Small Size Objects Research Articles

High-Speed Object Tracking with Its Application in Golf Playing

This paper presents a new high-speed object tracking algorithm and applies it in tracking high-speed golf balls. Several challenges are encountered in tracking this kind of small-size and high-speed objects; these challenges include: (1) the motion speed (up to 200km/h) of the object is extremely fast that the image captured by the camera can become easily blurred; (2) the size of the objects is small and there is not enough texture feature on the surface of the objects; (3) high-speed objects typically move in outdoor environments, which have complex backgrounds and the light conditions; and (4) a balance between robustness and real-time efficiency is difficult to achieve. There is no existing method can directly solve all these problems. To address these problems, a novel real-time visual tracking algorithm and system are developed that can realize high-speed small object tracking and trajectory predication. The frame difference method was employed to segment the moving objects from the background. The motion blurred object can be detected by applying the proposed object recognition method using multi-features (geometry features and object motion features). Different from the state of the art tracking algorithms, the motion blurring feature was also considered as a feature of the high-speed object, and the tracking robustness of the proposed algorithm does not rely on the texture feature of the tracking objects. To realize real-time efficiency, a region of interest predicting and updating method was proposed that can shrink the processing area of the frames and achieve a high frame rate. Combining visual servoing technology and aerodynamics, the trajectory of the high-speed object can be predicted. The high-speed golf ball tracking experiments were conducted to demonstrate the tracking efficiency and robustness of the algorithm.

Detection of high-speed small-size objects and flashing optical elements in the ultraviolet range

Problems of using systems in the ultraviolet (UV) range are considered, in particular, for detection of high-speed small objects and flashing optical elements against the background of the Earth’s surface. The results of the experimental estimation of the effective reflecting area (ERA) of supersonic objects are presented using the example of an artillery shell in the solar-blind UV range of optical radiation. The possibility of developing hardware for the implementation of such systems is considered.

Waveguide lasers of the LCD series and some features of their application

The influence of various factors on the stability of the performance parameters of compact CO2 waveguide lasers (the LCD series) produced by Plazma JSC (Russia) has been considered for the first time. An angular misalignment of cavity mirrors was found to be the main reason for the relative instability of laser emission in the frequency range of 0–0.5Hz. These lasers work under RF excitation and have a power output from 3 to 50W in a non-selective oscillating mode. Lasers can work at a fixed emission wavelength or in the wavelength-change mode. Preprogrammed dynamic control of the laser's emission spectrum can be carried out in the automatic mode using the built-in servo driver from a personal computer. The CO2 waveguide lasers of the LCD series can be used in laser lidar systems, particularly, for observation of small-sized objects and environmental monitoring.

Geometry and Inverse Kinematic at the MP3R Mobile Systems

The development and diversification of machines and mechanisms with applications in all fields require new scientific researches for the systematization and improvement of existing mechanical systems by creating new mechanisms adapted to modern requirements, which involve increasingly complex topological structures. The modern industry, the practice of designing and building machinery is increasingly based on the results of scientific and applied research. Each industrial achievement has backed theoretical and experimental computer-assisted research, which solves increasingly complex problems with advanced computing programs using an increasingly specialized software. The robotization of technological processes determines and influences the emergence of new industries, applications under special environmental conditions, the approach of new types of technological operations, manipulation of objects in the alien space, teleoperators in the top disciplines like medicine, robots covering a whole field greater service provision in our modern, computerized society. Movable, robotic, mechatronic mechanical systems have entered nearly all industrial spheres. Today, we can no longer conceive of industrial production without these extremely useful systems. They are still said to steal from people's jobs. Even so, it should be made clear that these systems create value, work in difficult, repetitive, non-pausing, high-quality work, without getting tired, without getting sick, without salary, and producing value who are paid and people left without jobs, so that they can work elsewhere in more pleasant, more advantageous conditions, with the necessary breaks. In other words, robots do not destroy people but help them in the process of work. Let us not remember the fact that in some environments people could not even work. In fact, the robot's profitability for work without stopping, repetitive, and qualitative, is no longer in question. In addition, there are many heavy operations that are absolutely necessary for the presence of robots. You can not create microchips with people directly without interposing the robot. Man can not directly work with objects of such small size. Neither difficult medical operations can be designed without robotic mechatronic systems. The most used robotic mechanical mechanical systems are the anthropomorphic ones in the class of serial systems. To this we have studied the direct kinematics in previous castings, and in this paper we are going to study the inverse kinematics.

Cloaking an Arbitrary Object via Anomalous Localized Resonance: The Cloak is Independent of the Object

In this paper, we present various schemes of cloaking an arbitrary object via anomalous localized resonance and provide their analysis in two and three dimensions. This is a way to cloak an object using negative index materials in which the cloaking device is independent of the object. As a result, we show that in the two dimensional quasi-static regime an annular plasmonic structure of coefficient $-1$ cloaks small but finite size objects nearby. We also discuss its connections with superlensing and cloaking using complementary media. In particular, we confirm the possibility that a lens can act like a cloak and conversely. This possibility was raised about a decade ago in the literature.

ЧИСЛЕННАЯ МОДЕЛЬ МАКРОВЯЗКОГО РАЗРУШЕНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СТАЛЕЙ МАГИСТРАЛЬНЫХ ГАЗОПРОВОДОВ

The paper discusses computer modeling of an extensive crack propagating in a gas pipeline, which (the modeling) plays an important role in determining resistivity of pipe steels to various types of failure. A modified local Gurson-Tvergaard- Niedelman (GTNm) model is presented which makes it possible to describe straight and oblique cuts, as well as a combination thereof, in viscous failure of small-size objects (bars, plates, shells). Details of the implementation of the GTNm model in the parallel FE computer program DANKO (developed in Russian Federal Nuclear Center - All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics) are given. Parameters of the GTNm model have been determined based on laboratory experiments with specimens of a pipe steel of the K65 strength class. Numerical examples are given, demonstrating “working efficiency” of the GTNm model. The results are designed for numerically studying deformation, failure of specimens during tests, dynamic crack propagation in a pipeline. Keywords: steels of gas mains, small-dimension objects, viscous failure, oblique cuts, computer modeling, finite element method, modified local Gurson − Tvergaard − Niedelman (GTNm) model.

The HURRA filter: An easy method to eliminate collimator artifacts in high-energy gamma camera images

PurposeThe correct determination and delineation of tumor/organ size is crucial in 2-D imaging in 131I therapy. These images are usually obtained using a system composed of a Gamma camera and high-energy collimator, although the system can produce artifacts in the image. This article analyses these artifacts and describes a correction filter that can eliminate those collimator artifacts. MethodsUsing free software, ImageJ, a central profile in the image is obtained and analyzed. Two components can be seen in the fluctuation of the profile: one associated with the stochastic nature of the radiation, plus electronic noise and the other periodically across the position in space due to the collimator. These frequencies are analytically obtained and compared with the frequencies in the Fourier transform of the profile. A specially developed filter removes the artifacts in the 2D Fourier transform of the DICOM image. This filter is tested using a 15-cm-diameter Petri dish with 131I radioactive water (big object size) image, a 131I clinical pill (small object size) image, and an image of the remainder of the lesion of two patients treated with 3.7GBq (100mCi), and 4.44GBq (120mCi) of 131I, respectively, after thyroidectomy. ResultsThe artifact is due to the hexagonal periodic structure of the collimator. The use of the filter on large-sized images reduces the fluctuation by 5.8–3.5%. In small-sized images, the FWHM can be determined in the filtered image, while this is impossible in the unfiltered image. The definition of tumor boundary and the visualization of the activity distribution inside patient lesions improve drastically when the filter is applied to the corresponding images obtained with HE gamma camera. ConclusionThe HURRA filter removes the artifact of high-energy collimator artifacts in planar images obtained with a Gamma camera without reducing the image resolution. It can be applied in any study of patient quantification because the number of counts remains invariant. The filter makes possible the definition and delimitation of small uptakes, such as those presented in treatments with 131I.

Single-pixel interior filling function approach for detecting and correcting errors in particle tracking

We present a general method for detecting and correcting biases in the outputs of particle-tracking experiments. Our approach is based on the histogram of estimated positions within pixels, which we term the single-pixel interior filling function (SPIFF). We use the deviation of the SPIFF from a uniform distribution to test the veracity of tracking analyses from different algorithms. Unbiased SPIFFs correspond to uniform pixel filling, whereas biased ones exhibit pixel locking, in which the estimated particle positions concentrate toward the centers of pixels. Although pixel locking is a well-known phenomenon, we go beyond existing methods to show how the SPIFF can be used to correct errors. The key is that the SPIFF aggregates statistical information from many single-particle images and localizations that are gathered over time or across an ensemble, and this information augments the single-particle data. We explicitly consider two cases that give rise to significant errors in estimated particle locations: undersampling the point spread function due to small emitter size and intensity overlap of proximal objects. In these situations, we show how errors in positions can be corrected essentially completely with little added computational cost. Additional situations and applications to experimental data are explored in SI Appendix In the presence of experimental-like shot noise, the precision of the SPIFF-based correction achieves (and can even exceed) the unbiased Cramér-Rao lower bound. We expect the SPIFF approach to be useful in a wide range of localization applications, including single-molecule imaging and particle tracking, in fields ranging from biology to materials science to astronomy.

About the problems and methods for finding of small size objects in the image

This work is devoted to the development of a new system of search and identification unmanned vehicle using a machine vision system, namely of guidance system. The problem of automatic aerial target recognition based on of the digital filtering streaming video and questions of informative signature formation. Machine vision systems are used for the treatment and recognition of different images obtained from a camera. A vision system is a means of tracking, monitoring and automatic decision-making in certain situations. This article discusses of design features of guidance system for unmanned aerial vehicle. The guidance system operates in real time. Is proposed detection algorithm of small-sized unmanned aerial vehicle. From the results obtained, generated control command for the guidance the unmanned aircraft to target. The main objective of the search algorithm and identification of air targets, there is a search for the reference point of the desired geometric object. To find the sought point of the contour, the used to group of digital filters for three channels of streaming video. Represented and implemented algorithm the block guidance when using frame difference. The proposed algorithm for finding of small objects can detect moving objects according to the optical sensor to the changing position of the optical sensor. The work concludes by demonstrating the proposed algorithm.

Characteristics of small-sized space debris objects using Terskol observatory measurements

The Zeiss-2000 telescope of the International Center for Astronomic and Medico-Ecological Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Terskol observatory), with a 2-meter aperture is the largest optical instrument in Europe that is regularly used for investigating space debris in the vicinity of the geostationary orbit. One of the main objectives is to detect and characterize small fragments of space debris that are difficult to approach for other telescopes. During each photometric night, we usually detect four to five unknown fragments of 17th to 20th magnitude. This article provides orbital parameters and physical characteristics of several small-sized fragments of space debris that were detected during observations at Terskol observatory in 2014–2015.

Both vision-for-perception and vision-for-action follow Weber's law at small object sizes, but violate it at larger sizes

According to a previous report, the visual coding of size does not obey Weber's law when aimed at guiding a grasp (Ganel et al., 2008a). This result has been interpreted as evidence for a fundamental difference between sensory processing in vision-for-perception, which needs to compress a wide range of physical objects to a restricted range of percepts, and vision-for-action when applied to the much narrower range of graspable and reachable objects. We compared finger aperture in a motor task (precision grip) and perceptual task (cross modal matching or "manual estimation" of the object's size). Crucially, we tested the whole range of graspable objects. We report that both grips and estimations clearly violate Weber's law with medium-to-large objects, but are essentially consistent with Weber's law with smaller objects. These results differ from previous characterizations of perception-action dissociations in the precision of representations of object size. Implications for current functional interpretations of the dorsal and ventral processing streams in the human visual system are discussed.

The HURRA filter: An easy method to eliminate collimator artifacts in high-energy gamma camera images.

The correct determination and delineation of tumor/organ size is crucial in 2-D imaging in 131I therapy. These images are usually obtained using a system composed of a Gamma camera and high-energy collimator, although the system can produce artifacts in the image. This article analyses these artifacts and describes a correction filter that can eliminate those collimator artifacts. Using free software, ImageJ, a central profile in the image is obtained and analyzed. Two components can be seen in the fluctuation of the profile: one associated with the stochastic nature of the radiation, plus electronic noise and the other periodically across the position in space due to the collimator. These frequencies are analytically obtained and compared with the frequencies in the Fourier transform of the profile. A specially developed filter removes the artifacts in the 2D Fourier transform of the DICOM image. This filter is tested using a 15-cm-diameter Petri dish with 131I radioactive water (big object size) image, a 131I clinical pill (small object size) image, and an image of the remainder of the lesion of two patients treated with 3.7GBq (100mCi), and 4.44GBq (120mCi) of 131I, respectively, after thyroidectomy. The artifact is due to the hexagonal periodic structure of the collimator. The use of the filter on large-sized images reduces the fluctuation by 5.8-3.5%. In small-sized images, the FWHM can be determined in the filtered image, while this is impossible in the unfiltered image. The definition of tumor boundary and the visualization of the activity distribution inside patient lesions improve drastically when the filter is applied to the corresponding images obtained with HE gamma camera. The HURRA filter removes the artifact of high-energy collimator artifacts in planar images obtained with a Gamma camera without reducing the image resolution. It can be applied in any study of patient quantification because the number of counts remains invariant. The filter makes possible the definition and delimitation of small uptakes, such as those presented in treatments with 131I.

Coherent diffraction imaging by moving a lens.

A moveable lens is used for determining amplitude and phase on the object plane. The extended fractional Fourier transform is introduced to address the single lens imaging. We put forward a fast algorithm for the transform by convolution. Combined with parallel iterative phase retrieval algorithm, it is applied to reconstruct the complex amplitude of the object. Compared with inline holography, the implementation of our method is simple and easy. Without the oversampling operation, the computational load is less. Also the proposed method has a superiority of accuracy over the direct focusing measurement for the imaging of small size objects.

Calculation of the Precession of the Perihelion of Mercury’s Orbit Within the Framework of a Generalized Law of Universal Gravitation with Refined Data

The precession of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit for 100 years in the gravitational field of the Sun and the planets has been numerically modeled within the framework of a generalized law of universal gravitation with refined data on the parameters of the orbits of the planets (including the asteroid belt and Pluto), and also the gravitational constant and with a smaller iteration step (0.0002 s). The calculations were performed with enhanced computational accuracy. It has been shown that the average precession of Mercury’s orbit in 100 years within the framework of the generalized law of universal gravitation comprises ~565.3''. This is less than the observed shift of the perihelion by about 8.8''. The observed shift of the perihelion, as is well known, comprises ~574.1''. It is not ruled out that inside Mercury’s orbit some unknown undetected object (or several such objects) of small size remains to be found.

Sharp and round shapes of seen objects have distinct influences on vowel and consonant articulation.

The shape and size-related sound symbolism phenomena assume that, for example, the vowel [i] and the consonant [t] are associated with sharp-shaped and small-sized objects, whereas [ɑ] and [m] are associated with round and large objects. It has been proposed that these phenomena are mostly based on the involvement of articulatory processes in representing shape and size properties of objects. For example, [i] might be associated with sharp and small objects, because it is produced by a specific front-close shape of articulators. Nevertheless, very little work has examined whether these object properties indeed have impact on speech sound vocalization. In the present study, the participants were presented with a sharp- or round-shaped object in a small or large size. They were required to pronounce one out of two meaningless speech units (e.g., [i] or [ɑ]) according to the size or shape of the object. We investigated how a task-irrelevant object property (e.g., the shape when responses are made according to size) influences reaction times, accuracy, intensity, fundamental frequency, and formant 1 and formant 2 of vocalizations. The size did not influence vocal responses but shape did. Specifically, the vowel [i] and consonant [t] were vocalized relatively rapidly when the object was sharp-shaped, whereas [u] and [m] were vocalized relatively rapidly when the object was round-shaped. The study supports the view that the shape-related sound symbolism phenomena might reflect mapping of the perceived shape with the corresponding articulatory gestures.

Cloud object analysis of CERES Aqua observations of tropical and subtropical cloud regimes: Evolution of cloud object size distributions during the Madden–Julian Oscillation

In this study, we analyze cloud object data from the Aqua satellite between July 2006 and June 2010 that are matched with the real-time multivariate Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) index to examine the impact of MJO evolution on the evolutions of the size distributions of cloud object types. These types include deep convective (DC), cirrostratus, shallow cumulus, stratocumulus and overcast-stratus. A cloud object is a contiguous region of the earth with a single dominant cloud-system type. It is found that the cloud object size distributions of some phases depart greatly from the 8-phase combined distribution at large cloud-object diameters. The large-size group of cloud objects contributes to most of the temporal variations during the MJO evolution. For deep convective and cirrostratus cloud objects, there is a monotonic increase in both the number and footprint of large objects from the depressed to mature phases, which is attributed to the development and maturing of deep convection and anvils. The largest increase in the mean diameter during the mature phases that lasts to the early dissipating phase is related to growth of anvil clouds and is accompanied by moderate decreases in small-size objects. For shallow cumulus, the large objects decrease in number at the mature phases, but increase in number for both sizes before the mature phase. The opposite is true for the large overcast-stratus objects. The temporal evolution of large stratocumulus objects is similar to that of deep convective and cirrostratus object types except for peaking slightly earlier.

Exemplar-Based Recognition of Human–Object Interactions

Human action can be recognized from a single still image by modeling human–object interactions (HOIs), which infers the mutual spatial structure information between human and the manipulated object as well as their appearance. Existing approaches rely heavily on accurate detection of human and object and estimation of human pose; they are thus sensitive to large variations of human poses, occlusion, and unsatisfactory detection of small size objects. To overcome this limitation, a novel exemplar-based approach is proposed in this paper. Our approach learns a set of spatial pose–object interaction exemplars, which are probabilistic density functions describing spatially how a person is interacting with a manipulated object for different activities. Specifically, a new framework consisting of an exemplar-based HOI descriptor and an associated matching model is formulated for robust human action recognition in still images. In addition, the framework is extended to perform HOI recognition in videos, where the proposed exemplar representation is used for implicit frame selection to negate irrelevant or noisy frames by temporal structured HOI modeling. Extensive experiments are carried out on two image action datasets and two video action datasets. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods and show that our approach is able to achieve state-of-the-art performance, compared with several recently proposed competitors.

Study on clear stereo image pair acquisition method for small objects with big vertical size in SLM vision system.

Microscopic vision system with stereo light microscope (SLM) has been applied to surface profile measurement. If the vertical size of a small object exceeds the range of depth, its images will contain clear and fuzzy image regions. Hence, in order to obtain clear stereo images, we propose a microscopic sequence image fusion method which is suitable for SLM vision system. First, a solution to capture and align image sequence is designed, which outputs an aligning stereo images. Second, we decompose stereo image sequence by wavelet analysis theory, and obtain a series of high and low frequency coefficients with different resolutions. Then fused stereo images are output based on the high and low frequency coefficient fusion rules proposed in this article. The results show that Δw1 (Δw2 ) and ΔZ of stereo images in a sequence have linear relationship. Hence, a procedure for image alignment is necessary before image fusion. In contrast with other image fusion methods, our method can output clear fused stereo images with better performance, which is suitable for SLM vision system, and very helpful for avoiding image fuzzy caused by big vertical size of small objects.

Hybrid tracking model for multiple object videos using second derivative based visibility model and tangential weighted spatial tracking model

AbstractIn the area of video surveillance, tracking model for multiple object video is still a challenging task since the objects are usually affected with inter-object occlusion, object confusion, different posing, environment with heavy clutter, small size of objects, similar appearance among objects, and interaction among the multiple objects In order to alleviate these challenges, literature presents different tracking models using spatial and visual information. Accordingly, in this paper, we have developed a hybrid tracking model for tracking the multiple objects from the videos using twofold architecture. At first, visibility model for tracking is proposed based on the second derivative model, which considers the second derivative function to predict the objects. Secondly, a spatial tracking model is proposed using tangential weighted function. Finally, these two contributions are effectively included in the hybrid tracking model for multiple object tracking and the performance analysis is carried ...

Small Object Detection Based on Stereo Vision

Small size objects which dimensions are around 0.15m are one of the major security risks to driving vehicles in the highway. Lidar and radar are hard to detect this kind of objects due to the sparsity of their detecting signal. Vision based methods are possible to solve this problem because camera can generate dense information. We propose a new method to detection small objects in the highway based on stereo vision. This method uses Multi-Path-Viterbi algorithm to obtain dense depth information of stereo images. Based on the depth information, road surface can be detected. Objects on road can be mapped to the 3D space to determine their size and location, then small objects dangerous to the host Vehicle can be recognized and located. Language: en