Skin Whitening Research Articles (Page 1)

Imperatorin ameliorates renal damage and modulates MAPK, Nrf2, and NF-kB pathways in mercury-chloride-exposed rats: A toxicological study relevant to skin lightening practices.

Patients with skin of color (SOC) face unique dermatologic challenges that are often underrepresented in research and in dermatological education, creating critical gaps in care. We aimed to identify and explore key gaps in research and clinical management for SOC across four domains: skin diseases, hair disorders, photoprotection, and aesthetic procedures. An international panel reviewed articles retrieved from PubMed using the search terms "skin of color" or "skin of colour" in titles and abstracts from September 2019 to September 2024. Inflammatory skin diseases, including acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea, are common in SOC subjects, necessitating tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches due to unique clinical presentations and specific challenges such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and erythema detection. Pigmentary disorders such as melasma and acne-induced hyperpigmentation significantly impact quality of life in SOC, requiring cautious treatment to avoid exacerbation, while the unregulated use of skin bleaching agents containing high-potency corticosteroids can pose serious health risks. Skin cancer in SOC often presents at advanced stages with poorer outcomes due to lower awareness and unique clinical manifestations, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Hair disorders in SOC populations require tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches due to unique hair properties. Gaps in photoprotection education on SOC exacerbate pigmentary disorders and other dermatologic conditions, with limited research on effective sunscreens for this population. In aesthetic dermatology, misconceptions and knowledge gaps regarding the prevention of complications hinder access to safe and effective procedures for SOC subjects, compounded by inadequate diversity in clinical trials. Inclusive research, improved diagnostic accuracy, and customized procedures are needed to ensure equitable dermatologic care.

Introduction: The content of the bioactive component 4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD) in the roots, stems, and leaves of Angelica keiskei (Umbelliferae), a well-known medicinal and edible plant, was analyzed by HPLC. The dry root contained the highest level (2. 69 ± 0.09 mg/g) of 4-HD, which was then prepared and spectroscopically identified by column chromatography. Methods: The multiple skin care activities of 4-HD, including skin whitening, anti-allergy, and antiinflammation, were evaluated on enzymatic and cellular models. 4-HD showed a significant inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase, and it could also strongly suppress the activity of tyrosinase in B16F10 cells. A molecular docking study revealed that 4-HD could closely bind to tyrosinase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Results: In the anti-allergic assay, 4-HD could effectively reduce the degranulation rate in the neutral red staining test and largely down-regulate the release level of β-HEX in RBL-2H3 cells at the concentration of 5 μM. 4-HD decreased the production of NO in RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), showing its anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusion: The skin whitening, anti-allergic, and anti-inflammatory effects of 4-HD have clearly demonstrated its potential usage in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

A disposable dual-mode electrochemical/colorimetric paper-based analytical device for simultaneous detection of hydroquinone and mercury ion.

Background/Objectives: Chamaecyparis pisifera (C. pisifera; family Cupressaceae) is known to have insecticidal and antibacterial activities, but its effects on skin depigmentation-related activities have not been elucidated. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-hyperpigmentation potential of C. pisifera var. filifera leaf essential oil (CPEO), specially focusing on responses related to melanogenesis and melanin transport, using B16BL6 cells. Methods: CPEO was extracted by steam distillation, and its composition was determined by GC/MS spectrometry. The biological activities of CPEO on B16BL6 melanoma cells were analyzed using the water soluble tetrazolium salt, BrdU incorporation, ELISA, and immunoblotting assays. Results: Twenty-eight components were identified in CPEO. CPEO was noncytotoxic to B16BL6 cells at 1–100 μg/mL and reduced serum-induced proliferation in B16BL6 cells. CPEO significantly inhibited α-MSH-stimulated increases in melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in the cells (e.g., at 100 μg/mL CPEO, melanin synthesis: 117.89 ± 0.00% vs. 571.94 ± 0.81% with α-MSH; tyrosinase activity: 73.62 ± 0.00% vs. 322.60 ± 3.10% with α-MSH). CPEO also downregulated the expression levels of melanogenesis-related proteins (MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1 and -2) and melanosome transport-related proteins (Rab27a, melanophilin, myosin Va) in cells exposed to α-MSH. Moreover, the essential oil increased the phosphorylations of MAPKs (p38, ERK1/2, and JNK) in α-MSH-treated B16BL6 cells. In addition, CPEO reduced the ultraviolet A (UVA) induced increases in α-MSH levels in HaCaT cells. In addition, conditioned medium from HaCaT cells irradiated with UVA (CM-UVA) in the presence of CPEO reduced melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in B16BL6 cells (e.g., at CM-UVA with 100 μg/mL CPEO, melanin synthesis: 100.92 ± 0.99% vs. 134.44 ± 0.97% with CM-UVA; tyrosinase activity: 101.02 ± 1.81% vs. 133.77 ± 1.88% with CM-UVA). Conclusions: These findings suggest that CPEO inhibits melanin production (probably through the regulation of MAPKs) and transport-related activities in B16BL6 cells, and that CPEO may serve as a potential natural anti-hyperpigmentation or skin whitening.

Abstract Background and Aims Neural epidermal growth factor-like protein 1 (NELL-1) is an autoantigen associated with membranous nephropathy (MN) and is associated with malignancy, autoimmune conditions and indigenous medicines. NELL-1-positive MN is being disproportionately reported recently particularly in association with the use of skin fairness creams. A study in Bangladesh found that there are multiple such brands available in markets with very high mercury content and most of those are manufactured and sold internationally from Pakistan. This case report aims at increasing awareness of the emerging health issue which can be prevented by appropriate awareness and ban of such cosmetic products. Method We hereby report a case of a 35 year old female diagnosed with MN in a remote town in India which was NELL 1 positive and was associated with the use of skin fairness cream. The associated cream is manufactured in Pakistan and is currently available everywhere in India including remote villages. Our patient belongs to one such remote place, and gave a history of using a cream Faiza for skin fairness for 2 months prior to the onset of illness. On evaluation for anasarca, she was found to have nephrotic syndrome with over 5.5 gm of proteinuria with deranged lipid profile, with ++++ albuminuria and normal renal function. Renal biopsy was done which was suggestive of MN, NELL 1 positive. On detailed evaluation, she confirmed the use of skin fairness cream for 2 months prior to the onset of illness. She used ‘Faiza’ cream imported from the neighbouring country Pakistan which was known to have very high mercury content. This was confirmed with a laboratory analysis of that particular cream that she used. Results With the diagnosis, she was treated with ACE inhibitors, supportive care and the use of skin fairness cream was stopped. Within 6 weeks, she improved clinically with reduction in edema and proteinuria reduced to ++. She needs further follow up to ascertain if she needs aggressive immunosuppression. Conclusion Use of skin fairness creams is widespread, with a lucrative market in India, and is fueled by the societal obsession with fair skin. Skin whitening creams with high mercury content have been associated with MN. This is an alarming health risk for the general population as the availability of such products is seen in remotest areas of India, imported from neighbouring countries creates possibility of an epidemic of MN. This issue has to be taken on priority basis and appropriate awareness and administrative action is needed. Market survey showed us the presence of few more of such brands with high mercury content which furthers the need for urgent awareness and intervention.

An imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals in the body can lead to oxidative stress, triggering various degenerative diseases. One preventive measure is maintaining skin health through proper cleansing. However, commercial synthetic soaps, often used for skin whitening, contain harsh chemicals, artificial fragrances, and colors that may strip the skin’s natural oils, disrupt its pH balance, and cause allergic reactions or infections over time. To address these issues, a natural soap was developed using rice water, known for detoxifying and nourishing skin with vitamins. The soap is made from easily available natural ingredients such as rice milk, shea butter, almond oil, lavender, potato, soap base, coconut oil, and cocoa butter. Herbal soaps, like this rice-based variant, are rich in antioxidants and offer benefits such as moisturizing, brightening, exfoliating, anti-aging properties, and fewer side effects. They are also environmentally friendly and cruelty-free. The soap was evaluated through tests on skin irritation, foam retention, moisture content, and pH levels. The study concludes that the demand for natural and herbal soaps is increasing due to their effectiveness and safety compared to synthetic alternatives, with consumers preferring herbal options for their skin-friendly and eco-conscious benefits.

BackgroundSkin lightening product (SLP) use is widespread in Somalia, driven by cultural ideals linking fair skin to beauty and social status. Limited regulation and low awareness of health risks contribute to the use of harmful products containing mercury, hydroquinone, and corticosteroids. This study aimed to assess awareness of SLP side effects and identify factors influencing awareness among female users at Mogadishu-Somalia-Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 489 female participants. Awareness levels were assessed using a composite score and categorized as ‘Low’ or ‘High.’ Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with high awareness.ResultsAmong 489 women (60.9% aged 21–40), 80.2% had low awareness of SLP risks. High awareness was significantly associated with knowing the product name (AOR = 38.97), active ingredients (AOR = 21.78), and believing a prescription is necessary (AOR = 3.13). Lower awareness was linked to spending over $100 monthly (AOR = 0.01) and full-body application (AOR = 0.20).ConclusionAwareness of SLP risks is critically low among users in Mogadishu. Public health campaigns and stronger regulation are needed to address the health hazards of unsafe skin lightening practices.

This study aims to enhance the skin delivery of active compounds by evaluating how the incorporation of fatty alcohols into nanoliposomes influences their structural flexibility and propensity to deliver ceramide and niacinamide across the skin barrier. The findings demonstrate that fatty alcohols not only stabilize ceramide, which is prone to crystallization, but also modulate the flexibility of the liposomal membrane by altering the phospholipid bilayer arrangement, thereby influencing the skin penetration efficiency of the liposome vesicles. In vitro studies show that the incorporation of fatty alcohols into the liposomes significantly improves skin permeation; this enables ceramide and niacinamide to penetrate deeper into the stratum corneum layer and results in enhanced strengthening of the skin barrier and improved skin lightening effects. This study makes a significant contribution to advance cosmetic formulations by confirming the flexibility of the newly developed nanoliposome system and rigorously assessing its impact on structural and functional changes in artificial skin.

Introduction: Many individuals are interested in skin whitening creams as a lighter complexion is in great demand since time immemorial. In both males and females, hyperpigmentation is one of the aesthetic issues, in which dark spots or patches appear on the skin, overproduction or accumulation of melanin within the skin layer is the probable cause of this hyperpigmentation. Corticosteroids, hydroquinone and ammonium chloride, the traditional pharmacological agents, produce light skin colour by inhibiting the process of melanogenesis or melanocyte maturation. Methodology: The investigation focuses on a number of potent natural compounds utilised in whitening creams, including arbutin, kojic acid, hydroquinone, and other plant extracts. It also discusses how effectively they function in terms of lowering melanin levels, which have been compared to other formulations' administration duration or treatment time scales and additional details on the formulation features of skin-whitening creams, including how to choose vehicle systems, additional ingredients, and active compounds. The data was collected from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Wiley Online Library. Results and Discussion: This review revealed that herbal products are safer, less toxic and equally efficient as synthetic components utilised for the formulation of skin whitening cream. Various in vitro and skin 3D models like VISIA® 3D Skin Complexion Analysis System and Photoscopic Dermoscopy (PAD) have also been discussed, and it is observed that collectively these standards play a vital role in ensuring and maintaining high-quality standards across products. Conclusion: This study provides a wealth of knowledge about the herbal plant extracts responsible for skin whitening, along with their pathways and evaluations.

Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) presents a complex pathophysiology characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Arbutin, widely recognized for its use in skin whitening, also exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to assess the potential protective effects of arbutin at two different doses against IRI in the kidneys. Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups: Control, IRI, 250 mg/kg arbutin + IRI (AR250+IRI), and 1000 mg/kg arbutin + IRI (AR1000+IRI). Arbutin was administered orally via gavage for 14 days to ensure sub-acute application. Following left kidney nephrectomy, ischemia was induced in the right kidney using a non-traumatic clamp for 45 min, succeeded by 60 min of reperfusion. Blood and tissue samples were subsequently collected for analysis. In the IRI group, levels of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1 beta, and creatinine were significantly elevated; these levels decreased in the groups receiving arbutin supplementation. Notably, ischemia-modified albumin, urea, superoxide dismutase (inhibition ratio), and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were reduced in the AR1000+IRI group. Additionally, decreased levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were observed in the AR1000+IRI group. Histopathological examination revealed flattening, necrosis, degeneration, dilation, glomerular necrosis, sclerosis, Bowman capsule dilation, and interstitial hemorrhage in the IRI group. The AR250+IRI group exhibited mild cortical-medullary congestion and a slight increase in glomerular size. Conversely, the AR1000+IRI group displayed a histological appearance resembling that of the control group. In conclusion, arbutin demonstrates potential protective effects against IRI. Its use may be recommended prophylactically for individuals at risk of developing IRI.

ABSTRACTBackgroundMelanin synthesis plays a crucial role in skin pigmentation, and inhibiting tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin production, is a primary strategy for developing skin‐lightening agents. This study investigates the tyrosinase inhibitory potential of CHP‐9, a novel cyclopeptide, and evaluates its cytotoxicity and efficacy as a cosmetic depigmenting agent.MethodsCHP‐9 was synthesized via a solid‐phase peptide synthesis strategy. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was assessed using an enzymatic assay, while its effects on melanin content were evaluated in cultured human melanocytes. The MTT assay was performed to assess cytotoxicity across a range of CHP‐9 concentrations (0.0781–10 mg/mL). Molecular docking simulations were conducted to elucidate the interaction between CHP‐9 and human tyrosinase (PDB ID: 5M8M). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism Software, and significance was determined via one‐way ANOVA.ResultsCHP‐9 exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibition (28.57% at 1% concentration) and reduced melanin content in treated melanocytes from 30.90 ± 1.13 to 23.51 ± 1.14 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed CHP‐9's high biocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 90% at concentrations up to 2.5 mg/mL. Docking studies revealed strong binding affinity between CHP‐9 and key tyrosinase residues via hydrogen bonding, supporting its inhibitory mechanism.ConclusionsCHP‐9 exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibition (28.57% at 1% concentration) and reduced melanin content in melanocytes, while maintaining over 90% cell viability at effective doses. These findings suggest that CHP‐9 is a safe and effective candidate for cosmetic skin‐lightening applications. Further research is needed to enhance formulation stability and evaluate long‐term efficacy in vivo.

The use of hazardous materials in facial whitening creams can endanger the health of users. Excessive use of hydroquinone can cause ochronosis, where the skin feels like it is burning and itching. Creams containing hydroquinone are widely circulated in the community and often cause undesirable effects. This study aims to analyze hydroquinone in cosmetics circulating in Kotamobagu City qualitatively using the Thin Layer Chromatography method. The results showed that the Rf value of the hydroquinone standard was 0.87 with a blackish brown stain color. Meanwhile, the Rf value and stain color of samples A, B, C, D and E were respectively 0.37 brownish yellow, 0.62 purple, 0.87 blackish brown, 0.75 blackish brown and 0.80 blackish brown. Based on the results of qualitative analysis using TLC, facial whitening cream cosmetics circulating in Kotamobagu City with samples A, B, C, D and E were positive for containing hydroquinone.

ABSTRACTBackgroundIndividuals who practice skin lightening (SL) may develop various skin conditions, including permanent hyperpigmentation. Despite these adverse effects, people often continue using SL products in an attempt to treat the resulting hyperpigmentation, thereby creating a vicious cycle. The burden of SL among women is unknown in Tanzania.Study AimThis study aimed to describe the practice of SL and its cutaneous effects among adult women in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam.MethodologyA cross‐sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to January 2024, using multistage sampling to select households and participants. Consenting members from 611 households were interviewed and examined. SL was identified through self‐reported use of dermo‐cosmetic products, verification of ingredients, and evidence of skin changes. Chi square test and Poisson regression were used to assess factors associated with SL practice. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.ResultsA total of 1192 women with a median (IQR) age of 32 (26–42) were recruited. About half (52.3%) were married, and 46% had attained primary‐level education. The overall prevalence of SL was 54.5%, with significantly higher prevalence among front desk workers (19%, p < 0.048) and petty traders (11%, p < 0.03). The most frequently used lightening agents were kojic acid (50%) and hydroquinone (34%). The majority (82%) of women practiced SL for beautification purposes, while only 1.3% used it with a medical prescription. Recommendations from spouses, friends, relatives, and cosmetic vendors, as well as product branding, affordability, and advertising significantly increased the likelihood of practicing SL (all p < 0.05).ConclusionOne in every two women in Kinondoni District was using SL products. The practice was common among front desk workers and petty traders, often following recommendations from friends, relatives, or cosmetic vendors. Health education on the dangers of hazardous cosmetics, along with stricter regulatory control of these products, may help reduce their usage.

Enhanced tyrosinase inhibitory activity of side chain-modified aromatic-turmerone derived from Curcuma longa for advanced skin whitening formulations.

A β-cyclodextrin/porous graphene ink electrode for smartphone-assisted electrochemical Hg2+ sensing.

In vivo bacterial infection acne treatment of Sapindus saponins: Skin microbiota, network pharmacology, and transcriptomic analysis.

Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca), a nutrient-rich tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia, presents a diverse pharmacological and nutritional profile across its pulp, peel, and seeds. Extensive phytochemical investigations have revealed a wide array of bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and various volatile compounds. Peel extract (SPE) is notably abundant in chlorogenic and gallic acids, while the pulp contains natural sugars, dietary fiber, monoterpenoids, and carotenoids. Mineral analyses have confirmed substantial levels of potassium, iron, zinc, magnesium, and other essential micronutrients, affirming the fruit’s systemic health benefits. Experimental studies have demonstrated its antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, antidiabetic, antihyperunicemic, immunostimulant and anticancer effects. Ethanolic extracts from various fruit parts exhibit α-glucosidase inhibition and tyrosinase-blocking properties, suggesting roles in blood glucose regulation and skin lightening. Seed flour and aqueous seed extract show promising applications in anemia management due to high iron bioavailability and supportive micronutrients. Notably, snake fruit seed powder has also shown biosorption capacity for heavy metals, opening avenues for eco-friendly water treatment. This review consolidates current findings to underscore snake fruit’s potential as a multifunctional resource for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications, while encouraging further research into its bioactive mechanisms and clinical relevance.

White skin has long been considered the standard of beauty; however, women who use skin-whitening creams may be unaware that these products contain toxic metals, posing significant health risks to consumers. Therefore, this research aimed to detect the concentration of some toxic metals in thirty whitening creams by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for all tested samples. The results showed that the average concentrations for all samples were in the order Cd &lt; Co &lt; Cr &lt; Ni &lt; Hg &lt; Pb. All samples exhibited elevated concentrations of Hg, reaching levels up to ten times higher than the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and three times according to the Europe Union (Eu), and Canada. Non−carcinogenic risk results for the current study showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), for all samples were &lt;1. While, carcinogenic risks for Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb were within the permissible limits, which indicates no harmful health effects, and consumers are safer using the product, but daily exposure can lead to accumulation that may cause cancer.

This study investigatesthe skin-whitening potential of 4-Hydroxyacetophenone(4-HAP), a compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics.Despite its widespread use, its whitening activity has not been extensivelyreported. Our preliminary research identified several commercial cosmeticformulations exhibiting whitening effects without known whiteningagents. We hypothesized that 4-HAP might be a key ingredient. To testthis, we employed a mushroom tyrosinase model, B16 mouse melanomacells, and zebrafish to systematically evaluate the whitening activityof 4-HAP. Our findings demonstrate that 4-HAP is a potent tyrosinaseinhibitor, significantly reducing melanin content in vitro and invivo. Additionally, molecular docking and dynamics analyses revealedthat the stable binding of 4-HAP to tyrosinase is crucial for itswhitening effect. In formulations containing 2% 4-HAP, human skinmodels showed nearly complete recovery from UV-induced pigmentationafter 4 weeks, while control groups exhibited persistent UV marks.These results confirm the efficacy of 4-HAP as a stable whiteningagent in cosmetic formulations, highlighting its potential for furtherdevelopment in skin lightening products. This study has confirmedthat 4-HAP holding the potential to become an effective whiteningingredient in the cosmetics field.