single layer Ga2O3 thin films were prepared by changing the solution concentration, the annealing time, the rate of temperature rise, and the speed of the sample rotation in spin coating during deposition. As a result, the films were deposited uniformly with good crystallinity and transmittance and relatively small surface roughness. To improve the resistivity by another Sn-doping method, we prepared bilayer samples consisting of undoped Ga2O3 and SnO2 layers in which Sn atoms can diffuse into the Ga2O3 layer through annealing, i.e. the drive-in diffusion method. Although the changed resistivity, X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscope, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy measurements revealed that Al diffused from the sapphire substrate, indicating a mixed β-(Ga,Al)2O3 was prepared. By changing the annealing temperature to 800 °C, Al diffusion was suppressed and pure Ga2O3 thin films were prepared. After investigating various conditions of the annealing atmosphere, we found that samples annealed in a nitrogen atmosphere for both Ga2O3 and SnO2 showed the lowest resistivity.

Optimization of optical and structural properties of Al2O3/TiO2 nano-laminates deposited by atomic layer deposition for optical coating.

Optimizing the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process of films is particularly important in preparing multilayer interference films. In this work, a series of Al2O3/TiO2 nano-laminates with a fixed growth cycle ratio of 1:10 were deposited on Si and fused quartz substrates at 300 °C by ALD. The optical properties, crystallization behavior, surface appearance and microstructures of those laminated layers were systematically investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry, spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscopy. By inserting Al2O3 interlayers into TiO2 layers, the crystallization of the TiO2 is reduced and the surface roughness becomes smaller. The TEM images show that excessively dense distribution of Al2O3 intercalation leads to the appearance of TiO2 nodules, which in turn leads to increased roughness. The Al2O3/TiO2 nano-laminate with a cycle ratio 40:400 has relatively small surface roughness. Additionally, oxygen-deficient defects exist at the interface of Al2O3 and TiO2, leading to evident absorption. Using O3 as an oxidant instead of H2O for depositing Al2O3 interlayers was verified to be effective in reducing absorption during broadband antireflective coating experiments.

Analysis of Contact Characteristics of Rough Surface/Microporous For Flat Friction Pair

The rough surface has serious friction, wear and thermal damage during the sliding friction process in engineering applications, which leads to the failure of the friction pair. The rough surface contact is simplified into a rough surface with fractal properties and an ideal plane. The interaction between the asperities of the contacting body and the coupling effect of frictional heat flow at the frictional interface is considered. The impact of contact pressure and temperature rise between microporous model and non porous model on rough surface was compared, as well as the impact of Sa on the area, contact pressure and temperature rise of the friction pair. The results show that in the process of uniform sliding friction, when the asperities pass through the micropores, the asperities are embedded in the edge of the micropores so that the peak contact pressure increases, cutting occurs, and the deformation is affected by the interaction between the micropores and the asperities. The position of the highest pressure point is not fixed due to the deformation of the asperity, which improves the force of the asperity, and the micro-hole reduces the contact zone, thereby reducing the contact of the asperity and the pressure extreme point and reducing the pressure.Micropores reduce the temperature and enhance the wear condition of the end face. Small surface roughness can decrease the risk of end face wear.

Improved Performance of All-Inorganic Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes via Nanostructured Stamp Imprinting.

Halide perovskites are emerging emitters with excellent optoelectronic properties. Contrary to the large grain fabrication goal in perovskite solar cells, perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on small grain enable efficient radiative recombination because of relatively higher charge carrier densities due to spatial confinement. However, achieving small-sized grain growth with superior crystal quality and film morphology remains a challenge. In this work, we demonstrated a nanostructured stamp thermal imprinting strategy to boost the surface coverage and improve the crystalline quality of CsPbBr3 film, particularly confine the grain size, leading to the improvement of luminance and efficiency of PeLEDs. We improved the thermal imprinting process utilizing the nanostructured stamp to selectively manipulate the nucleation and growth in the nanoscale region and acquire small-sized grain accompanied by improved crystal quality and surface morphology of the film. By optimizing the imprinting pressure and the period of the nanostructures, appropriate grain size, high surface coverage, small surface roughness and improved crystallization could be achieved synchronously. Finally, the maximum luminance and efficiency of PeLEDs achieved by nanostructured stamp imprinting with a period of 320 nm are 67600 cd/m2 and 16.36 cd/A, respectively. This corresponds to improvements of 123 % in luminance and 100 % in efficiency, compared to that of PeLEDs without the imprinting.

Improved tensile properties, stable microstructures and isotropic deformation of nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel

The tensile properties of nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel plate (NSSP-304) produced by severe rolling technology and its conventional polycrystalline 304 stainless steel (CPSS-304) counterpart were studied at room temperature. The microstructures of fractured NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 were characterized. NSSP-304 had enough ductility (elongation 34.5%), larger strengths, elastic strain and the reduction of area despite its smaller volume fraction of strain-induced α′-martensite (SIM) and no obvious work hardening. The deformation of NSSP-304 was more isotropic, its microstructures were more stable and homogeneous during tensile process due to the following results about fractured NSSP-304: (1) the narrower variation amplitude of surface micro-hardness along and perpendicular tensile directions; (2) the smaller void density and few surface micro-cracks; (3) the smaller surface roughness and roughness variation, and their narrower fluctuation ranges at three directions; (4) only micro-cracks without macro-cracks around NSSP-304 fracture; (5) its smaller volume fraction of SIM. The voids in CPSS-304 initiated around MnS inclusion, at grain boundaries, triple junctions, the boundaries of austenite and martensite phases, and in the two phases. They became micro-cracks within their original positions and macro-cracks by passing through different grains. The voids in NSSP-304 initiated at grain boundaries, triple junctions and the boundaries of the two phases. They became micro- and macro-cracks by passing through different grain boundaries. The MnS inclusion in NSSP-304 scarcely influenced its tensile deformation. The fracture mechanisms of NSSP-304 and CPSS-304 were the intergranular fracture, and the mixture of intergranular and transgranular fracture respectively.

Novel hexameric tin carboxylate clusters as efficient negative-tone EUV photoresists: high resolution with well-defined patterns under low energy doses.

Synthesis of two novel tin carboxylate clusters (RSn)6(R'CO2)8O4Cl2 is described, and their structures have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. These clusters have irregular ladder geometry to form very smooth films with small surface roughness (RMS <0.7 nm) over a large domain. EUV lithography can be used to resolve half pitches (HPs) in the order of 15-16 nm with line width roughness (LWR = 4.5-6.0 nm) using small doses (20-90 mJ cm-2). Cluster 1 (R = n-butyl; R'CO2 = 2-methyl-3-butenoate) contains only a radical precursor and cluster 2 (R = vinyl, R'CO2 = 2-methylbutyrate) bears both a radical precursor and an acceptor; the latter is much better than the former in EUV and e-beam photosensitivity. For these clusters, the mechanisms of EUV irradiation have been elucidated with high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS) and reflective Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At low EUV doses, two clusters undergo a Sn-Cl bond cleavage together with a typical decarboxylation to generate carbon radicals. The n-butyl groups of cluster 1 are prone to cleavage whereas the vinyl-Sn bonds of species 2 are inert toward EUV irradiation; participation of radical polymerization is evident for the latter.

Study on electrodeposition of CoNiW coating on 1045 steel as piston ring materials and its wear resistance performance

The CoNiW alloy coating is electrodeposited on the 1045 steel as piston ring materials by electrodeposition method to greatly improve the wear resistance performance. The electrodeposition of CoNiW belongs to a kind of induced co-deposition. The tungstate ions in the plating solution are beneficial to increase the deposition mass. Moreover, tungsten atoms could occupy the lattice junction of nickel and cobalt atoms to generate lattice distortion, which will reduce the grain size, decrease the surface roughness and improve the wear resistance performance. Compared with Co coating and CoNi coating, the CoNiW electrodeposited coating has the best wear resistance performance with the smallest surface roughness (0.179 µm) and the thinnest wear scar (7.4 µm average depth).

Thermocapillary Patterning of Highly Uniform Microarrays by Resonant Wavelength Excitation

For decades, researchers have been exploring pattern-forming instabilities in free surface thin films in the hope of developing alternative lithographic techniques for applications only requiring resolution limits in the submicron range. Previous studies have shown how the pitch and shape of elements in an array can be varied by adjusting the magnitude of surface forces and growth time prior to solidification in situ. Since the formations emerge naturally from an initial flat molten film, the final arrays exhibit ultrasmooth interfaces and are therefore ideally suited to beam-shaping applications such as thin-film micro-optics. Progress in this field has stalled, however, due to the very nature of the formation process. Even when great care is taken to ensure that initial films are defect-free, final arrays still exhibit unacceptable variability in pitch, shape, and height due to ubiquitous sources of noise responsible for instability and growth. In this work, we focus on a thermocapillary instability in slender molten films exposed to a very large thermal gradient. We begin with a discussion and demonstration of why this instability inextricably leads to highly disordered arrays even if initialized by a film with very small amplitude surface roughness. We then demonstrate how spatially periodic modulation of the thermal field, implemented in three different ways, can induce synchronous growth of highly uniform periodic arrays despite noisy initial conditions. Results based on linear and weakly nonlinear stability analysis, Bloch wave analysis, and direct numerical simulation of the interface equation reveal how resonant wavelength excitations occurring between the modulation and instability driving fields are responsible for such rapid and coherent growth. An additional benefit is that the modulation field can be selected to yield an array pitch much smaller than in unmodulated systems.

Desirability Function Analysis (DFA) in Multiple Responses Optimization of Abrasive Water Jet Cutting Process

This paper introduces optimization of machining parameters for high-pressure abrasive water jet cutting of Hardox 500 steel utilizing desirability function analysis (DFA). The tests were carried out according to the orthogonal matrix (Taguchi) L9. The control parameters of the process such as pressure, abrasive flow rate, and traverse speed was optimized under multi-response conditions namely cutting depth and surface roughness. The optimal set of control parameters was established on the basis of the composite desirability value obtained from desirability function analysis and the significance of these parameters was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The effects show that optimal sets for high cutting depth and small surface roughness is high pressure, middle abrasive flow rate, and small traverse speed. A confirmation test was also leaded to validate the test results. Results of the research have shown that machining efficiency at keeping good level quality of cut surface can be improved this approach.