Small Cycle Research Articles

Paternal Western diet causes transgenerational increase in food consumption in Drosophila with parallel alterations in the offspring brain proteome and microRNAs.

Several lines of evidence indicate that ancestral diet might play an important role in determining offspring's metabolic traits. However, it is not yet clear whether ancestral diet can affect offspring's food choices and feeding behavior. In the current study, taking advantage of Drosophila model system, we demonstrate that paternal Western diet (WD) increases offspring food consumption up to the fourth generation. Paternal WD also induced alterations in F1 offspring brain proteome. Using enrichment analyses of pathways for upregulated and downregulated proteins, we found that upregulated proteins had significant enrichments in terms related to translation and translation factors, whereas downregulated proteins displayed enrichments in small molecule metabolic processes, TCA cycles, and electron transport chain (ETC). Using MIENTURNET miRNA prediction tool, dme-miR-10-3p was identified as the top conserved miRNA predicted to target proteins regulated by ancestral diet. RNAi-based knockdown of miR-10 in the brain significantly increased food consumption, implicating miR-10 as a potential factor in programming feeding behavior. Together, these findings suggest that ancestral nutrition may influence offspring feeding behavior through alterations in miRNAs.

Cycle slip detection and repair based on the unmodeled-error-constrained geometry-free combining geometry-based models for a single-frequency receiver

Accurate cycle slip detection and repair is the prerequisite of high-precision and high-reliability Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and navigation. The cycle slips are widely existent in a challenging environment or a low-cost receiver, where the unmodeled errors are usually significant. Therefore, it is highly urgent to enhance the performance of cycle slip detection and repair for a single-frequency receiver under complex conditions. In this paper, a new cycle slip processing method based on the unmodeled-error-constrained geometry-free (GF) combining geometry-based (GB) models is proposed. Specifically, first, the short-term GF and GB unmodeled errors are predicted based on their temporal behaviours. Second, the predicted GF and GB unmodeled errors are applied to correct the potentially biased GF and GB models. Finally, the cycle slips are detected and repaired by combing the unmodeled-error-constrained GF and GB models. By using the real dataset with multipath effects and ionospheric delays, the proposed short-term prediction of unmodeled errors is effective both in GF and GB models, where the centimetre-level accuracy can be obtained, respectively. Based on this, three different typical situations, i.e., large, small, and mixed cycle slips, are all analysed. The results show that compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method considering the unmodeled errors is the most effective. Precisely, it can process the cycle slips with a detection percentage of 100% and a mean repair percentage of 93% even under challenging environments.

Real-time GNSS multiple cycle slip detection and repair based on a controllable geometry-based method in relative positioning

The demand for high-precision and high-reliability positioning has expanded as a result of the proliferation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications. A tough issue for accurate positioning, particularly in kinematic circumstances, is the repair and detection of multiple cycle slips, where more large and small cycle slips are often mixed. Compared with the geometry-free (GF) model, the geometry-based (GB) model has unique advantages in multi-GNSS. However, the conventional GB model cannot work well in highly multiple cycle slips because of excessive parameters. This paper proposes a new multiple cycle slip detection and repair method based on the controllable GB model. Specifically, the method mixes state-domain plus measurement-domain strategy. The relatively large cycle slips are first processed by a polynomial fitting aided GF strategy. As the sampling interval increases, the magnitude of minimal detectable cycle slips increases. The processing will make the number and amplitude of cycle slips reduced. Based on this, a partial GB model containing the clean measurements and polluted measurements with cycle slip is conducted, which is especially suitable for the relatively small cycle slips. The partial GB model's strength is successfully enhanced through partitioned processing. Finally, the multiple cycle slips are detected and repaired with fixed solutions. By conducting the simulated experiments and field tests, the effectiveness of the proposed method is compared and demonstrated comprehensively. The results show that the proposed method is superior to conventional methods in terms of detection and repair rates in typical and complex conditions.

Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Risk Perception and Behaviors of Small Life Cycle Event Attendees

This study investigated the behaviors of attendees of small social life cycle events during the COVID19 pandemic, incorporating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) into the study framework. Adopting individuals' risk perception aspects based on the affect and availability heuristics as antecedents of variables of TPB, this study found that affect and availability heuristics influenced individuals' attitudes and perceived behavioral control when attending small social life cycle events during the pandemic. Findings of the study also revealed that individuals' attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and social norm influenced their behavioral intentions and, in turn, their behaviors. The group comparison analysis found the severity of the pandemic in the regions moderated attendees' behaviors partially. Theoretical and managerial implications were addressed, followed by limitations and future study suggestions.

Wide zero‐voltage switching range full‐bridge converter based on adjustable parallel current

AbstractAiming at the problems of narrow ZVS range, large duty cycle loss, and severe voltage oscillation of phase‐shift‐controlled full‐bridge converters, this paper proposes a converter that realizes ZVS by adjusting the parallel current. No additional series inductor is required, avoiding large duty cycle loss and weakening voltage oscillations on the secondary side. The converter with small duty cycle loss can use a transformer with a larger turns ratio, which can reduce the voltage stress of the secondary diodes and the filter inductor current ripple. The parallel current required to realize ZVS is analyzed theoretically considering the influence of leakage inductor energy on ZVS. A comparative experiment between the proposed converter and the conventional full‐bridge converter is carried out to verify the performance of the proposed converter.

Study on the Mechanism and Control of Strong Rock Pressure in Thick Coal Seam Mining under the Goaf of Very Close Multiple Coal Seams

With the increasing proportion of close-distance coal seam mining in China, the problem of strong mining pressure during the mining of close-distance coal seams is becoming more and more severe. This article focuses on the complex stress environment and severe mining pressure encountered in the mining of thick coal seams under the multi-coal-seam goaf of Zhunnan Coal Mine. By using research methods, such as similar material simulation, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation, it studies in depth the instability characteristics of the overlying rock structure of the W1701 working face, the inducing factors and mechanisms of strong mining pressure during the mining process, and control measures. The results show that the roof structure of the W1701 working face can be divided into “high-level key layer (hard rock)–giant thick soft and weak rock group–low-level key layer (hard rock)”, and the law of mining pressure manifestation presents a small cycle formed by the instability of “masonry beam” structure and a main large cycle formed by the periodic penetration and step-down of the giant thick soft and weak rock group, with the load on the support during the large cycle up to 5.4 times the rated working resistance. In addition, this article proposes the strategy of using layered mining to control the manifestation of strong mining pressure under the “hard sandwiched soft” overlying rock condition of the Zhunnan Coal Mine, optimizes the thickness of the layered mining of the thick coal seam, and finally, determines the upper layer thickness of 2.8 m and the lower layer thickness of 4 m, inducing the giant thick soft and weak rock formation to undergo incremental damage and releasing the fracture energy incrementally, effectively controlling the manifestation threat of strong mining pressure in the mining of thick coal seams under the close-distance coal seam goaf. As the proportion of close-range coal seam mining increases in China, the problem of strong mining pressure during the mining of close-range coal seams becomes more severe. This article focuses on the complex stress environment and severe mining pressure in the mining of thick coal seams under multiple mined-out areas in the Zhunnan coal mine. Similar material simulation, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation methods were used to conduct in-depth research on the unstable characteristics of the overlying rock structure of the W1701 working face, the causes and mechanisms of strong mining pressure during the mining process, and control measures. The results show that the roof structure of the W1701 working face can be divided into “high-level key layer (hard rock)–thick soft weak rock group–low-level key layer (hard rock).” The law of mining pressure manifestation presents small cycles of instability formed by “block beams” and main cycles of pressure formed by vertically cracked periodic penetration and step sinking of the thick soft weak rock group. Moreover, during the main cycle of pressure, the load-bearing capacity of the support is up to 5.4 times the rated working resistance. Furthermore, it is proposed to use hierarchical mining to control the manifestation of strong mining pressure in the “hard-inlaid soft” overlying rock condition of the Zhunnan coal mine and optimize the thickness of layered mining of thick coal seams. Ultimately, the upper layer thickness was determined as 2.8 m; the lower layer thickness was determined as 4 m, and the layered mining induced the thick soft weak rock group to undergo gradual damage and energy release, effectively controlling the threat of severe mining pressure during the mining of thick coal seams under the close-range coal seam mining.

Vertical changes in sulfur isotopic ratio of water flowing through a forested catchment along the coast of the sea of Japan in central Japan–a buffer against seasonal transboundary air pollution

ABSTRACT Acidic substances, specifically sulfur (S) compounds, derived from atmospheric deposition play a major role in the acidification of forest ecosystems. This study conducted field surveys to clarify a buffering system against seasonal large S inputs in a forested catchment in central Japan that has historically suffered from transboundary air pollution. Results showed that atmospheric S fluxes significantly increased in winter due to north-westerly seasonal winds from the Asian continent; fluxes were 1.1 and 0.3 kmolc ha−1 in the cold and warm seasons, respectively, due to the large effects of sea salt and transboundary air pollution. Despite the large seasonality within atmospheric deposition, SO4 2– concentrations in stream water (SW) were found to be relatively stable throughout the year. Similarly, S isotopic ratios (δ34S) in rainwater showed clear seasonal variation, increasing to 12‰ in winter and decreasing to 2‰ in summer, whereas the δ34S value of SW was stable year-round at ~9‰. Flux-weighted mean δ34S values for rainfall (RF), throughfall, stemflow, and SW were similar, i.e. 8.5, 9.5, 9.0, and 9.0‰, respectively. Both the δ34S values and the SO4 2– concentrations in RF and soil solutions appear to converge at values of SW, suggesting that atmospheric deposition is a primary S origin in SW. The sulfur adsorption-desorption in soil appears to mainly buffer the large sulfur input and prevent sudden acidification, whereas a relatively small biological sulfur cycle was suggested by litterfall. Possible disturbances within this buffering system should be carefully monitored under a changing climate.

Coastal vegetation dynamics in response to climatic and relative sea level changes in Mahanadi River delta, NE coast of India

This research assesses the impacts of climate change and relative sea level (RSL) fluctuations on coastal vegetation during the past 2000 years along the Mahanadi River delta, northeast coast of India. Sediment samples of a 2.6 m trench from Barhatubi area located in the lower flood plain of Mahanadi River delta were studied for sedimentological and pollen analysis. Mangrove succession can be divided into three zones: (1) Freshwater marsh (∼1980–1420 cal yr BP); (2) Tidal flat (∼1420–770 cal yr BP) and (3) Landward mangrove margin (∼770 cal yr BP-Present). A transgressive shift from floodplain freshwater marsh to a tidal flat is recorded between ∼1980–1420 cal yr BP which is evidenced by upland tree taxa, Poaceae, pteridophyte and fungal spores along with low percentage of mangroves such as Avicennia, Sonneratia and Rhizophora representing the landward edge of the tidal region. Dominance of Sonneratia and a decline in terrestrial taxa reflects a rise in the relative sea level around ∼1420 cal yr BP with less freshwater input from land suggesting a weakened monsoon condition. After ∼770 cal yr BP, an overall regressive phase with small cycles of relative sea level rise/fall has been observed due to the dominance of salt tolerant Avicennia along with Rhizophora, Excoecaria agallocha and Aegialitis rotundifolia alternating with Sonneratia and other marine palynomorphs.

Zonal graphs of small cycle rank

A zonal labeling of a plane graph G is an assignment of the two nonzero elements of the ring Z 3 of integers modulo 3 to the vertices of G such that the sum of the labels of the vertices on the boundary of each region of G is the zero element of Z 3 . A plane graph possessing such a labeling is a zonal graph. There is a connection between zonal labelings of connected bridgeless cubic plane graphs and the Four Color Theorem. Zonal labelings of cycles play a role in this connection. The cycle rank of a connected graph of order n and size m is m − n + 1 . Thus, cycles have cycle rank 1. All zonal connected graphs of cycle rank at most 2 are determined.

Extreme freshwater discharge events exacerbated by climate change influence the structure and functional response of the chironomid community in a biodiversity hotspot

Global climate change is expected to exacerbate extreme discharge events in freshwater ecosystems as a consequence of changes in precipitation volume and snow cover duration. Chironomid midges were used as a model organism in this study because of their small size and short life cycles, which enable fast colonization of new habitats and great resilience. This resilience is often expressed in easy recolonization after an extreme event. Chironomid samples together with physico-chemical water measurements were collected for 14 years, between 2007 and 2020, in a karst tufa barrier that is part of the Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia. More than 13,000 individuals belonging to >90 taxa were collected. Mean annual water temperature increased by 0.1 °C during this period. Multiple change-point analysis revealed three main periods by discharge patterns: the first one from January 2007 to June 2010, the second from July 2010 to March 2013, characterised by extreme low discharge, and the third from April 2013 to December 2020, characterised by an increase in extreme peak discharge values. Based on multilevel pattern analysis, indicator species of the first and the third discharge period were detected. The ecological preferences of these species indicate an environmental change related to the changes in discharge. Along with species composition, functional composition has changed with the abundance of passive filtrators, shredders and predators increasing over time. Species richness and abundance did not change over the period of observation, thus emphasizing the importance of species-level identification in detecting the earliest community response to change that would otherwise be overlooked.

Oscillatory and transient dynamics of a slow–fast predator–prey system with fear and its carry-over effect

In almost every ecological system, growth of various interacting species evolve in different time scales and the implementation of this time scale difference in the corresponding mathematical model exhibits some rich and complex oscillatory dynamics. In this article, we consider a predator–prey model with Beddington–DeAngelis functional response in which the prey reproduction is affected by the predation induced fear and its carry-over effect. Considering the growth of prey species occurs on a faster time scale than that of predator, the proposed system reduces to a ‘slow–fast predator–prey’ system. Using the geometric singular perturbation theory and asymptotic expansion technique, we investigate the system both analytically and numerically, and observe a wide range of rich and complex dynamics such as canard cycles (with or without head) near the singular Hopf-bifurcation threshold and relaxation oscillation cycles. The system experiences a canard explosion through which a rapid transition from small amplitude limit cycle to large amplitude limit cycle occurs in a tiny parametric interval. These types of complex oscillatory dynamics are absent in non slow–fast systems. Furthermore, it is shown that the interplay between fear and its carry-over effect, and the variation of time scale parameter may lead to a regime shift of the oscillatory dynamics. We also study the impact of fear and its carry-over effect on the properties of long transient dynamics. Thus our study provides some valuable biological insights of a slow–fast predator–prey system which will aid in understanding the interplay between fear and its carry-over effect.

The structure and algorithm of building microcycles in the system of the training process of highly qualified athletes in volleyball

The constant growth of the level of integral mastery of players, which includes the comprehensive development of athletes, prompts specialists to search for and develop the latest training programs. The search for more perfect training programs and improvement of the training process at all stages of training a professional sports team.
 Volleyball is no exception, as in all team sports, without exception, the perfection of the construction of the training process, taking into account all the principles and methods of training highly qualified athletes, plays an important role here. Special attention is paid to small training cycles of athletes and the methodology of their construction, as a structural unit of a certain stage of training. It must be taken into account that training a highly qualified sports team is a continuous process. Therefore, it is important to clearly understand which of the stages the team is at, the general level of the players, the level of preparation of all components of the team as a whole and each individual player. Due to the rational selection of means and methods of the training process in each small cycle of the training of a sports team, it is possible to plan the necessary stage of training with maximum quality, correct it and make changes in a timely manner.

Phylogenetic analysis of Prunus genus using nuclear and chloroplast gene markers as a bioorganic structure profiling

Prunus species are known as model species for the family Rosaceae and other woody plants with their small genome size and relatively small life cycle as woody plants. Also Prunus species are economically important plants in the subfamily Amygdaloideae of the Rosaceae have a controversial taxonomic history due to the lack of a phylogenetic framework. Therefore, mapping, classification, determination the genetic structure and characterization of genes as a spesific chemical and fuctional units of nucleic acids and making phylogenetic analysis in these species have important implications. The aim of this study to find any gene markers as a bioorganic – chemical structure profiling to determine genetic diversity of different Prunus species from Iraq by using nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers to evaluate the phylogeny of Prunus. A total of 12 species Prunus subgenus amygdalus were collected from Iraq. Ten gene region markers on both nuclear DNA and chloroplast DNA have been tested to evaluate the genetic variation at their molecular levels by using multiplex PCR with 10 gene region primers and sequence analysis for matK. The name of the gene regions using in this study are ITS (ITS1+ITS2+5.8S coding region), rbcL, matK, rpl16, trnL-trnF, atpB-rbcL, rp136-infA-rps8, trnK-rps16, pbsM-trnD, psbA-trnH. As a result, five different phylogenetic trees were obtained from the gene sequences of the samples and the base sequences were close to each other. The estimated value of the shape parameter for the discrete Gamma Distribution is 0.05. The nucleotide frequencies are A = 29.41%, T/U = 37.37%, C = 17.52%, and G = 15.67%. The nucleotide diversity of the sequence was low with the 0.004113 value. There were 14 different informative base site between the samples. The polymorphism observed was less in agreement with higher level of conservation of the gene regions. The Prunus species from Iraq region were grouped on two closed clusters on the phylogenetic trees.

New combined impedance‐source network inverter with high gain performance in low shoot‐through and improved quality factors

SummaryIn this paper, a new combined impedance‐source network inverter (CISI) with high voltage gain in low duty cycle is presented. With common ground between the input source and the inverter bridge and a continuous input current, the proposed converter is a suitable choice for renewable energy applications. The duty cycle of the inverter switches is low, leading to a reduction in losses and improving the efficiency. Also, due to the small duty cycle, the modulation index can be increased, and as a result, the quality of output voltages and currents is greatly improved. The proposed circuit has no switch in the input impedance network, and the number of components is reasonable compared to other works. Another advantage of the proposed converter is the low voltage stress on its capacitors and diodes. The proposed circuit is designed and tested at 180 W. The experimental results and the calculated values are close to each other, verifying the accuracy of the analysis.

Design and Simulation of Chassis for Electric Cultivator

Building or designing an electric cultivator requires a comprehensive study by paying attention to each main component, namely the chassis. The chassis serves as a place to attach the constituent components and holds the weight of the overall components contained in the tool. A good machine frame will increase the workability of the machine because the components that make up the cultivator are in the right layout. A good chassis design is needed to improve the performance of the electric cultivator. This study aims to design and simulate the strength analysis of the electric cultivator frame. This research consists of several stages, namely literature review, frame design, chassis strength simulation and chassis cultivator capability analysis. From the results of the analysis concluded that technically this tool is classified as safe with a loading condition of 18 kg and a support on its axis. However, it is still recommended that before production, the tool design must be re-optimized. Especially at the joints of the upper and lower frames near the pillow block. This is because this cross section is a critical area because it has a large equivalent stress value, has a small life cycle, and has a low safety factor. Keywords: Design, Electric cultivator, Simulation

Is chronic stress a causal mechanism for small mammal population cycles? Reconciling the evidence.

Chronic stress has long been hypothesized to play a role in driving population cycles. Christian (1950) hypothesized that high population density results in chronic stress and mass "die-offs" in small mammal populations. Updated variations of this hypothesis propose that chronic stress at high population density may reduce fitness, reproduction, or program aspects of phenotype, driving population declines. We tested the effect of density on the stress axis in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) by manipulating population density in field enclosures over three years. Using fecal corticosterone metabolites as a non-invasive measure of glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations, we found that density alone was not associated with GC differences. However, we found that the seasonal relationship of GC levels differed by density treatment, with high-density populations having elevated GC levels early in the breeding season and decreasing towards late summer. We additionally tested hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in juvenile voles born at different densities, with the hypothesis that high density may reduce receptor expression, altering negative feedback of the stress axis. We found that females had marginally higher glucocorticoid receptor expression at high density, no effect in males, and no detectable effect of density on mineralocorticoid receptor expression in either sex. Hence, we found no evidence that high density directly impairs negative feedback in the hippocampus, butrather female offspring may be better equipped for negative feedback. We compare our findings with prior studies to attempt to disentangle the complicated relationship between density, seasonality, sex, reproduction and the stress axis.

Numerical Response of Owls to the Dampening of Small Mammal Population Cycles in Latvia.

Strong numerical and functional responses of owls to voles in cyclic environments are well known. However, there is insufficient knowledge from the boreonemoral region in particular, with depleted populations of small mammals. In this study, we describe the dynamics of the small mammal population in Latvia from 1991 to 2016 and link them to owl population characteristics. We used food niche breadth, number of fledglings, and population trends to lay out the numerical response of six owl species to dampened small mammal population cycles. We found temporarily increasing food niche breadth in tawny and Ural owls. There were no other responses in the tawny owl, whereas the breeding performance of three forest specialist species-pygmy, Tengmalm's, and Ural owls-corresponded to the vole crash years in Fennoscandia. Moreover, the populations of forest specialist owls decreased, and the change in the Ural owl population can be attributed to the depletion of small mammal populations. We found evidence of a carry-over effect in the eagle owl arising from a strong correlation of declining breeding performance with the small mammal abundance indices in the previous autumn. We conclude that dampening of the small mammal population cycles is an important covariate of the likely effects of habitat destruction that needs to be investigated further, with stronger responses in more specialized (to prey or habitat) species.

Photo-control of small GTPase Ras GTPase cycle using photochromic molecule.

The small G protein Ras is a central regulator of cellular signal transduction processes, functioning as a molecular switch. Structure and regulatory mechanisms of Ras have been well studied at the molecular level. In this study, we have tried to photocontrol of Ras function using photochromic molecule as a regulatory molecular device. The two methods utilizing azobenzene derivatives as photochromic molecule were employed. The first one is that incorporating bifunctional azobenzene derivatives into the inhibitory peptides and photocontrol Ras function with the photoswitching inhibitory peptide. The second one is to incorporate azobenzene derivatives directly into the functional site of GEF. Recently, a novel peptide inhibitor of Ras (KRpep-2d) was reported to inhibit the guanine nucleotide exchange of Ras with GEF potently. We prepared the KRpep-2d modified with azobenzene derivative (ABDM, DIAAB, BSBCA22) to photocontrol of Ras GTPase activity. The GAP and GEF dependent GTPase of Ras was measured in the presence of peptide inhibitor upon UV and visible light irradiations. We also examined the photocontrol of Ras GTPase by incorporation of azobenzene into the functional site of GEF. The GEF mutant S732C, S881C, H905C, H911C and K679C were prepared and modified with phenylazophenyl maleimide (PAM), Amino azobenzene maleimide (AABM), Sulfonate azobenzene maleimide (SABM). These mutants modified with PAM did not show significant change of GTPase activity accompanied by cis-trans isomerization. Activity of these mutants decrease lower than wild type, but mutant(K679C) does not decrease.

High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging to Understand the Growth Kinetics of Nickel Nanorods.

In the present work, the growth kinetics of nickel nanorods inside commercially available Whatman nanoporous membrane is explored to achieve uniform deposition over a large area of the membrane. Uniform electrodeposition inside nanopores requires continuous presence of solute ions near the deposition site and reduction of ions. To control ion diffusion and reduction near the deposition site, the effect of DC potential and pulsed potential with various duty cycles and solution temperatures is analyzed. Time-dependent variation in deposition current is recorded for all experiments. For different experimental conditions, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image is acquired. SEM along with the current density profile helped to understand the deposition mechanism for various growth conditions. Experiments confirmed that pulse deposition with a small duty cycle is promising to achieve uniform deposition. Also, by changing the pulse duty cycle, a sectioned nanostructure can be obtained. Based on the electron microscopic observation for various deposition conditions used in this work, it is concluded that initially nickel ions adhere to the pore surfaces due to high surface energy. When a potential is applied, ions reduce and a hollow nanotube structure forms. With time, concentric growth continues by forming a solid nanorod structure.

Bursting oscillations of the perturbed quasi-zero stiffness system with positive/negative stiffness at origin

In this paper, we investigate the bursting oscillations of a system with positive or negative stiffness at origin perturbed by the QZS system. The complex global dynamics are studied by the bifurcation analysis of the generalized autonomous system in which the low-frequency excitation is treated as a slow-varying parameter. The patterns of bursting oscillations and its mechanisms are revealed for the cases of single-well dynamics, double-well dynamics, critical and transition between both. There are three types of bursting oscillations appeared in both the double-well dynamics and the critical dynamics except the single-well one, two of them are asymmetric and the other is symmetric. It is also found that the condition of the asymmetric bursting oscillations occurred in the critical dynamics is a small limit cycle near the fold point. A novel fish-scale curve is found under transition dynamics and the analysis shows that the flaking phenomenon of fish-scale corresponds to the reduction of peak number in bursting oscillations, which is caused by the adaptability of system when slow-varying parameter changes more faster with the increasing excitation amplitude.