Small-numbered Peoples Research Articles

Characteristics of the Semantic Layer of the Image of the World Among Young Representatives of the Indigenous Small-numbered Peoples of the North

Introduction. Research on the ethno-cultural characteristics of the image of the world in the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North is important. This paper presents the results of an empirical investigation of the image of the world (a semantic layer) among young representatives of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North. This study is the first report on the application of a three-level model of the image of the world for describing its characteristics among young representatives of indigenous ethnic groups.
 Methods. The study sample comprised 225 individual participants aged 16–25 years, living in the North and Northeast of Russia, 110 of whom were representatives of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North and 115 of whom were representatives of the non-indigenous population. The study employed the group associative experiment.
 Results and Discussion. The findings indicate the presence of non-random differences in the structures of semantic assessments, which indicates the presence of specific characteristics of the semantic layer of the image of the world among representatives of indigenous peoples of the North. In the group of representatives of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North the first ranks in associations with the ‘my life five years ago’ stimulus correspond to the following descriptors: ‘school’, ‘study’, and ‘friends’; with the ‘my life now’ stimulus – ‘study’, ‘work’, and ‘sports’; with the ‘my life five years later’ stimulus – ‘work’, ‘family’, and ‘children’; with the ‘nature’ stimulus – ‘beauty’, ‘forest’, and ‘animals’; with the ‘human’ stimulus – ‘kind’, ‘friend’, and ‘reasonable’; and with the ‘happiness’ stimulus – ‘family’, ‘love’, and ‘children’.
 In the group of representatives of the non-indigenous population the North the first ranks in associations with the ‘my life five years ago’ stimulus correspond to the following descriptors: ‘school’, ‘friends’, and ‘carefree’; with the ‘my life now’ stimulus – ‘study’, ‘love’, and ‘work’; with the ‘my life five years later’ stimulus – ‘family’, ‘work’, and ‘children’; with the ‘nature’ stimulus – ‘forest’, ‘beauty’, and ‘sea’; with the ‘human’ stimulus – ‘kind’, ‘personality’, and ‘reasonable’; and with the ‘happiness’ stimulus – ‘family’, ‘love’, and ‘children’.
 The differences observed when comparing associative semantic universals indicate that associative links are determined by differences in subjective experiences and cultural contexts.

Методические подходы к оценке социально-экономической эффективности института развития предпринимательства в северных сырьевых регионах

The article presents an overview of scientific publications on institutions of entrepreneurship development. It has been stated that most of publications consider three main issues: the definition of such institutions, their typology and methodological tools for assessing the effectiveness of functioning. There have been determined the specific features of the institution of entrepreneurship development in the Northern raw materials regions: Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District - Yugra and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. It has been found that the institution of entrepreneurship development in the regions under consideration is at the stage of its formation. There is a sufficient infrastructure to support small businesses. The lack of unified methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the institution of entrepreneurship development and a large number of different structures do not allow to manage purposefully the process of entrepreneurship development. A methodological approach to assessing the socio-economic efficiency of the entrepreneurship institute on the basis of target indicators and criteria for the social and economic efficiency of budgetary investments directed through institutions of entrepreneurship development has been proposed. The presented methodological approach includes five stages: determination of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the institution of entrepreneurship development; identification of problems based on the analysis; formation of a system of goals; developing criteria for the social and economic efficiency of budget investments. As criteria for the social efficiency of budget investments it was proposed to use the following factors: population employment, expanding the range of services, increasing transport permeability, maintaining traditional activities of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North. The criteria of economic efficiency include the innovative nature of entrepreneurship, the decrease in the mono-profile of the regional economy, the development of competitive products, the promotion of the formation of an information society. The final stage provides correlating the feasibility and possibilities of directing budgetary investments to the institution of entrepreneurship development in order to achieve the target indicators. The recommended methodological approach makes it possible to formulate the priorities of the institution of entrepreneurship development at the regional level and to allocate budgetary funds with maximum efficiency.

О местах традиционного проживания и традиционной хозяйственной деятельности коренных малочисленных народов России: к проблеме разработки критериев отнесения (опыт Республики Саха (Якутия))

The paper presents the results of a study on the expansion of places of traditional residence and traditional economic activities of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the approaches of the Kha-barovsk region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to including territories in the official List of such places is carried out. The main criteria for classifying territories as places of traditional residence and tra-ditional economic activities of minor indigenous peoples are highlighted. Examples that cause the greatest difficulties are given, in particular the inclu-sion of urban settlements in the List. On the basis of the developed criteria with the use of field data, the possibility of including the municipal formation “City of Tommot” of Aldansky district of the Repub-lic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the List is considered. The research results can be used in the preparation of analytical materials in order to improve Russian leg-islation.

The role of language within the identity structure of Molokans of Azerbaijan (on the example of rural localities Ivanovka and Novosaratovka)

The goal of this research is the comparison of identity factors that contribute to strengthening and determination of affiliation of an ethnocultural group in a foreign language environment. The subject of this research is the examination of peculiarities of language factors as an element of preservation of identity and identification of a minority ethnocultural group of Molokans residing in the territory of Azerbaijan since the early XIX century. The author reviews certain identity structures of the Molokans that assist preservation and unification of the group. Research methodology is based on the sociolinguistic practice, surveys and interviews carried out in the rural localities Ivanovka and Novosaratovka, as well as places of residence of the Molokans in Azerbaijan. The scientific novelty consist in comparative study of Molokans in the two regions of Azerbaijan, their views upon identity, lifestyle and living conditions, and linguistic peculiarities. A conclusion is drawn that Molokans consider themselves Russians; the role of language within the identity structure of Molokans plays a crucial role; language factor dominates in formation of ethnic identity and ethnic mentality, which develops in the early childhood. The results of this work can be valuable in studying the language factor as the basis in preservation of identity of small-numbered peoples after migration.

Sustainable Tourism Development in the Russian Arctic: Challenges And Prospects

The study aims to identify the main trends in the sustainable development of tourism in the Arctic Region of Russia and to develop theoretical, methodological and practical recommendations for the Russian Arctic tourism promotion. Crucial principles of tourism sustainability are listed. The author analyses the concepts of integrated tourism promotion of regions and sustainable tourism development, identified by the World Tourism Organization and the Arctic Council. The article outlines the concept of sustainable development of Russian Arctic tourism, defined by the national legislative, directive and statutory laws regulating tourism and the Arctic Region. Along with an analysis of tourism business modification, a review of the particular directions of the organisation and implementation of tourist services of the Russian Arctic is carried out. As a result, promising directions for promoting Russian Arctic tourism in correlation with the global trend of sustainable development, which is characteristic of a modern intensive economy using socially responsible management, are identified. The suggestions to improve the branding system and create an “umbrella brand” of tourism in the Arctic Region of Russia are formulated. The primary role and degree of involvement of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in the development of Arctic tourism are determined. Innovative pedagogical technologies for highly specialised tourism personnel training are proposed.

The Rights of Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic and Their Implementation Challenges

Despite developed regulatory framework enshrining legal status of indigenous small-numbered peoples and governmental law-enforcement practice, challenges appear in implementing rights of such population category. One of factors jeopardizing realization of Arctic indigenous peoples rights is interest of companies and states in Arctic resources development. A set of conditions from an increasing geopolitical and economic interests of states in Arctic resources development to challenges of sustainable development of the Arctic region leads to the need for states to negotiate and conclude a treaty with mechanisms for protecting Arctic indigenous peoples rights. The States parties to the 1982 UNCLOS, including Arctic states and indigenous representatives, are recommended to be involved in its elaboration. The Arctic states bear a special responsibility to ensure Arctic indigenous peoples rights. Such treaty should stipulate an obligation of each Arctic state to take the views of indigenous representatives in regulating legal relations with their participation. While the Artic resources development by resource companies is a factor posing a threat to protection of Arctic indigenous populations rights, activities of companies involve new jobs creation and social infrastructure development. The treaty should stipulate a mechanism for a balance between the interests of Arctic indigenous peoples and resource-extracting businesses.

Этнокультурное воспитание путём изучения жизнедеятельности коренных малочисленных народов Томской области

The article reveals the nature of ethno-cultural education of children with health limitations, reflects the directions of studying ethnic as well as spiritual culture of small-numbered peoples of the Tomsk Region: Selkups, Tomsk Tatars, Buryats, Altai, cultural heritage of ethnic groups for the purpose of spiritual, social, moral, mental and physical development. The authors outline that ethnocultural education is a holistic process of transferring to a younger generation traditions, cultural values, social norms of the ethnic group to which they belong to as well as in environment of which they live. The essence of ethno-cultural education of schoolchildren is reviewed; the aims, key features of ethno-cultural education, and its objectives, the main of which indicates the development of children’s interethnic tolerance through acquaintance with the culture of peoples of different ethnic groups of the Tomsk Region. Also, the main mission of ethno-cultural education – the revival of the humanistic principles of intercultural communication, the dialogue of cultures and nations – is presented. The processes of ethnic and cultural identification that characterize the peoples of the Tomsk Region are the subject of research. The following main methods were applied: classes in the school library, a survey of parents living in the Tomsk Region, questionnaires, work with online sources. It is concluded that traditions formed at an early age and activities that are jointly conducted with parents have a large stable character for the spiritual and moral education and socialization of the younger generation.

Life Values and Subjective Well-being of the Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the Arctic Zone (Based on the Example of the Nenets)

The article presents the results of a study of life values and their relationship with the subjective well-being of indigenous small-numbered peoples based on the example of the Nenets. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that globalization transformations determine the change in human living conditions in the Arctic zone. This process often takes place painfully: representatives of indigenous small-numbered minorities cannot find their place in the new economic and multicultural system, which leads to the loss of vital meanings and subjective ill-being. The article notes that the solution to this problem may be to take into account life values during the transformation of the economic behaviour of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Arctic. The materials presented in the article demonstrate a strong relationship between the level of satisfaction with life and the subjective level of income (subjective economic wellbeing). The most important life values for the Nenets (security, kindness, independence) turned out to be connected both with the level of satisfaction with life in general and with the level of subjective economic well-being. In conclusion, it is noted that the results obtained make it possible to formulate recommendations for various entities on the effective transformation of the economic behaviour of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Arctic, in particular the creation of conditions for stability, social security, community and collectivism, as well as the ability to independently make economic decisions

Characteristics of the psychoemotional sphere among Evenk children

Background. In Russia, there is an active ongoing process of national revival of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North Siberia, such as the Evenks. Revival of the younger generation, in particular, remains a priority. The state helps to solve the problems of education and adaptation of Evenk children to modern life. This is necessary because parents, hunters, and reindeer herders have a nomadic lifestyle. The educational feature of Evenk children is to study and live in a boarding school after elementary school graduation. Success of adaptation largely depends on the ability to account for the ethnopsychological specificity of Evenk children. Aim: To study characteristics of the psychoemotional sphere and identify ethnospecific indicators for the adaptation of Evenk children to a boarding school. Material and methods: Pupils (N = 409) aged 10-16 from the village boarding school of Evenkia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia were examined. Pupils consisted of 132 Evenk children and 277 Russian children. The emotional sphere was evaluated according to Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and lateral phenotype was evaluated according to Bragina & Dobrokhotova. Results. We found that Evenk children show a predominant pattern of left laterality (p = 0.024). In addition, relative to Russian children, Evenk children are more likely to show the introverted personality type (p = 0.035). Relative to Russian children, Evenk children are more restrained in their emotional manifestations, have greater difficulty in communicating with strangers, answer with monosyllables, and show a less vivid emotional reaction to praise. Further, relative to Russian children, Evenk children are more likely to show a high level of emotional stability (i.e., 9-10 points; p = 0.001). Conclusion. The present study examined the psychoemotional characteristics of Evenk children. We identified ethnospecific indicators, including an introversion personality type combined with emotional stability and left laterality. Identification of these characteristics allowed us to form a risk group of children in adaptation. Ethnospecific indicators of the psycho-emotional sphere should be considered for effective management of the adaptation of children in a boarding school.

Protecting the Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions of Russia's Numerically-Small Indigenous Peoples: What Has Been Done, What Remains to Be Done

The Russian population is drawn from 160 ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Among the latter are the so-called “indigenous small-numbered peoples” -dozens of groups of people that live in their historical territory; preserve their traditional ways of life, occupations, and trades; recognize themselves as separate ethnicities; and number no more than 50,000 individuals living in Russia.The indigenous small-numbered people include various peoples of the Far North, central and southern Siberia, and the Far East. For many of these peoples, the traditional ways of life consist of hunting, fishing, reindeer husbandry, etc. Their traditional forms of cultural production include painting and carving on wood, bone, and stone, bead ornamentation, and other forms of graphic arts. As Alexandra Xanthaki has written, “very little has been written on the rights of the numerically small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia, and Far East of the Russian Federation; yet, their situation has been described as ‘critical.’” While there has been some scholarly analysis of the land rights of the indigenous people of Russia, nothing has yet been written about the legal protection of the knowledge and literary or artistic works they produce. Such an analysis is especially timely because a new Russian copyright law - Part Four of the Civil Code - took effect at the beginning of 2008. In this paper, I propose to address three issues: (1) An overview of the legal regime applicable to Russia’s small-numbered indigenous people; (2) The extent to which existing Russian law (primarily copyright law, but also patent and other law) covers works produced by these peoples; and (3) What changes are necessary in order to improve the legal protection of cultural works produced by Russia’s small-numbered indigenous peoples.

Энергия предпринимательства в традиционном природопользовании коренных народов Севера Сахалина

The article examines the forms of social organization of the small-numbered indigenous peoples of the North of Sakhalin in the field of traditional fisheries and entrepreneurship in the context of legal pluralism. This method allows us to analyze the coexistence of state and customary law, moral norms and the principles of social entrepreneurship. Methods of legal and social anthropology are used. The study uses the approaches of the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Field materials are interpreted in academic and aboriginal discourses. Federal and regional legislation are evaluated through the study of local practices. A study of the impact of new social institutions on technical equipment and internal legal regulation of economic activities, forms of interaction between fishermen and commercial enterprises, contradictions between aboriginal fisheries and the official environment was conducted. The article is written on the basis of observations and expert interviews collected on Sakhalin Island (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Poronaysky, Noglik, Okhinsky districts) in 2014 and 2019. The reasons for doing business were studied. An assessment is given of modern aboriginal fisheries, based on both traditional knowledge and skills, as well as modern technologies. The article explores the characteristics of indigenous entrepreneurship, which combines commercial and social goals, exchange of gifts and market relationships. Special attention is paid to the evaluation of poaching. Aboriginal entrepreneurship is seen as a means of sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The conclusion proposes measures for the legal regulation of aboriginal fisheries and recommendations developed during consultations with leaders of fishing organizations.

Human Rights of Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples in Russia: Recent Developments

In Russia, there exist legal norms providing for the protection of indigenous small-numbered peoples’ rights. Yet, indigenous small-numbered peoples face multiple challenges when it comes to the implementation of their rights. After a brief presentation of the Russian legislation on the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples, peculiarities of the Russian legal system and impediments to the legal provisions regulating the status of indigenous small-numbered peoples, this article addresses several issues related to the implementation of indigenous small-numbered peoples’ rights in Russia today. One of the core issues is the attribution of individual members of indigenous communities to indigenous small-numbered peoples. Such an attribution is still challenging despite the newly adopted amendments to the 30 April 1999 Federal Law N 82-FL: ‘On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the Russian Federation’. Another issue is application of the notion ‘foreign agent’ to individuals and non-commercial organizations. Still another issue is the State’s pressure on independent indigenous organizations. The final challenge is the possible impact of amendments to the Constitution approved by popular vote in July 2020 on the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples.

Mathematical modelling of population dynamics of Baikal omul under commercial catch

Despite the imposed restrictions to conserve the abundance of Baikal omul, the problem of reducing biomass is still urgent. Over the past ten years, the total biomass of Baikal omul has shown a three-fold decrease. The decline of omul stock required to impose another restriction of fishing activity in the water area of Lake Baikal. The order of Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of 29 August 2017 No. 450 amended the fishing rules for the Baikal fisheries basin, banning the commercial catch of Baikal omul and restricting amateur and sports fishing as well as traditional fishing for indigenous small-numbered peoples, starting from 1st October 2017.

IMPROVING FINANCIAL LITERACY OF THE POPULATION: THE YUGRA CASE

In the context of the implementation of the “Strategy for improving financial literacy in the Russian Federation for 2017-2023”, the study of the working experience of a separate and significant region is relevant and potentially useful for practical purposes. The presented study identifies promising practices in the work aimed at changing the level of financial literacy of the population on the example of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area — Yugra. The scientific novelty of the presented work consists of: 1) the author’s approach to understanding financial literacy as social skills acquired during the financial socialization of a person; 2) the use of Yugra’s material as an informational database; 3) a critical analysis of the classification groups used in the implementation of these programs; 4) the assessment of the prospects of the organization of work on increase of financial literacy of the population through the involvement of cultural institutions (museums, libraries, houses of culture) and ways of thinking about financial culture through Museum projects. The authors employ traditional methods at the intersection of economics and sociology, involving an analysis of regulatory documents and a secondary analysis of the data from the All-Russian sociological study. The use of this methodology allowed demonstrating the existing bias in the regulation of financial behavior of Russians in favor of educational programs. With this method of organizing work, valuable results of sociological research and initiatives of other stakeholders, such as cultural organizations, remain outside the framework. The results show that the use of standard classifications of socio-demographic groups in organizing the work of financial literacy of the population at the level of an individual subject can lead to the “loss” of important social groups for the region. For the Yugra, such a group is representatives of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North. The recommendations of the study can be used to revise programs to improve financial literacy on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area and other regions, traditionally inhabited by indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.

Морфофункциональные показатели подростков коренных малочисленных народов Севера из разных природно-климатических зон

Морфофункциональные показатели подростков коренных малочисленных народов Севера из разных природно-климатических зон

Improving the Educational Background Level and Quality of the Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the North: Problems and Prospects

The article considers the age and the educational structures of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North (ISNPN). Considerable attention is paid to the peculiarities of the development of the education system that are associated with the preserving of the ISNPN identity.The Object of the Study. The indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.The Subject of the Study. The educational level of the ISNPN and causes that prevent its increasing.The Purpose of the Study. Studying the dynamics of the age and educational structures of the ISNPN population and determining the problems of the development of the educational system for the ISNPN.The main Provisions of the Article. The most significant problem for the ISNPN at present is preserving their identity while they integrate into up-to-date society. If the education system takes into account the ethnic peculiarities of children it can be a tool for the resolution of such a contradiction. The second most important problem is the young age structure of the ISNPN with an educational level below the national average even despite its noticeable increase after 2002 and the low availability of quality education. This leads to economic losses due to inefficient use of labour resources adapted to live and work in the harsh conditions of the North as well as to social ones, which is expressed in a lower value of the level of human capital of the ISNPN. The third problem is underestimating peculiarities of the development of ISNPN in educational programs, which makes it difficult to them to assimilate knowledge. To solve these problems, a set of measures is being implemented. It includes several directions. First, the training of pedagogical personnel intended for work with indigenous peoples is carried out, and children and teachers are taught the ISNPN languages. Second, an education system that allows you to combine home schooling and education in a boarding-type educational institution as well as help to adapt to life in a big city is being created. Third, forms of education that are engaged in vocational orientation are developing (for example, agroschools). Nevertheless, in spite of the great need for workers with vocational education, their number is clearly fewer at the moment than the ISNPN require, and the measures, that are implemented to preserve their identity, are not sufficient

Ethnolinguistic Ecology of the Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East (On the Material of the Languages of the Northern Group of the Manchu-Tungus Languages)

The article is devoted to the problem of ethnolinguistic ecology of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East — speakers of the northern group of the Manchu-Tungus languages of the Altai linguistic community: the Evenks (the Tungus people), the Evens (the Lamut people), the Negidals, the Solons. For the first time the term “ethnolinguistic ecology” was introduced by Professor V. P. Neroznak in the encyclopedic dictionary and reference book “The Red Book of the Languages of the Peoples of Russia” (Moscow, 1994), which included information on the Evenki, Even and Negidal languages. During the 20th and early 21st centuries, there has happened a dramatic dying out of the languages of the northern peoples. In these conditions, the revival, preservation and development of languages and cultures of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation, including the Manchu-Tungus peoples, are particularly relevant. In this regard, both the state patronage and the position of the small-numbered peoples themselves become especially important. Special attention should be paid to the issues of scientific research of the remaining foci of the colloquial native languages and culture (mainly in the places of dense concentration of these peoples, who are engaged in traditional types of management — reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, gathering), and also the issues of teaching these languages at all levels of the education system (family, preschool educational institutions, primary and secondary schools, secondary special educational institutions and universities). The article highlights extreme importance of the practical application of research in such an audacious area of linguistics as ethnolinguistics

Ethnonyms of North-Eastern Russia as a Special Layer of Regionalisms

Russian regional features became a subject of scientific attention in the late 1960s – early 1970s when scientists began to study old dialects, new regiolects, and how some regionalisms entered general use. Scientists usually focused on the literary speech peculiarities of local residents. As a rule, ethnonyms of small-numbered peoples have a very narrow circulation and belong to regionalisms. However, Russian ethnonyms remain understudied from the angle of their regional component, particularly the ethnonyms of the North-East. The present article deals with the ethnonyms of small-numbered peoples in the Russian North-East. The author describes how regionalisms transferred from the regiolect to the common language in the course of 20th century. The paper also features the most relevant mistakes in the ethnonyms with similar pronunciation. The author conducted a survey to investigate the comprehension level of the north-eastern ethnonyms by the residents of Magadan and cities of Central Russia and define their frequency.

Ethnological Expertise in Yakutia: The Local Experience of Assessing the Impact of Industrial Activities on the Northern Indigenous Peoples

Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North traditionally live on the territory of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Growing industrial activities on their traditional natural resource management territories (hereinafter TNRMT) raise issues of assessing the impact on traditional indigenous livelihood. Ethnological expertise was introduced in Yakutia in 2010 as the way to solve these problems. This article addresses issues of the practical application of the ethnological expertise in the complex environment of the Russian Arctic. More specifically, the local experience of implementation of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is examined in the article. The research was conducted with the use of analytical, social, statistical, and legal methods. The necessity of development of the ethnological expertise institute is explained, along with the legal basis for regulating relationships among governmental bodies, business, and northern indigenous peoples. Both of those factors are necessary for sustainable development of the Russian Arctic.

Compensation of Damage to Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of Yakutia from Industrial Development of the Territory

The article examines the experience in conducting expert ethnological evaluations in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and assesses the effectiveness of this institution for protecting the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North (ISPN) during the implementation of large investment projects. For the first time, per capita estimates of compensation for damage to the ISPN community per 1 km of territory and water area withdrawn out of traditional economic activity have been determined. The authors compare the size of compensation with the annual income of community members, as well as the size of payments practiced in other regions. The shortcomings of expert ethnological evaluations are shown, and directions for their improvement are proposed. The necessity of expanding the list of ecosystem services is substantiated. It is concluded that, when assessing damage in the case of deteriorated conditions for traditional economic activity, a different approach is required: assessment of impact on community resilience.