Roof Slope Research Articles

Rational structural solutions for triangular trusses

Wooden rafter structures have undoubted advantages, which determine their wide application. The object of the study is triangular rafter structures. The purpose of the research is to find the dependence of force values in the elements of the studied structure on the magnitude of its lifting boom. The calculation of a triangular truss using the Maxwell - Cremona diagram is presented. The efficiency of the proposed method was estimated on the basis of a study of the structure of a wooden truss of the “scissors” type. The following pattern has been established: the change in the coordinates of the points (abscissas) of the force diagram is inversely proportional to the change in f . It is determined the area of rational values of the lift (roof slope) at which the values of internal forces tend to a minimum. It was revealed that the values of force increments in the truss elements at each step increase from 27% to 2 times when the roof slope de-creases. Based on the graphical analysis of the obtained data the range of effective values of the roof slope at which the forces in the elements of the truss take minimum values was found. Using a graphic method of determining the forces, it is possible to check variants of the roof slope in the search for a rational solution of the “scissor” type truss structure. It follows that the proposed method contributes to the choice of the most economical structural solutions.

Interdisciplinary Analysis of Roman Floor Types in the Villa of Diomedes in the Archaeological Park of Pompeii

The present work presents and discusses an analysis of the floor types of the Villa of Diomedes (Pompeii archaeological park in the Campania region, Italy) from an architectural, archaeological, and structural point of view. In particular, the geometrical-structural parameters of different floor types and the rules used by ancient builders to design them are investigated by means of interdisciplinary research. The links between structural assumptions, archival sources, geometric survey, in situ visual inspections, and archaeological information make it possible to define the geometrical-structural parameters of eleven barrel vaults, three wooden floors, and three sloped wooden roofs (buried and collapsed during the Vesuvius eruption). A specific study of the barrel vaults is presented to investigate the relationships between the structural parameters of the main vaults. Furthermore, a comparison between the vaults’ dimensions obtained from surveys and those produced by formulations in the literature between the 15th and 20th centuries concerning masonry vault designs is presented and discussed. These analyses, carried out within the framework of the Villa of Diomedes interdisciplinary project, were very useful for interpreting the fabrication of the villa and making a 3D reconstruction model of how the villa probably looked in the fateful year of 79 A.D.

Analyses of the Effectiveness of Different Media Depths and Plant Treatments on Green Roof Rainfall Retention Capability under Various Rainfall Patterns

Green roofs have been used to reduce rainfall runoff by altering hydrological processes through plant interception and retention as well as detention within the green roof system. Green roof media depth, substrate type, plant type and density, regional climatic conditions, rainfall patterns, and roof slope all impact runoff retention. To better understand the impacts of media depth (10, 15, and 20 cm), plant (planted and non-planted), and rainfall pattern (low, medium, and high) on rainfall retention, we analyzed data collected between September 2005 and June 2008 from 24 green roof models (61 cm × 61 cm) for growing and non-growing seasons. Our results showed that a planted green roof has greater rainfall retention capability than a non-planted green roof for all media depths. Interestingly, a non-planted green roof system with a 10 cm media depth retained greater rainfall than a planted green roof during both growing and non-growing periods. Retention capability decreased with increasing rainfall amounts for both planted and non-planted green roofs and seasons (growing and non-growing). The 15 cm media depth green roof retained significantly greater rainfall depth than the 20 cm models during medium (0.64 to 2.54 cm) and high (>2.54 cm) rainfall events for the growing season but not during the non-growing season. The study provides insight into the interactive effects of media depth, rainfall amount, plant presence, and seasons on green roof performance. The results will be helpful for designing economical and effective green roof systems.

Comparison of mono and bifacial modules for building integration and electric vehicle charging: A case study in Sweden

Future energy systems have a major difficulty in ensuring a reliable supply of electricity without affecting the environment, and numerous innovative renewables-based solutions are being introduced to meet this issue. This paper proposes a building photovoltaic (PV) system design for residential and electric vehicle (EV) charging demand and evaluates the techno-economic and environmental performance of the system in Orebro, Sweden, as it aims to become net zero carbon economy by 2045. Literature review shows that, although many studies exist, most of them did not fully consider the techno-economic and environmental aspects of PV systems for residential and EV charging loads in the chosen location. Two different PV technologies monofacial and bifacial monocrystalline panel in three different roof slopes 15°,30° and 45° has been analyzed to find the optimized system that can meet a typical house's annual energy demand. Economic indicators such as cumulative cash flow, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), payback period and cost of EV charging have been evaluated for the PV system without discount and with discount which affects the system's profitability. PVSyst software was used to simulate the system for energy generation. Results have shown that the bifacial PV system performed better in energy generation, which is approximately 10% higher than the monofacial panel. However, in terms of economics, Case 6, a bifacial PV system with a roof angle of 45°, shows the lowest payback period of 7.3 years. In contrast, monofacial PV system with roof slope of 30° showed LCOE of 0.8988 Swedish Krona per kilowatt hour (SEK/kWh), EV charging cost of 0.1471 Swedish Krona per kilometer (SEK/km). Environmental parameters such as greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction have been analyzed. Results showed that GHG savings due to EV was higher than PV plant as Sweden's grid emission factor is very low due to less dependency on fossil fuels. The significance of this study will enable us to understand the performance of PV systems in Swedish aspect and methods can be extended to other countries for meeting location-specific energy demand.

Wind-induced fragility of a group of three gable-roof buildings with different roof slope and building spacing

The influence of the roof slope, building spacing, building orientation and joint probability of wind speed and direction on the wind-induced fragility (WIF) of a group of three gable-roof buildings was investigated. The results show that wind interference effects on the WIF of buildings are significant. The dependency of the WIF of buildings with a small roof slope of 10° is nearly opposite from that with a large roof slope of 35°. When the roof slope is 10°, wind shielding effects make the WIF of the center and downstream buildings less than that of the isolated building, the WIF decreases with the decrease of building spacing, and the maximum increase of the minimum critical wind speed among all wind directions reaches 14.1%. When the roof slope is 35°, wind amplification effects make the WIF of the upstream and center buildings greater than that of the isolated building, the WIF increases with the decrease of building spacing, and the maximum decrease of the minimum critical wind speed is 7.2%. When the buildings are located in Fuzhou, the WIF reaches the minimum (it means the most favorable building arrangement) for buildings with a roof slope of 10°, and it reaches the maximum (it means the most unfavorable building arrangement) for buildings with a roof slope of 35° at the building orientation of about 30° with a small building spacing.

GEOSPATIAL ESTIMATION OF ROOFTOP SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL IN CALABAR MUNICIPAL, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA

The availability of significant solar resource and the continuous hike in economic activities as well as an increased population in Calabar Municipal holds a substantial solar photovoltaic (PV) potential of rooftops in the city. This is as a result of the consequent increase in urban households. This Research work is aimed at estimating solar PV potential of rooftops in the study area using geospatial techniques. It adopted Geospatial techniques’ approach in identifying rooftops available for PV deployment in Calabar Municipal. High resolution satellite imagery gotten from google Earth, Digital surface model (DSM)/ Digital elevation model (DEM) and ArcGIS 10.8 were employed in this study. In other to estimate the PV potential of rooftops, criteria such as Solar Radiation/ Irradiance, Total Roof Area (Building footprints), Slope (rooftop inclination angle) and Aspect (Buildings’ orientation) were analyzed. The results gotten from these analyses were analyzed further and rooftops that fall below the acceptable range of the aforementioned criteria were excluded from the analysis. Results showed that the total roof area in Calabar Municipal was estimated as 5,965,916.44 m2 (5.97 km2) while the available roof area suitable for PV installations was evaluated as 5,964,966.42 m2 (5.96 km2). The findings of this research indicates that Calabar Municipal has good solar radiation as well as enough suitable rooftop area hence a very good place for solar PV deployments. Also, this study is accurate enough to be used as a guide in decision making on power (electricity) generation in Calabar Municipal of Cross River State.

Determination of the efficiency of the modernization of passenger car bodies

The authors determined the intensity of the increase in wear of various elements of the body. It has been established that the lower trim, the roof slope and the lower part of the side wall have the greatest wear. It is proposed to use aluminum alloys for the modernization of passenger car bodies. The advantage of such a technical solution is an increase in the corrosion resistance of the body. The reduction of tare allows to reduce the specific resistance to train movement, reduce fuel and electricity costs for train traction. To reduce operating costs using the basic provisions of the locomotive traction theory, calculations were made to determine the energy consumption for the movement of a passenger train according to the profile conditions of the real section of the regional branch of the Southern Railway by diesel and electric locomotive traction with the base variant and the variant of passenger cars with reduced tare weight) in composition of the train. It has been established that the annual savings in energy costs for the traction of passenger trains when using passenger cars with a reduced tare weight is about 1 million UAH.

Evaluation of Optimal Criteria for Designing Solar Greenhouses in Cold Climate Residential Buildings (Case Study: Tabriz, Iran)

Since a major part of energy in cold climates is spent on heating, using alternative methods to heat buildings is of particular importance for buildings. Solar greenhouses are inactive building solutions that absorb solar energy to provide heating in the side spaces. Greenhouse efficiency depends on several factors. The research carried out so far has used these factors in the design of a solar greenhouse to reduce energy consumption, which has finally been compared with the non-applied state of this system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical characteristics such as “depth”, “protrusion”, “roof slope”, and “orientation” of solar greenhouses and the influence of each factor in different modes and hours in the cold climate of Tabriz. For this purpose, a simulation has been made using “Energy Plus” software. In the next step, the optimal modes of solar greenhouse design are presented by comparing the different states of each physical factor on the first and the middle day of each month in a 6-hours period. Research results show; increasing the surface while the sun is shining and using more depth when there is no sun will maintain indoor temperature. Also, using two or three-way greenhouses (east and south) increases the efficiency of the greenhouse by 30%. The roof slope has no effect on heating the room adjacent to the greenhouse. Also, the absence of protrusions helps adjust the room temperature relative to the outside environment by up to 20 %. No significant effect on temperature was observed in calculating the ratio of greenhouse area to room area in summer. But in the cold season, a large greenhouse area greatly impacts by up to 15 %.

ACCESSIBLE SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS IN THE UK: EDGE SOLAR

AbstractRenewable energy is increasingly used and promoted. In the UK, for example, large scale renewable energy farms have been used to supply electricity with great effect. Given the large number of homes, there is considerable impact to be made by small scale residential renewable energy systems. Despite solar panels being the most common form of residential renewable energy technology, only 4% of buildings in the UK support solar technology of any kind. For direct electricity generation, silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) arrays are the most utilised, and when used in a residential setting, they are typically mounted on the sloped roofs. This is where the problem lies. The technology comes with a high cost, and there is further financial burden of installation and maintenance, making solar energy inaccessible for many UK homeowners. This paper presents a research and design innovation project to make PV technology more accessible in the UK. Edge Solar, the innovative, affordable, new PV system concept for UK homes may become a promising solution to significantly improve the accessibility to the PV technology and renewable energy at the household level in the UK and beyond with further development and commercialisation.

Automated Classification of the Phases Relevant to Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injury Risks in Residential Roof Shingle Installation Operations Using Machine Learning

Awkward kneeling in sloped shingle installation operations exposes roofers to knee musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risks. To address the varying levels of risk associated with different phases of shingle installation, this research investigated utilizing machine learning to automatically classify seven distinct phases in a typical shingle installation task. The classification process relied on analyzing knee kinematics data and roof slope information. Nine participants were recruited and performed simulated shingle installation tasks while kneeling on a sloped wooden platform. The knee kinematics data were collected using an optical motion capture system. Three supervised machine learning classification methods (i.e., k-nearest neighbors (KNNs), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF)) were selected for evaluation. The KNN classifier provided the best performance for overall accuracy. The results substantiated the feasibility of applying machine learning in classifying shingle installation phases from workers’ knee joint rotation and roof slope angles, which may help facilitate method and tool development for automated knee MSD risk surveillance and assessment among roofers.

An enhanced meta-heuristic algorithm for optimizing the roof slope of tapered steel frames

Steel gable frames, or pitched roof portal frames, have been widely used for industrial building applications due to their ease of erection and fabrication. The roof slope is one of the most important geometric characteristics of gable frames. The roof slope affects wind loads, snow loads, rainwater drainage, and the optimal weight of the frame. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal roof slope of gable frames with tapered members for different spans. A novel meta-heuristic optimization algorithm called the Enhanced Crystal Structure Algorithm (ECryStAl) is utilized to optimize the steel frames. In this broad study, all practical load types, load combinations, and design constraints are considered for the structural optimization process. The results of this study show that up to 39.50% of the project material cost can be reduced by the proper choice of the roof slope depending on the span length and column height as the optimal roof slope depends mainly on them. In addition, mathematical models, which can be used in practical design situations, are developed to determine the optimal roof slope for different span lengths and column heights.

Flame extension lengths beneath a double slope roof induced by gaseous fuel jet flame

Due to the characteristics of good drainage and stable structure characteristics, the double slope roof is widely used in civil houses, industrial plants, and ancient buildings. However, double slope roof fire accidents occurred frequently. Studying the flame characteristics under the ceiling can provide scientific guidance for building fire protection. The present study investigated the flame extension lengths beneath a double slope roof induced by gaseous fuel jet flame, which had not been quantified in the literature. Results show that the length of flame extension was longer in the ridge direction compared to the slope direction, with a maximum difference of approximately two times. Moreover, their deviation increases with larger HRR and smaller θ, resulting from the fact that the structure of the double slope roof would restrict air entrainment and induce more unburned gaseous fuel to spread along the ridge. Comparing the experimental data with previous models proves that they cannot predict the ceiling flame extension length under the influence of roof angle. A new correlation incorporating the effect of θ was established based on the proposed flame volume assumption to estimate the equivalent HRR at the ceiling, whose accuracy and reliability were further validated by reference data. The model prediction agreed well with the literature data, with a maximum error of around 20%.

TO THE ISSUE OF MODERNIZATION OF PASSENGER CAR BODIES

Passenger cars owned by JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" have practically exhausted their resource. Improving the efficiency of railways requires the use of new innovative technical solutions. The article analyzes the technical condition of the bodies of passenger cars that have worked out their resource. A total of 540 wagons of different years of construction were inspected. In the course of the analysis, the results of inspections of the metal structures of cars were divided into five conditional groups depending on the service life. At the same time, the nominal values of the thicknesses of the structural elements of the car and the actual values were compared. The authors determined the intensity of the increase in wear of various elements of the body. It has been established that the lower trim, the roof slope and the lower part of the side wall have the greatest wear. It is proposed to use aluminum alloys for the modernization of passenger car bodies. The advantage of such a technical solution is an increase in the corrosion resistance of the body. This significantly increases the durability of the wagons and reduces the tare weight of the car. The reduction of tare allows to reduce the specific resistance to train movement, reduce fuel and electricity costs for train traction, and the operating costs of railway transport for energy consumption. To reduce operating costs using the basic provisions of the locomotive traction theory, calculations were made to determine the energy consumption for the movement of a passenger train according to the profile conditions of the real section of the regional branch of the Southern Railway by diesel and electric locomotive traction with the base variant and the variant of passenger cars with reduced tare weight) in composition of the train. In the calculations, it was considered that for the movement of passenger trains, a diesel locomotive of the TEP70 series is used for diesel traction, and for an AC electric locomotive of the ChS4 series. It has been established that the annual savings in energy costs for the traction of passenger trains when using passenger cars with a reduced tare weight is about 1 million UAH. Keywords: passenger car, body, resource, wear, modernization, economic effect.

The Combination of Chinese and Western Architectural Styles in The Guangzhou and Guangxi Regions

Since the outbreak of the Opium War in 1840, Western forces gradually penetrated mainland China, and a new wave of Western architectural styles began to emerge on the Chinese mainland. Thus a combination of Chinese and Western architecture appeared more frequently in the private sector. This article takes the former residence of Xiang Hanping and Chen Jitang's residence as examples to analyse the application of the combination of Chinese and Western architectural styles in the architecture of modern Chinese private houses in the two regions. The result is that both the former residence of Xiang Hanping and the Chen Jitang Mansion belongs to the inherited transformation style of modern private house architecture. The former home of Xiang Hanping has a green brick façade with glazed tile sloping roofs full of classical Chinese elements and is decorated with various traditional Chinese motifs. In contrast, the residence's interior is delicately decorated in a Western style, actively using new Western building materials and techniques. The Chen Jitang Mansion, on the other hand, is more daring in its construction, with a prominent 'foreign façade' combined with a magnificent interior, bringing the Western architectural style to the forefront but actively using the traditional Chinese classical garden concept in the conception and design of the courtyard, combining East and West to complement each other. The two examples are typical of the inherited transformation of the East-meets-West architectural style in the context of the same period.

Simulating satellite urban land surface temperatures: sensitivity to sensor view angle and assumed landscape complexity

Urban land surface temperature (LST) from satellite earth observation (EO) varies with sensor view angle. Where these variations are not accounted for, urban LST products are inconsistent through time, limiting their use in urban weather and climate model evaluations and process studies (e.g. urban heat island, building energy balance, human thermal comfort). Obstacle-resolving numerical models (ORM) of urban form and radiation exchanges are being used to: (a) understand relations between EO view angle, the 3-dimensional urban surface, and the surface temperatures from urban land surface models, and (b) evaluate parameterisations (parametric models) that aim to account for LST angular effects for the next operational satellite products. Most ORM are limited to simplified buildings (e.g. cuboids) and surface temperatures by lack of datasets. Novelly, we use both a realistic urban form model and observed surface temperatures to assess the impact of simplifying the urban form and temperature on the modelled LST anisotropy. We test various sets of assumptions in central London by combining ground-based thermal camera observations and the state-of-the-art Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model. The high resolution realistic model (< 1 m) includes thermal (surface temperatures varying by sun-surface geometry, shadow history and materials every 30 min) and geometry (sloped roofs, chimneys and vegetation) data. These data are used to simulate brightness temperatures of EO pixels to quantify LST view angle variations.During daytime, a change of view angle of 47° off-nadir corresponds to a difference in LST of up to 5.1 K for the realistic building model. The intermediate-complexity landscape (easily obtainable building geometry/footprints and more idealised surface temperature distributions driven only by shadow patterns) gives the best agreement in simulated LST to the realistic landscape. The directional variations are still captured in total (daytime mean absolute error 0.44 K) when using an idealised ORM representation of the same landscape (cuboid buildings, simplified surface temperature) except for roofs which are near-isotropic. Results suggest that geometry assumptions used in current ORM are suited for evaluation of parametric models used to develop and verify operational LST sensor view angle corrections. Future work should consider more realistic materials and scattering processes including low emissivity glass and metals with challenging specular properties.

Roof Runoff Analysis: A Case for Cebu Technological University - Main Campus

The volume of runoff varies depending on the surface on which it flows. Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, which is situated in Cebu City at the intersection of M.J. Cuenco Avenue and R. Palma Street, has been selected as location for the investigation of the effect of roofing properties on roof runoff. The average runoff coefficient was calculated under various rainfall scenarios. These were also related to the roofing structure, design patterns and materials whether these are sloping roofs or flat roofs. This investigation aims to enhance efficiency in rainwater harvesting systems. The calculated values of runoff coefficient in various roofs in the campus range from 0.78 to 0.92. A comparative analysis was used to differentiate the gap between the calculated runoff coefficient and the established values from literature. The recommended size for the rainwater tanks were calculated by taking into consideration the amount of volume that can be collected in the roofs in the campus.

Codification of wind loads on hip roof overhangs of low-rise buildings

Recent funding opportunities for Wind Engineering research have generated a significant amount of knowledge that has the potential to both develop new or enhance existing wind standards and building codes of practice. Building codes tend to get more rigorous over time to better mitigate damage on buildings and structures. Roof overhangs which are an integral part of the roofing system in low-rise buildings, is particularly vulnerable to damage in wind events due to its exposure to wind-induced loads on both upper and lower surfaces. Large scale wind tunnel testing was carried out at the Wall of Wind (WOW) Research Experimental Facility to investigate the wind-induced loads on roof overhangs of low-rise residential buildings. The physical testing protocol included six 1:10 scaled models with varying geometrical parameters such as roof slope and roof overhang width. Peak wind pressures on both the upper and lower surfaces were measured to calculate the simultaneous net pressure coefficients along the overhangs. Area-averaged pressure analysis was carried out to investigate the pressure gradients on single or groups of taps on the overhangs, soffits, and walls. The experimentally derived area averaged GCp values were compared to previous and current versions of wind standards to evaluate their adequacy. The findings revealed that the provisions’ design guidelines are less conservative for some roofing and wall zones, which justified the need for a codification study that can provide enhanced design guidelines for overhangs and adjacent walls. A detailed discussion of the codified design guidelines, which are formed based on statistical determination rather than the enveloped procedures as commonly used, is presented in this paper.

Experimental and simulation analysis of thermal behavior of large‐span roof system under solar radiation

SummaryThe large‐span metal roof systems can produce a significant nonuniform temperature effect under solar radiation, leading to potential safety hazards. An experiment is conducted to study the nonuniform thermal behavior of a small‐scale continuous welded stainless steel roof (CWSSR) system under solar radiation. The small‐scale CWSSR system considered different roof slopes and sunward side and nightside. The efficiency of the numerical analysis of the thermal behavior of the roof slab is verified in comparison with the experimental results. Based on the numerical and experimental results, the thermal effect of a full‐scale CWSSR system is studied under different orientations, wind speeds, and atmospheric temperature. Through the analysis of research results, the nonuniform thermal features of the CWSSR system are significant and cannot be overlooked. The temperature difference between the sunward side and nightside roof slab is positively correlated with the roof slope. The thermal behavior of the CWSSR system is greatly influenced by wind speeds but is less affected by orientations and atmospheric temperature.

Numerical simulation of hydrogen leakage diffusion in seaport hydrogen refueling station

Ningbo's seaport hydrogen refueling station was used as the research object. The effects of different leakage angles, wind direction, roof shape, leakage hole diameters, temperature, and humidity on the diffusion of hydrogen leakage were studied by numerical simulation. The influence of leakage angle on hydrogen leakage is mainly reflected in the presence or absence of obstacles. The volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud was reduced by 31.16%, and the volume of the hazardous hydrogen cloud was reduced by 63.22% when there was no obstacle. The wind direction can significantly impact hydrogen leakage, with downwind and sidewind accelerating hydrogen discharge and reducing the risk. At the same time, headwind significantly increases the volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud. Compared with no wind, the volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud increased by 71.73% when headwind, but the volume of the hazardous hydrogen cloud decreased by 24.00%. If hydrogen shows signs of accumulation under the roof, the sloping roof can effectively reduce the hydrogen concentration under the roof and accelerate the hydrogen discharge. When the leakage angle θ = 90°, the sloping roof reduced the volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud by 11.74%. The leakage process was similar for different leak hole diameters in the no wind condition. The inverse of the molar fraction of hydrogen on the jet centerline was linearly related to the dimensionless axial distance of the jet in different cases. Using a least squares fit, the decay rate was obtained as 0.0039. In contrast, temperature and humidity have almost no effect on hydrogen diffusion. Hydrogen tends to accumulate on the lower surface of the roof, near the roof pillars and the hydrogen dispenser. In this paper, a set of hydrogen detector layout schemes was developed, and the alarm success rate was verified to be 83.33%.

Retractable roof module with photovoltaic panel as small solar power plant

The use of building-integrated photovoltaic (PV) systems in the form of retractable roofs is an alternative option to existing installations without tracking systems (NT) or horizontal single-axis tracking systems (HSAT). This paper presents a retractable roofing module intended for the installation of PV panels. The main objective of this study is to identify modern solutions for these systems in terms of geometry and kinematics, which would allow the displacement of the roof slopes to follow the trajectory of the Sun during the day. This study is based on the parametric modelling and virtual prototyping of engineering objects. A moveable roof module is obtained, which, in addition to its function of shading and protection from rainfall, serves as a small movable solar power plant. The structure of the roof module is based on the construction of a mechanism comprising three revolute kinematic pairs and one prismatic kinematic pair, whose movement is strictly defined. The roof comprised three moving slopes of the same length. One of the slopes is designed for the installation of a PV panel; it moves according to the Sun to obtain maximum energy gains. For an adopted PV panel length of 1.0a, the maximum roof covering space is 2.69a. An analysis of the natural lighting for the panel following the Sun was performed, and the angle of inclination with respect to the horizontal plane was determined. The inclination of the panel ranges from +80º to –75º. In the case analysed, the HSAT delivers approximately 16% more energy than the NT system. The adaptation of retractable roofs with PV panels enables the optimal use of space around buildings, which are occupied by fixed or moveable installations with PV panels.