Small Number Of Examples Research Articles

ANN Training Method with a Small Number of Examples Used for Robots Control

This paper presents a method for obtaining a neural model used in industrial robots control. The method refers to the forming of a small number of examples used in the training of a neural network that lead to the creation of a suitable model. This paper constitutes a development of the work [2] in order to increase the opportunities for its application in various fields. The description of the method is generally done, without relying on a specific application in the domain of industrial robots. The testing and the validation of the shown method were completed using the example of a system in which the relationship between inputs and outputs is described by means of mathematical functions. The set of learning examples, generated through the proposed method, served to the ANN training by a cross-validation technique, in case of these functions. The evaluation of the proposed method has been done by analysing the results obtained by applying it compared to those obtained with a known method, namely the uniform generation of training examples. The use of the method in the field of industrial robots’ control was illustrated by a concrete application in the case of a robot with 6 degrees of freedom.

Christian Bioethics and the Bible

This essay responds to Tristram Engelhardt’s critique of Christian bioethics. There is much to be commended in his essay, particularly his concern that Christian bioethics has failed to be authentically and distinctively Christian. To address such concerns, my essay argues that greater prominence needs to be given to the Bible in Christian bioethics. This would involve several challenges and difficulties, some of which are reviewed. Given the centrality of Scripture to Christian life and practice, including ethics, its use should be encouraged within Christian bioethics. Such an undertaking requires an approach to using Scripture, which the grammatico-historical method provides. This approach is described briefly, with resources for further study referenced. The approach is then applied to a small number of examples to demonstrate the rich source of distinctive insight that the Bible brings to Christian bioethics.

ANADOLU PLATOSU GEÇ NEOLİTİK ÇANAK ÇÖMLEĞİNİN YENİDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: ÇATALHÖYÜK'TEN MEVCUT KANITLAR

Research at has identified that from the middle levels, around 6500 BC onwards, the Catalhoyuk of VI-V changed significantly from the point of view of economy, society and material culture. This paper investigates and interprets evidence, from both the Mellaart and Hodder period excavations, of changes in pottery technology for the Late Neolithic occupation of Catalhoyuk, while at the same time comparing these developments with those in other areas of the Anatolian plateau; western and northwestern Anatolia. According to ceramic studies at Catalhoyuk, the Late Tradition period, the last of the three phases of pottery devel­opment, corresponds with the Late Neolithic period in the Anatolian plateau. From an interregional perspective, the forms of the Late Neolithic ceramics are more distinctive than raw material or fabric groups. The pottery of lived its most active period during the Middle Tradition, particularly in levels VI-IV. As well as the basic vessel forms a number of features, such as S-profiled developed forms, ring and footed bases, basket handles and incised decoration, specific to the Late Tradition are tried. These entered the repertoire in very small numbers from the Middle Tradition onwards. Although during the Late Tradition period, cooking vessels/jars reduced significantly in number while many sizes of bowl showed an increase, classic Dark Gritty Ware holemouth jars of the Middle Tradition are still the most domi­nant jar group in the Late Tradition period. Light Local Ware red slipped, S-profiled developed vessels increased from the previous period at Catalhoyuk, while from the second half of the 7th millennium BC onwards this pottery tradition came to be the most common and typical one in a wide region including the Lakes District, Beysehir-Sugla basin, northwest Anatolia, west Anatolia, and the Aegean shores. Meanwhile although potters included certain of the elements ceramic tradition seen during the Late Tradition, they seem to be more involved in their own tradition. A large portion of the Late Neolithic pottery assemblage at the settlement is made up of straight-profiled vessel forms. There were some innovations in the repertoire such as developed S-proiles, thinned everted rims and well-adhering slip in various tones of red as well as thick and large diameter vessels, but the quantities were very limited. Among the thousands of sherds at Catalhoyuk, long cylindrical and/or outturned necked jars, and carinated bowls that are seen as being typical in this period are represented by only a couple of examples. The vertically perforated cylindrical lug tradition that influenced nearly the whole of the Anatolian Plateau and the western Anatolia during this period did not impact at all. From the point of view of varieties of decoration and rare forms is one of the richest settlements, though they are represented in small numbers of examples. Even though many aspects of the wider ceramic tradition are reminiscent of Catalhoyuk's tradition, the ceramic as­semblages of the settlements in the Beysehir-Sugla basin and northwest Anatolia acquired many elements from the tradition of the Lakes District. However, holemouth jars, vertically perforated lugs, unperforated hooked lugs and crescent knobs are a shared feature of the pottery industry of with Erbaba and northwest Anatolia. The limited number of S-profiled developed, long necked, carinated, and painted vessels, perforated cylindrical lugs in the pottery at is a display of the lack of establishment of an influence seen in the ceramic tradition of a widespread geographical area in the second half of the 7th millennium BC. Meanwhile at other settlements such as Erbaba the forms continue to develop, moreover, during the Late Neolithic period in the Nigde-Aksaray region, Beysehir-Sugla basin, the Lakes District, northwest and west Anatolia pottery and other material culture elements continue to increase and accelerate in development. Particularly many symbolic and narrative elements of appear in the Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic ceramics of Nigde-Aksaray settlements such as Tepecik-Ciftlik and Koskhoyuk. Likewise, the material culture similarities between and Beysehir-Sugla basin and northwestern Anatolian communities are very conspicuous. These afinities between and its neigbours may have been of relevance in the dispersal of a part of this crowded metropolitan population from the middle of Konya plain at the end of the Neolithic. Apparently, data ob­tained from pottery studies is a source of evidence to support a theory of the spread of farming populations from the core regions of the Neolithic, including Catalhoyuk, into northwestern Anatolia and Europe.

Stemmata for Shakespeare Texts: A Suggested New Form

Previous articleNext article No AccessBibliographical NoteStemmata for Shakespeare Texts: A Suggested New FormPervez RizviPervez Rizvi Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Volume 108, Number 1March 2014 Published for the Bibliographical Society of America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/680836 Views: 28Total views on this site © 2014 by the Bibliographical Society of America. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Improving Predictions of Multiple Binary Models in ILP

Despite the success of ILP systems in learning first-order rules from small number of examples and complexly structured data in various domains, they struggle in dealing with multiclass problems. In most cases they boil down a multiclass problem into multiple black-box binary problems following the one-versus-one or one-versus-rest binarisation techniques and learn a theory for each one. When evaluating the learned theories of multiple class problems in one-versus-rest paradigm particularly, there is a bias caused by the default rule toward the negative classes leading to an unrealistic high performance beside the lack of prediction integrity between the theories. Here we discuss the problem of using one-versus-rest binarisation technique when it comes to evaluating multiclass data and propose several methods to remedy this problem. We also illustrate the methods and highlight their link to binary tree and Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). Our methods allow learning of a simple, consistent, and reliable multiclass theory by combining the rules of the multiple one-versus-rest theories into one rule list or rule set theory. Empirical evaluation over a number of data sets shows that our proposed methods produce coherent and accurate rule models from the rules learned by the ILP system of Aleph.

Small sample learning of superpixel classifiers for EM segmentation.

Pixel and superpixel classifiers have become essential tools for EM segmentation algorithms. Training these classifiers remains a major bottleneck primarily due to the requirement of completely annotating the dataset which is tedious, error-prone and costly. In this paper, we propose an interactive learning scheme for the superpixel classifier for EM segmentation. Our algorithm is 'active semi-supervised' because it requests the labels of a small number of examples from user and applies label propagation technique to generate these queries. Using only a small set (< 20%) of all datapoints, the proposed algorithm consistently generates a classifier almost as accurate as that estimated from a complete groundtruth. We provide segmentation results on multiple datasets to show the strength of these classifiers.

Recognition of signed expressions using visually-oriented subunits obtained by an immune-based optimisation

This paper considers automatic visual recognition of signed expressions. The proposed method is based on modelling gestures with subunits, which is similar to modelling speech by means of phonemes. To define the subunits a data-driven procedure is applied. The procedure consists in partitioning time series, extracted from video, into subsequences which form homogeneous groups. The cut points are determined by an immune optimisation procedure based on quality assessment of the resulting clusters. In this paper the problem is formulated, its solution method is proposed and experimentally verified on a database of 101 Polish words and 35 sentences used at the doctor’s and in the post office. The results show that our subunit-based classifier outperforms its whole-word-based counterpart, which is particularly evident when new expressions are recognised on the basis of a small number of examples.

Ecosystem services economic valuation, decision-support system or advocacy?

There appears to be a discrepancy between the massive presence of Ecosystem Services (economic) Valuations (ESV) in biodiversity discourse and literature and the small number of examples where it is documented and demonstrated that they have been instrumental in changing policies. Part of this discrepancy may reflect an insufficient fit of ESV to the organizational and political dimensions of decision-making. This paper thus explores the relation between decision-making as it is viewed in the theoretical roots of ESV and also as it is depicted in disciplines that take decision as their central topic. Three alternative and complementary types of decision models (rational decision-maker, organization and political process) each shed a different light on what ESV can be useful for, and what qualities are then required of it. In general, the contribution of ESV to decision-making relies both on its ability to bring rationality to decision-making, and on its procedural qualities as resource of influence that is needed for advocacy and justification. Thus, the usefulness of ESV cannot be enhanced by either the strengthening of their rigor or the enhancement of their procedural qualities alone: to successfully address the challenge, both of these measures are required in combination. This produces a tension between the rational and substantial abilities that ESV must sustain on the one hand, and the rhetorical and procedural qualities it should develop on the other hand. To overcome this tension, it may prove useful to draw lessons from the field of policy evaluation. In this field, rationalization-based and process-based methodologies once fiercely contested each other. However, process-based and content-based methodologies are now deliberately combined in diverse designs.

Biochemical visual literacy with constructive alignment: Outcomes, assessment, and activities

Biochemical visual literacy with constructive alignment: Outcomes, assessment, and activities

Subtle signs, subtle designs: future change andBJR

What an honour it is to have been accepted as the incoming Honorary Editor (Scientific) of the British Journal of Radiology (BJR) as of September 2012.

Multiview as a reflective framework: enabling reflection, transforming practice

This paper seeks to offer a methodology for practitioners to encourage the development of meaningful reflection. Such reflection on practical values and theories, which inform everyday actions are a source of continuous learning and define professional practice. This reflection draws on two case studies of the development of separate information systems. The first a case study focused on the design and implementation of an information system that offered a solution to restraints on the growth of the business, and a second case study of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) unable to articulate information system requirements was able to commission a sustainable system. Multi-view was used as a reflective framework, so practitioners were able to extract meaningful outcomes on both practice and praxis. Although the paper bases its speculations on a small number of examples the framework for reflection is offered as a model for future development and adoption elsewhere.

An Active Co-Training Algorithm for Biomedical Named-Entity Recognition

Exploiting unlabeled text data with a relatively small labeled corpus has been an active and challenging research topic in text mining, due to the recent growth of the amount of biomedical literature. Biomedical named-entity recognition is an essential prerequisite task before effective text mining of biomedical literature can begin. This paper proposes an Active Co-Training (ACT) algorithm for biomedical named-entity recognition. ACT is a semi-supervised learning method in which two classifiers based on two different feature sets iteratively learn from informative examples that have been queried from the unlabeled data. We design a new classification problem to measure the informativeness of an example in unlabeled data. In this classification problem, the examples are classified based on a joint view of a feature set to be informative/non-informative to both classifiers. To form the training data for the classification problem, we adopt a query-by-committee method. Therefore, in the ACT, both classifiers are considered to be one committee, which is used on the labeled data to give the informativeness label to each example. The ACT method outperforms the traditional co-training algorithm in terms of f-measure as well as the number of training iterations performed to build a good classification model. The proposed method tends to efficiently exploit a large amount of unlabeled data by selecting a small number of examples having not only useful information but also a comprehensive pattern.

Apprenticeship learning with few examples

We consider the problem of imitation learning when the examples, provided by an expert human, are scarce. Apprenticeship learning via inverse reinforcement learning provides an efficient tool for generalizing the examples, based on the assumption that the expert's policy maximizes a value function, which is a linear combination of state and action features. Most apprenticeship learning algorithms use only simple empirical averages of the features in the demonstrations as a statistics of the expert's policy. However, this method is efficient only when the number of examples is sufficiently large to cover most of the states, or the dynamics of the system is nearly deterministic. In this paper, we show that the quality of the learned policies is sensitive to the error in estimating the averages of the features when the dynamics of the system is stochastic. To reduce this error, we introduce two new approaches for bootstrapping the demonstrations by assuming that the expert is near-optimal and the dynamics of the system is known. In the first approach, the expert's examples are used to learn a reward function and to generate furthermore examples from the corresponding optimal policy. The second approach uses a transfer technique, known as graph homomorphism, in order to generalize the expert's actions to unvisited regions of the state space. Empirical results on simulated robot navigation problems show that our approach is able to learn sufficiently good policies from a significantly small number of examples.

Heritable differences in chemosensory ability among humans

Abstract The combined senses of taste, smell and the common chemical sense merge to form what we call ‘flavor.’ People show marked differences in their ability to detect many flavors, and in this paper, we review the role of genetics underlying these differences in perception. Most of the genes identified to date encode receptors responsible for detecting tastes or odorants. We list these genes and describe their characteristics, beginning with the best-studied case, that of differences in phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) detection, encoded by variants of the bitter taste receptor gene TAS2R38. We then outline examples of genes involved in differences in sweet and umami taste, and discuss what is known about other taste qualities, including sour and salty, fat (termed pinguis), calcium, and the ‘burn’ of peppers. Although the repertoire of receptors involved in taste perception is relatively small, with 25 bitter and only a few sweet and umami receptors, the number of odorant receptors is much larger, with about 400 functional receptors and another 600 potential odorant receptors predicted to be non-functional. Despite this, to date, there are only a few cases of odorant receptor variants that encode differences in the perception of odors: receptors for androstenone (musky), isovaleric acid (cheesy), cis-3-hexen-1-ol (grassy), and the urinary metabolites of asparagus. A genome-wide study also implicates genes other than olfactory receptors for some individual differences in perception. Although there are only a small number of examples reported to date, there may be many more genetic variants in odor and taste genes yet to be discovered.

An Evolutionary Algorithm for Automated Discovery of Small-Disjunct Rules

discovery of large disjuncts, rather than small disjuncts. In the context of data mining, small disjuncts are rules covering a small number of examples. Due to their nature, small disjuncts are error prone. It correctly classify individually only few examples but, collectively, cover a significant percentage of the set of examples, so that it is important to develop new approaches to cope with the problem of small disjuncts. This paper presents a classification algorithm based on Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) that discovers interesting small-disjunct rules in the form If P Then D. The proposed system specifically designed for discovering rules covering examples belonging to small disjuncts. The proposed algorithm is validated on several datasets of UCI data set repository and the experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for automated small-disjunct rules mining.

Spam detection using Random Boost

This paper proposes two alternative methods of random projections and compares their performance for robust and efficient spam detection when trained using a small number of examples. Robustness refers to learning and adaptation leading to a high level of performance despite data variability, while efficiency is concerned with (i) the complexity of the detection method employed; and (ii) the amount of training resources used for training and retraining. The first method, Random Project, employs a random projection matrix to produce linear combinations of input features, while the second method, Random Boost, employs random feature selection to enhance the performance of the Logit Boost algorithm. Random Boost is, in fact, a combination of Logit Boost and Random Forest. Experimental results, using TREC and CEAS as challenging spam benchmark sets, show that the Random Boost method significantly improves the performance of the spam filter compared to the Logit Boost algorithm (e.g., a 5% increase in AUC, which is the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve), and yields similar classification accuracy compared to the Random Forest method but using only one fourth the runtime complexity of the Random Forest algorithm. Additionally, the Random Boost algorithm also reduces training time by two orders of magnitude compared to Logit Boost, which becomes important during retraining on the ever changing data streams, including adapting to adversarial tactics and “noise” injected by spammers.

Concerted vs Stepwise Mechanisms in Dehydro-Diels–Alder Reactions

The Diels-Alder reaction is not limited to 1,3-dienes. Many cycloadditions of enynes and a smaller number of examples with 1,3-diynes have been reported. These "dehydro"-Diels-Alder cycloadditions are one class of dehydropericyclic reactions which have long been used to generate strained cyclic allenes and other novel structures. CCSD(T)//M05-2X computational results are reported for the cycloadditions of vinylacetylene and butadiyne with ethylene and acetylene. Both concerted and stepwise diradical routes have been explored for each reaction, with location of relevant stationary points. Relative to 1,3-dienes, replacement of one double bond by a triple bond adds 6-6.5 kcal/mol to the activation barrier; a second triple bond adds 4.3-4.5 kcal/mol to the barrier. Product strain decreases the predicted exothermicity. In every case, a concerted reaction is favored energetically. The difference between concerted and stepwise reactions is 5.2-6.6 kcal/mol for enynes but diminishes to 0.5-2 kcal/mol for diynes. Experimental studies on intramolecular diyne + ene cycloadditions show two distinct reaction pathways, providing evidence for competing concerted and stepwise mechanisms. Diyne + yne cycloadditions connect with arynes and ethynyl-1,3-cyclobutadiene. This potential energy surface appears to be flat, with only a minute advantage for a concerted process; many diyne cycloadditions or aryne cycloreversions will proceed by a stepwise mechanism.

ROS-DET: robust detector of switching mechanisms in gene expression

A switching mechanism in gene expression, where two genes are positively correlated in one condition and negatively correlated in the other condition, is a key to elucidating complex biological systems. There already exist methods for detecting switching mechanisms from microarrays. However, current approaches have problems under three real cases: outliers, expression values with a very small range and a small number of examples. ROS-DET overcomes these three problems, keeping the computational complexity of current approaches. We demonstrated that ROS-DET outperformed existing methods, under that all these three situations are considered. Furthermore, for each of the top 10 pairs ranked by ROS-DET, we attempted to identify a pathway, i.e. consecutive biological phenomena, being related with the corresponding two genes by checking the biological literature. In 8 out of the 10 pairs, we found two parallel pathways, one of the two genes being in each of the two pathways and two pathways coming to (or starting with) the same gene. This indicates that two parallel pathways would be cooperatively used under one experimental condition, corresponding to the positive correlation, and the two pathways might be alternatively used under the other condition, corresponding to the negative correlation. ROS-DET is available from http://www.bic.kyoto-u.ac.jp/pathway/kayano/ros-det.htm.

You Win Some, You Lose Some: Experiments with Joined-Up Government

In 2004 a bold experiment in the use of joined-up approaches to policy-making and implementation, best captured in the design of new policy architecture and the creation of a co-location model for service delivery, was undertaken to address the entrenched disadvantage of Indigenous Australians. In this article we report on inhibitors, explaining the under-performance of the joined-up experiment, and facilitators, which explain, in part, the existence of a small number of examples defying the broader trend.

Influence of planning and civil initiative, as a form of public intervention, on gentrification

The main purpose of this paper is to establish the connection between gentrification and planning, as a form of state and civil intervention, along with citing instances of local community reactions to negative effects of gentrification. The work examines how these two forms of public intervention, by means of implementing measures/actions, influence positive and negative effects of gentrification and contribute to maintaining balance between them. Furthermore, it explains how they act in service of public interest. The main criterion for the selection of research examples has been the form of intervention implemented (measures/actions, that is, their diversity). Most examples have been drawn from the USA where, on account of its liberal economic system, the power of planning is weaker, negative effects of gentrification are more dominant and gentrification itself is considered a negative phenomenon. The main objective of the analysis is to determine how to minimize the negative effects. A small number of examples presented have been taken from developed European countries, since those states exert stronger influence on planning and the state/community is more responsible for housing problems and existence of different groups of individuals in the community. Those instances illustrate the maximization of positive effects. In addition, some examples have been drawn from transitional, post-socialist Balkan countries where anti-planning attitude is dominant and negative effects of gentrification are more present. Given their effects on gentrification, the most successful measures/actions, applied in the form of public intervention, ordered by category, are as follows: affordable housing, jobs, local regulations, partnership and direct actions.