Small Intestinal Enterocytes Research Articles

Extracellular Vesicles of the Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Reduce PepT1 Levels in IL-1β-Treated Caco-2 Cells via Upregulation of miR-193a-3p.

PepT1, a proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter, is crucial for intestinal homeostasis. It is mainly expressed in small intestine enterocytes, facilitating the absorption of di/tri-peptides from dietary proteins. In the colon, PepT1 expression is minimal to prevent excessive responses to proinflammatory peptides from the gut microbiota. However, increased colonic PepT1 is linked to chronic inflammatory diseases and colitis-associated cancer. Despite promising results from animal studies on the benefits of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from beneficial gut commensals in treating IBD, applying probiotic EVs as a postbiotic strategy in humans requires a thorough understanding of their mechanisms. Here, we investigate the potential of EVs of the probiotic Nissle 1917 (EcN) and the commensal EcoR12 in preventing altered PepT1 expression under inflammatory conditions, using an interleukin (IL)-1-induced inflammation model in Caco-2 cells. The effects are evaluated by analyzing the expression of PepT1 (mRNA and protein) and miR-193a-3p and miR-92b, which regulate, respectively, PepT1 mRNA translation and degradation. The influence of microbiota EVs on PepT1 expression is also analyzed in the presence of bacterial peptides that are natural substrates of colonic PepT1 to clarify how the regulatory mechanisms function under both physiological and pathological conditions. The main finding is that EcN EVs significantly decreases PepT1 protein via upregulation of miR-193a-3p. Importantly, this regulatory effect is strain-specific and only activates in cells exposed to IL-1β, suggesting that EcN EVs does not control PepT1 expression under basal conditions but can play a pivotal role in response to inflammation as a stressor. By this mechanism, EcN EVs may reduce inflammation in response to microbiota in chronic intestinal disorders by limiting the uptake of bacterial proinflammatory peptides.

Colonic MYO5B Expression Retains Fecal Formation but not Weight Loss in OLFM4+ Stem Cell-Specific MYO5B Deletion in Mice

Background and aim: Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a congenital disorder characterized by severe diarrhea and is caused by inactivating mutations in motor protein myosin Vb (MYO5B). Mice lacking MYO5B in intestinal and colonic epithelia ( Vil-CreERT2;Myo5bfl/fl) display an MVID phenotype characterized by significant weight loss, lack of solid feces, and brush border defects. However, previous models have not discerned if this diarrheal phenotype is due to MYO5B loss in the small intestine specifically or both in the small intestine and colon. Using the small intestinal stem cell specific Cre driver under Olfm4, we phenotyped the mice lacking MYO5B only in the small intestine, while normal MYO5B expression is maintained in the colon. Methods: Olfm4-GFP-CreERT2;R26R-LSL-tdTom and Myo5bfl/fl mice were crossbred to generate Olfm4-GFP-CreERT2;R26R-LSL-tdTom;Myo5bfl/fl (Olfm4DMYO5B) mice. Adult Olfm4DMYO5B mice and control littermates received tamoxifen injection at day 0. GI tissues were collected 5 and 7 days post tamoxifen. Results: Following Cre induction, Olfm4DMYO5B mice exhibited progressive weight loss starting at day 5 and on average lost 20.6% on day 7. At day 7, the small intestine contained clear luminal contents, similar to that of the previous MVID model mice. However, the colon of day 7 Olfm4DMYO5B mice contained small, solid feces. An elongation of PCNA+ crypts was identified on day 5 throughout the small intestine. Villus blunting and microvillus inclusions were prominent in the small intestinal enterocytes on day 7, but not on day 5. The day 7 Olfm4DMYO5B small intestine demonstrated a decrease in tuft cell numbers, suggesting differentiation deficits in the MYO5B-lacking stem cells. However, the colon of Olfm4DMYO5B mice showed intact morphology. Colonic crypt depth and tuft cell numbers at both days 5 and 7 were similar to those of control mice. Immunostaining confirmed the maintenance of MYO5B expression in the colon and progressive loss of MYO5B in the small intestine of Olfm4DMYO5B mice. At day 5, MYO5B was specifically lost in small intestinal crypts, and the loss of MYO5B expanded to the villus tips on day 7. These MYO5B-lacking cells were tdTom+, including enterocytes, goblet, and rare tuft cells. Following the loss of MYO5B, small intestinal enterocytes lacked proper apical localization of numerous transporters and enzymes, including Na+-glucose cotransporter 1 and dipeptidyl peptidase 4. Conclusion: Recently established Olfm4DMYO5B mice demonstrated that the specific MYO5B deletion in the small intestinal stem cells causes hyperproliferation and differentiation deficits. Colonic MYO5B function is suffcient for the formation of solid feces, however, these mice experience prominent weight loss, likely due to the MVID-like malabsorption in the small intestine. NIH R01DK128190, RC2DK118640. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

CHD9NB Is a Novel Brush Border Marker in the Intestine and Beyond

The public availability of single cell RNA sequencing datasets has accelerated discovery of novel gene markers of specific cell types. A recently published dataset of human small intestine and colon (GSE185224) revealed 14 distinct epithelial clusters, including tuft cell, a rare sensory cell population. We probed this dataset for novel tuft cell-specific makers and investigated the localization of candidate marker proteins. Using dataset GSE185224, Leiden clustering and UMAP visualization were generated, and tuft cell clusters were identified by previously known markers, e.g. POU2F3. Genes were systematically parsed through and CHD9NB (Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 9 neighbor) was identified as a candidate novel tuft cell marker gene. CHD9NB encodes a 52 amino acid protein with no published information for function. Antibodies were raised against recombinant human CHD9NB. Paraffn sections of tissues and enteroids from healthy individuals and mice were immunostained against CHD9NB and brush border or cell structural markers. CHD9NB was expressed along apical actin bundles of intestinal tuft cells. Contrary to transcriptional level, which was lower in enterocytes than tuft cells, intense CHD9NB immunostaining was observed at the tips of microvilli along mature enterocytes in human and mouse small intestine and colon. This microvillus tip localization was suggested by the presence of CHD9NB above the ACTG1 staining in brush border, similar to EPS8. Less intense CHD9NB was detected at both the tips and base of microvilli of the developing brush border in intestinal crypts, suggesting a differentiation stage-dependent localization of CHD9NB in the intestinal epithelial cells. Differentiated human enteroids exhibited either villus-like (microvillus tip-specific) or crypt-like (present at both the base and tips) CHD9NB staining, likely suggesting a range of enteroid differentiation states. To determine whether CHD9NB is specific to the intestinal microvilli or more generally expressed in brush borders of other organs, sections of kidney, inner ear, and lung were stained. CHD9NB staining was specific to brush border-containing, OAT1+ proximal tubules of the kidney, and absent in brush border-lacking distal tubules and glomeruli. In contrast to tips of microvilli in enterocytes, CHD9NB was localized to the base of the brush border of proximal tubules. CHD9NB staining in the murine cochlea was specific to the DCLK1+ cells of the stria vascularis, rather than hair cells. In the lung, CHD9NB was detected along the ciliated cells of the human bronchiole. We propose CHD9NB as a novel brush border and intestinal tuft cell marker, with organ-specific localization patterns beyond the intestine. Further studies will explore the function of CHD9NB in enteroids. NSF GRFP; NIH R01DK128190; RC2DK118640. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Non-professional efferocytosis of Salmonella-infected intestinal epithelial cells in the neonatal host.

The intestinal epithelium is the first line of defense against enteric pathogens. Removal of infected cells by exfoliation prevents mucosal translocation and systemic infection in the adult host, but is less commonly observed in the neonatal intestine. Instead, here, we describe non-professional efferocytosis of Salmonella-infected enterocytes by neighboring epithelial cells in the neonatal intestine. Intestinal epithelial stem cell organoid cocultures of neonatal and adult cell monolayers with damaged enterocytes replicated this observation, confirmed the age-dependent ability of intestinal epithelial cells for efferocytosis, and identified the involvement of the "eat-me" signals and adaptors phosphatidylserine and C1q as well as the "eat-me" receptors integrin-αv (CD51) and CD36 in cellular uptake. Consistent with this, massive epithelial cell membrane protrusions and CD36 accumulation at the contact site with apoptotic cells were observed in the infected neonatal host in vivo. Efferocytosis of infected small intestinal enterocytes by neighboring epithelial cells may represent a previously unrecognized mechanism of neonatal antimicrobial host defense to maintain barrier integrity.

Correlates of Plasma Citrulline, a Potential Marker of Enterocyte Mass, among Children with Stunting: A Cross-Sectional Study in Uganda

BackgroundEnvironmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is associated with stunting. Citrulline, produced in mature enterocytes, may be a valuable biomarker of small intestinal enterocyte mass in the context of EED. ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the correlates of plasma citrulline (p-cit) in children with stunting. MethodsIn a cross-sectional study using baseline data from the community-based MAGNUS (milk affecting growth, cognition and the gut in child stunting) trial (ISRCTN13093195), we explored potential correlates of p-cit in Ugandan children with stunting aged 12–59 mo. Using linear regression in univariate and multivariate models, we explored associations with socioeconomics, diet, micronutrient status, and water, sanitation, and hygiene characteristics. The influence of covariates age, fasting, and systemic inflammation were also explored. ResultsIn 750 children, the mean ± standard deviation age was 32.0 ± 11.7 mo, and height-for-age z-score was –3.02 ± 0.74. P-cit, available for 730 children, differed according to time fasted and was 20.7 ± 8.9, 22.3 ± 10.6 and 24.2 ± 13.1 μmol/L if fasted <2, 2–5 and >5 h, respectively. Positive correlates of p-cit were age [0.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.001, 0.15 μmol/L] and log10 serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (8.88; 95% CI: 5.09, 12.67 μmol/L). With adjustment for systemic inflammation, the association with serum insulin-like growth factor-1 reduced (4.98; 95% CI: 0.94, 9.03 μmol/L). Negative correlates of p-cit included food insecurity, wet season (–3.12; 95% CI: –4.97, –1.26 μmol/L), serum C-reactive protein (–0.15; 95% CI: –0.20, –0.10 μmol/L), serum α1-acid glycoprotein (–5.34; 95% CI: –6.98, –3.70 μmol/L) and anemia (–1.95; 95% CI: –3.72, –0.18 μmol/L). Among the negatively correlated water, sanitation, and hygiene characteristics was lack of soap for handwashing (–2.53; 95% CI: –4.82, –0.25 μmol/L). Many associations attenuated with adjustment for inflammation. ConclusionsMany of the correlates of p-cit are characteristic of populations with a high EED prevalence. Systemic inflammation is strongly associated with p-cit and is implicated in EED and stunting. Adjustment for systemic inflammation attenuates many associations, reflecting either confounding, mediation, or both. This study highlights the complex interplay between p-cit and systemic inflammation.

Housing conditions affect enterocyte death mode and turnover rate in mouse small intestine

Small intestinal enterocytes are continuously renewed. Shedding/death of enterocytes involves receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent (but RIPK3-independent) necrotic death, but the regulatory mechanism of the processes is not fully understood. Here, we show that mouse housing conditions, such as the type of bedding material and the presence or absence of a Shepherd Shack, affect enterocyte turnover rate and determine whether enterocyte shedding/death is RIPK1-independent or -dependent. Mice housed with ALPHA-dri (αDri, hard paper chip) bedding material without a Shepherd Shack had a higher, largely RIPK1-dependent enterocyte turnover rate and higher blood corticosterone levels, suggesting the involvement of minor stress, whereas mice housed with αDri plus a Shepherd Shack or with Soft Chip had a lower, RIPK1-independent turnover rate and lower blood corticosterone levels. Corticosterone administration to a small intestine culture derived from mice housed with αDri plus a Shepherd Shack or with Soft Chip increased enterocyte shedding/death and turnover. By using kinase inhibitors and knockout mice, we showed that the switch from RIPK1-independent to RIPK1-dependent enterocyte shedding/death and turnover involves suppression of TANK-binding kinase 1. Our results demonstrate that housing conditions may cause minor stress, which alters the mode of enterocyte shedding/death and enterocyte turnover rate in mice.

Failure to experimentally infect 10 days-old piglets with a cell culture-propagated infectious stock of a classical genotype 1a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes enteric disease in pigs of all ages. PEDV can be grouped into G1 (classical strains) and G2 (variant strains) based on sequence differences in the spike gene. Although several pathogenesis studies using contemporary strains of PEDV have been conducted to date, there is limited information on the pathogenesis of historical PEDV strains in contemporary pigs. This study aimed to investigate the clinical disease course of 10 days-old pigs infected with a classical European G1a PEDV strain from the 1980s which was last passaged in pigs in 1994. Sequencing results confirmed that the virus inoculum was a PEDV strain closely related to the prototype CV777 strain. The PEDV stock was serially passaged three times in Vero cells, and the P3 infectious virus stock was used to inoculate the pigs. A total of 40 pigs were inoculated using the oral route. Pigs showed no enteric disease signs, and PEDV shedding was not detected for 44 days post-inoculation (dpi). At necropsy at 3 (5 pigs) or 7 dpi (5 pigs), no lesions were observed in intestinal sections, which were negative for PEDV antigen by immunohistochemistry. In addition, no IgG or IgA PEDV-specific antibodies in serum or fecal samples for 35 dpi further indicates a lack of infection. Titration of the leftover thawed and refrozen PEDV virus stock inoculum showed that the virus stock retained its infectivity in Vero cell culture and the porcine small intestine enterocytes cell line IPEC-J2. The reasons for the loss of infectivity in pigs are unknown. In conclusion, we showed that a classical G1a PEDV strain successfully propagated in cell cultures could not orally infect 40 piglets.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Gold Glyconanoparticles of Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells

INTRODUCTION: Use of metal nanoparticles is a promising trend in oncotherapy.&#x0D; AIM: To evaluate cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) modified with fucose, lactose and galactose residues, on Caco-2 cells.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cells were cultured to a monolayer with GHPs in concentrations of 10 g/ml600 g/ml for particles with fucose, 10 g/ml900 g/ml for particles with lactose and 10 g/ml550 g/ml for particles with galactose. As non-tumor cells, Caco-2 cells were used after differentiation into small-intestine enterocytes (incubation time 21 days). The cytotoxicity of GNPs was evaluated in MTT-test after incubation with cells for 2 hours, 8 hours and 24 hours. A comparison drug was fluorouracil in concentrations of 50 g/ml2000 g/ml. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated in GraphPad Prism 8.4.3 program.&#x0D; RESULTS: IC50 for GNPs with fucose for tumor cells was 582 29 and 336 36 g/ml after incubation for 2 hours and 8 hours, respectively; for GNPs with lactose 769 50 and 515 45 g/ml, for GNPs with galactose 467 299 and 299 28 g/ml. For differentiated cells, IC50 for all types of GNPs was higher than for tumor cells after incubation for 2 and 8 hours: for particles with fucose 530 3 and 410 15 g/ml; for particles with lactose 831 7 and 639 14 g/ml; for particles with galactose 511 21 (p = 0.018) and 376 36 g/ml, respectively. After 24-hour incubation of Caco-2 cells with fucose, IC50 did not differ for tumor and differentiated varieties. For other GNPs, IC50 for tumor cells was higher than for differentiated cells. Fluorouracil showed cytotoxicity for tumor cells with IC50 2108 19 and 1764 193 g/ml after 2 hours and 8 hours of incubation, respectively. For differentiated cells, IC50 of fluorouracil was 1694 102 g/ml after 2-hour incubation and 1694 102 g/ml after 8-hour incubation. There were no differences between IC50 of fluorouracil for differentiated and tumor cells with equal incubation time.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: GNPs with fucose, lactose and galactose have a cytotoxic effect on human colon adenocarcinoma cells and in the activity are superior to fluorouracil.

Targeted delivery of oral vaccine antigens to aminopeptidase N protects pigs against pathogenic E. coli challenge infection.

Oral subunit vaccines are an interesting alternative strategy to traditional live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines for conferring protection against gut pathogens. Despite being safer and more cost-effective, the development of oral subunit vaccines remains challenging due to barriers imposed by the gastrointestinal tract, such as digestive enzymes, a tolerogenic immune environment and the inability of larger proteins to cross the epithelial barrier. Recent advances have focused on overcoming these barriers by using potent mucosal adjuvants or pH-responsive delivery vehicles to protect antigens from degradation and promote their release in the intestinal lumen. A promising approach to allow vaccine antigens to pass the epithelial barrier is by their targeting towards aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13), an abundant membrane protein present on small intestinal enterocytes. APN is a peptidase involved in digestion, but also a receptor for several enteric pathogens. In addition, upon antibody-mediated crosslinking, APN facilitated the transport of antibody-antigen fusion constructs across the gut epithelium. This epithelial transport resulted in antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we present evidence that oral administration of APN-specific antibody-antigen fusion constructs comprising the porcine IgA Fc-domain and the FedF tipadhesin of F18-fimbriated E. coli elicited both mucosal and systemic immune responses and provided at least partial protection to piglets against a subsequent challenge infection with an F18-fimbriated STEC strain. Altogether, these findings will contribute to the further development of new oral subunit vaccines and provide a first proof-of-concept for the protective efficacy of APN-targeted vaccine antigens.

Changes of Enterocyte Morphology and Enterocyte: Goblet Cell Ratios in Dogs with Protein-Losing and Non-Protein-Losing Chronic Enteropathies.

This study aimed to assess the morphometry of enterocytes as well as the goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in different intestinal segments of dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE). Histopathological intestinal samples from 97 dogs were included in the study (19 healthy juveniles, 21 healthy adults, 24 dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), and 33 CE dogs without PLE). Healthy adult small intestinal enterocytes showed progressively reduced epithelial cell height in the aboral direction, while juvenile dogs showed progressively increased epithelial cell height in the aboral direction. CE dogs had increased epithelial cell height in the duodenum, while PLE dogs had decreased epithelial cell heights compared to healthy adult dogs. Both the CE and PLE dogs showed decreased enterocyte width in the duodenal segment, and the ileal and colonic enterocytes of CE dogs were narrower than those of healthy adult dogs. CE dogs had a lower goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in the colon segment compared to healthy dogs. This study provides valuable morphometric information on enterocytes during canine chronic enteropathies, highlighting significant morphological enterocyte alterations, particularly in the small intestine, as well as a reduced goblet cell-to-enterocyte ratio in the colon of CE cases compared to healthy adult dogs.

Cytarabine induces cachexia with lipid malabsorption via zippering the junctions of lacteal in murine small intestine

Chemotherapy-induced cachexia causes severe metabolic abnormalities independently of cancer and reduces the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. The underlying mechanism of chemotherapy-induced cachexia remains unclear. Here we investigated the cytarabine (CYT)-induced alteration in energy balance and its underlying mechanisms in mice. We compared energy balance-associated parameters among the three groups of mice: CON, CYT, and PF (pair-fed mice with the CYT group) that were intravenously administered vehicle or CYT. Weight gain, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and nocturnal energy expenditure were significantly lowered in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups. The CYT group demonstrated less energy intake than the CON group and higher respiratory quotient than the PF group, indicating that CYT induced cachexia independently from the anorexia-induced weight loss. Serum triglyceride was significantly lower in the CYT group than in the CON group, whereas the intestinal mucosal triglyceride levels and the lipid content within the small intestine enterocyte were higher after lipid loading in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups, suggesting that CYT inhibited lipid uptake in the intestine. This was not associated with obvious intestinal damage. The CYT group showed increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel in duodenal villi compared to that in the CON and CYT groups, suggesting their imperative role in the CYT-induced inhibition of lipid uptake. CYT worsens cachexia independently of anorexia by inhibiting the intestinal lipid uptake, via the increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel.

BBIBP-CorV Vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Affects the Gut Microbiome.

Several observational studies have confirmed that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) might substantially affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system by replicating in human small intestine enterocytes. Yet, so far, no study has reported the effects of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccines on gut microbiota alterations. In this study, we examined the effects of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine (ChiCTR2000032459, sponsored by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm), on gut microbiota. Fecal samples were collected from individuals whoreceived two doses of intramuscular injection of BBIBP-CorV and matched unvaccinated controls. DNA extracted from fecal samples was subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing analysis. The composition and biological functions of the microbiota between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were compared. Compared with unvaccinated controls, vaccinated subjects exhibited significantly reduced bacterial diversity, elevated firmicutes/bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios, a tendency towards Faecalibacterium-predominant enterotypes, and altered gut microbial compositions and functional potentials. Specifically, the intestinal microbiota in vaccine recipients was enriched with Faecalibacterium and Mollicutes and with a lower abundance of Prevotella, Enterococcus, Leuconostocaceae, and Weissella. Microbial function prediction by phylogenetic investigation of communities using reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis further indicated that Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism and transcription were positively associated with vaccine inoculation, whereas capacities in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers were negatively affected by vaccines. Vaccine inoculation was particularly associated with gut microbiota alterations, as was demonstrated by the improved composition and functional capacities of gut microbiota.

Characterizing purinergic receptors in the gastrointestinal epithelium and immune cells

Background: Extracellular release of nucleotides (e.g., ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP) are well established as potent intercellular signaling molecules during homeostasis but are also released from cells during pathogenic microbial infection and tissue injury to serve as danger signals. These important extracellular signaling molecules activate purinergic receptors, of which there are 19 different purinergic receptor subtypes that are classified into P1 and P2 receptors. P1 receptor subtypes are activated by adenosine, while P2 receptors are differentially activated by ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, and UP-glucose. P2 receptors are further divided into P2Y receptors (P2YRs) and P2X receptors (P2XRs) based on their structures and distinct signal-transduction mechanisms. Several studies have revealed crucial roles for P2 receptors during inflammatory and infectious diseases, yet the majority of work to date has focused on purinergic signaling in immune cells. Our group has previously identified a role for P2Y1 in mediating ADP-driven calcium waves during rotavirus infection. While purinergic signaling is a well-established mode of signaling in the enteric nervous system, the functional roles of purinergic signaling in the gastrointestinal tract remain incompletely understood. Hypothesis: Since epithelial cells serve as the first barrier against irritants and infection, we hypothesized that gut epithelium express multiple purinergic receptors that regulate cellular responses to extracellular nucleotide signals. Methods &amp; Results: Using the Human Protein Atlas, we queried single cell RNA sequencing data for the P2 purinergic receptors. We examined these receptors along the length of the gastrointestinal tract, including esophagus, small intestine, colon, and rectum as well as in flow-sorted immune cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and and bone marrow derived immune cells. In silico analysis revealed high expression of P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y11 and P2X4 among the purinergic receptors throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Interestingly, P2Y1 showed highest expression in esophageal epithelial cells, small intestinal enterocytes, and goblet cells. P2Y6 was also observed in promixal enterocytes of the small intestine, but was largely absent from the colon and rectum. In contrast, we found that immune cells from bone marrow, peripheral blood and flow sorted cells had relatively high expression of P2X1 and P2X4. We noted P2X5 expression in plasma cells and B -cells in all sets. Pathway analysis from the Reactome database revealed P2Y receptors are associated with signal transduction, metabolism and hemostasis pathways, while P2X receptors were primarily involved in immune response and infectious disease pathways. Conclusions: These findings confirm that the gastrointestinal tract possess robust P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y11 and P2X4 receptor expression and can participate in purinergic signaling pathways. R01 DK115507 (Hyser); R01 AI158683 (Hyser); APS Postdoctoral Fellowship (Engevik); F32 DK130288 (Engevik) This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Potential Effect of Glutamine in the Improvement of Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation and the Alleviation of Burn-Induced Intestinal Injury via Activating YAP: A Preliminary Study

Burn injury is a common form of traumatic injury that leads to high mortality worldwide. A severe burn injury usually induces gut barrier dysfunction, partially resulting from the impairment in the proliferation and self-renewal of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) post burns. As a main energy substance of small intestinal enterocytes, glutamine (Gln) is important for intestinal cell viability and growth, while its roles in ISCs-induced regeneration after burns are still unclear. To demonstrate the potential effects of Gln in improving ISCs proliferation and alleviating burn-induced intestinal injury, in this study, we verified that Gln significantly alleviated small intestine injury in burned mice model. It showed that Gln could significantly decrease the ferroptosis of crypt cells in the ileum, promote the proliferation of ISCs, and repair the crypt. These effects of Gln were also confirmed in the mouse small intestine organoids model. Further research found that Yes-associated protein (YAP) is suppressed after burn injury, and Gln could improve cell proliferation and accelerate the renewal of the damaged intestinal mucosal barrier after burns by activating YAP. YAP is closely associated with the changes in intestinal stem cell proliferation after burn injury and could be served as a potential target for severe burns.

Dietary Fiber Increases Oxidative Metabolism in Colonocytes but Not in Distal Small Intestinal Enterocytes Isolated from Rats

Colonocyte and distal small intestinal enterocyte metabolism was studied in rats fed either an elemental diet or an elemental diet supplemented with 30% mixed dietary fiber for 14 d. Cells were incubated in RPMI 1640 culture media containing 14C-labeled glutamine (1 mmol/L), glucose (11 mmol/L), and short-chain fatty acids: acetate, propionate and butyrate (5 mmol/L). Substrate oxidation and product formation were measured. Colonocytes from the fiber-fed group had 22–51% higher oxidation rates than the elementalfed group for all substrates tested. The group consuming the fiber diet had 28% less glutamate formation from glutamine by isolated colonocytes than the group consuming the elemental diet. Enterocyte acetate oxidation and lactate formation rates were lower (60 and 30%) in the fiber-fed animals vs. the elemental-fed group. Including short-chain fatty acids and ketone bodies in incubation media differentially affected acetate, glutamine and glucose metabolism in isolated intestinal cells, depending on segment and diet. Short-chain fatty acid and glucose oxidation rates were higher for colonocytes than enterocytes and glutamate formation was greater in enterocytes than colonocytes. Fiber consumption increased this segmental disparity. This study demonstrates that dietary fiber consumption increases substrate oxidation by isolated colonocytes but not distal small intestinal enterocytes.

Design of Nanohydrogels for Targeted Intracellular Drug Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network.

Nanohydrogels combine advantages of hydrogels and nanoparticles. In particular, they represent promising drug delivery systems. Nanogel synthesis by oxidative condensation of polyglycidol prepolymers, that are modified with thiol groups, results in crosslinking by disulfide bonds. Hereby, biomolecules like the antidiabetic peptide RS1-reg, derived from the regulatory protein RS1 of the Na+ -D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1, can be covalently bound by cysteine residues to the nanogel in a hydrophilic, stabilizing environment. After oral uptake, the acid-stable nanogels protect their loading during gastric passage from proteolytic degradation. Under alkaline conditions in small intestine the nanohydrogels become mucoadhesive, pass the intestinal mucosa and are taken up into small intestinal enterocytes by endocytosis. Using Caco-2 cells as amodel for small intestinal enterocytes, by confocal laser scanning microscopy and structured illumination microscopy, the colocalization of fluorescent-labeled RS1-reg with markers of endosomes, lysosomes, and trans-Golgi-network after uptake with polyglycidol-based nanogels formed by precipitation polymerization is demonstrated. This indicates that RS1-reg follows the endosomal pathway. In the following, the design of bespoken nanohydrogels for specific targeting of RS1-reg to its site of action at the trans-Golgi network is described that might also represent a way of targeted transport for other drugs to their targets at the Golgi apparatus.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome post-COVID-19.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome post-COVID-19.

Flagellin from Salmonella enteritidis Enhances the Immune Response of Fused F18 from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

F18 plays an important role in helping Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) binds to specific receptors on small intestinal enterocytes, followed by secreting of toxins causing diarrhea in post-weaning piglets (post-weaning diarrhea, PWD). However, the F18 subunit vaccine is not sufficient to stimulate an immune response that can protect weaning pigs from F18-positive ETEC (F18+ETEC). Recently, a body of evidence shows that flagellin protein (FliC) helps to increase the immunity of fused proteins. Therefore, in this study, we combined FliC with F18 to enhance the immune response of F18. The f18 gene was obtained from F18+ETEC, then was fused with the fliC gene. The expression of recombinant FliC-F18 protein was induced by Isopropyl-beta-D-Thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The purified protein was tested in vivo in mouse models to evaluate the immunostimulation. Results showed that the fusion of FliC and F18 protein increased the production of anti-F18 antibodies. Besides, the anti-F18 antibody in the collected antiserum specifically identified F18+ETEC. This result provides proof-of-concept for the development of subunit vaccine to prevent PWD using F18 antigen.

Anthocyanin-Rich Blackcurrant Extract Preserves Gastrointestinal Barrier Permeability and Reduces Enterocyte Damage but Has No Effect on Microbial Translocation and Inflammation After Exertional Heat Stress.

This study investigated the effects of 7days of 600mg/day anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant extract intake on small intestinal permeability, enterocyte damage, microbial translocation, and inflammation following exertional heat stress. Twelve recreationally active men (maximal aerobic capacity = 55.6 ± 6.0ml·kg-1·min-1) ran (70% VO2max) for 60min in an environmental chamber (34°C, 40% relative humidity) on two occasions (placebo/blackcurrant, randomized double-blind crossover). Permeability was assessed from a 4-hr urinary excretion of lactulose and rhamnose and expressed as a ratio of lactulose/rhamnose. Venous blood samples were taken at rest and 20, 60, and 240min after exercise to measure enterocyte damage (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein); microbial translocation (soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein); and interleukins 6, interleukins 10, and interleukins 1 receptor antagonist. Exercise increased rectal temperature (by ∼2.8°C) and heart rate (by ∼123 beats/min) in each condition. Blackcurrant supplementation led to a ∼12% reduction in lactulose/rhamnose ratio (p < .0034) and enterocyte damage (∼40% reduction in intestinal fatty acid-binding protein area under the curve; p < .0001) relative to placebo. No between-condition differences were observed immediately after exercise for lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (mean, 95% confidence interval [CI]; +80%, 95% CI [+61%, +99%]); soluble CD14 (+37%, 95% CI [+22%, +51%]); interleukins 6 (+494%, 95% CI [+394%, +690%]); interleukins 10 (+288%, 95% CI [+105%, +470%]); or interleukins 1 receptor antagonist (+47%, 95% CI [+13%, +80%]; all time main effects). No between-condition differences for these markers were observed after 60 or 240min of recovery. Blackcurrant extract preserves the GI barrier; however, at subclinical levels, this had no effect on microbial translocation and downstream inflammatory processes.

Cellular Iron Imbalance Alters Metabolite Profile in Gut Epithelial Cells

ObjectiveThe study aims to investigate the metabolic profile and proliferative activity of small intestinal enterocytes in response to dietary iron deficiency and excess. We hypothesize that iron imbalance affects cellular iron, energy and fatty acid metabolism and alters cell proliferation.MethodsA porcine jejunal epithelial cell line (IPEC‐J2) was used as an in vitro model and cultured in DMEM/F12 containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics. Cells were treated with the complete growth media for as control (CON), or the growth media supplemented with 500 µM Deferiprone (DFP) to induce iron deficiency (ID), 10 µM ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) to induce iron overload, or 500 µM DFP followed by 10 µM FAC in treatment for iron deficiency and replenishment (IDIR). An XTT assay determined doses of 500 µM of DFP and 10 µM of FAC as non‐cytotoxic. The relative expression of genes encoding iron regulatory proteins and zinc transporters were determined at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of treatment using RT‐qPCR. A BrdU assay was used to assess the proliferative activity of cells cultured after 48 hours of IE, ID or control treatments. Cell lysate was extracted after 48 hours of treatment media and analyzed for untargeted metabolomics using GC coupled to time‐of‐flight MS. Data were subjected to two‐way ANOVA mixed‐effect analysis with Geisser‐Greenhouse correction and statistical significance was determined at p&lt;0.05.ResultsThe relative expression of transferrin receptor 1 was significantly higher in IE compared to ID (P &lt; 0.05) regardless of the time of exposure. Iron treatment did not affect the expression of cytochrome B reductase (CYBRD1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), Solute Carrier Family 39 (ZIP14), or ferritin light chain (FTL). FPN expression increased significantly at 96 hour post DFP treatment compared to 24 hours. (P &lt;0.05). Iron deficiency gradually increased the expression of CYBRD1, DMT1 and FTL with the increase of exposure time (Ptime &lt; 0.05). The results suggested a compensatory induction of genes associated with iron uptake in IPEC‐J2 cells in response to extended exposure to iron deficiency. BrdU assay revealed that ID significantly reduced the rate of DNA replication compared to IE (P &lt; 0.05), which did not alter cell proliferation rate in comparison with IR. Metabolome analysis revealed that iron treatment altered 71 metabolites (FDR &lt; 0.1), among which 19 were mapped in the user database. In comparison with CON, the most drastic changes in metabolite profile were observed in ID‐treated cells and 33 altered metabolites changed to an opposite direction in IE‐ and ID‐treated cells. Iron replenishment dampened or reversed changes of metabolites affected by ID. The profile of altered metabolites highlighted reduction of cytidine‐5‐monophosphate and changes in glucose metabolism (e.g. glucuronic acid and glucose‐1‐phosphate), the Kreb’s cycle (e.g. citric acid and aconitic acid) suggesting a significant impact of ID on cellular energy metabolism.ConclusionIntracellular iron status can have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism in enterocytes. Given the absorptive function of the enterocyte, whether and how ID and IE affect nutrient absorption in the intestinal epithelium and proliferative activity of crypt‐based intestinal stem cells warrants future study.