Skin Flora Research Articles

Analysis of gill and skin microbiota in Larimichthys crocea reveals bacteria associated with cryptocaryoniasis resistance potential.

Analysis of gill and skin microbiota in Larimichthys crocea reveals bacteria associated with cryptocaryoniasis resistance potential.

Antibacterial activity of some “medicated soaps” on Staphylococcus spp. skin flora from inhabitants of the Buea health district, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Antibacterial activity of some “medicated soaps” on Staphylococcus spp. skin flora from inhabitants of the Buea health district, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Relationship between skin and gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammatory skin diseases in adult patients: A systematic review

Relationship between skin and gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammatory skin diseases in adult patients: A systematic review

A multifunctional injectable ε-poly-L-lysine-loaded sodium-alginate/gelatin hydrogel promotes the healing of infected wounds by regulating macrophage polarization and the skin microbiota

Abstract Background Infected wounds caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) pose significant challenges during the healing process. Hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for the treatment of such infections, as they have the potential to deliver therapeutic agents while supporting tissue repair. Methods In this study, we developed ε-PLL@SA/Gel (PSG) hydrogels by embedding different concentrations of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PLL) into sodium alginate (SA)/gelatin (Gel) hydrogels using calcium chloride as a crosslinking agent. The mechanical properties, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and wound healing efficacy of the hydrogels were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in mouse models of infected wounds. Results PSG hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical strength, injectability, and self-adhesive properties. In vitro, hydrogel treatment resulted in high cell viability and promoted human skin fibroblast proliferation. PSG15 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and inhibited E. coli and S. aureus by 89.53% and 92.21%, respectively. In vivo, PSG15 significantly accelerated wound healing, enhanced angiogenesis, and regulated macrophage polarization by increasing CD206 expression and decreasing CD80 expression. Additionally, PSG15 modulated the skin microbiota, reduced pathogenic bacterial abundance and maintained microbiota diversity. Conclusion The PSG15 hydrogel is a promising candidate for the treatment of infected wounds because it inhibits bacterial growth, promotes tissue repair, and modulates the wound microbiota.

The effect of daily oral probiotic and postbiotic supplementation on the canine skin microbiota: Insights from culture-dependent and long-read 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods.

The effects of oral daily probiotic/postbiotic supplementation (ODPPS) on the skin microbiota of dogs have not been investigated previously. This prospective analytical cohort study describes the effect of ODPPS on the canine skin microbiota after 30-90 days of supplementation using culture-based and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Twelve client-owned golden retrievers free of dermatological disease, living in the same environment. Skin (axillae and inguinal) swab samples were collected on Day (D)0. All dogs commenced ODPPS, and skin swab samples were taken from the same sites on D30 and D90. Swabs were cultured on sheep blood agar at 37°C for 24 h and bacterial colonies identified. DNA was extracted to obtain full-length 16S ribosomal RNA gene for microbiota profiling. Culture-dependent methods demonstrated reduced Staphylococcus pseudintermedius prevalence in inguinal tissue following ODPPS (p = 0.05). In the axillae, microbiota compositional differences were demonstrated at D90 compared to D0. A notable increase in beneficial skin-associated bacteria was observed in the axillae at D90 compared to D0, including Dubosiella newyorkensis (false discovery rate [FDR] p = 0.02) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (FDR p = 0.02). Higher bacterial genera diversity was observed on D90 of ODPPS. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the canine skin microbiota using advanced long-read sequencing. The findings suggest that ODPPS could be a promising strategy for improving skin health by modulating the microbiota and reducing the risk of skin infections.

Population and pan-genomic analyses of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius identify geographic distinctions in accessory gene content and novel loci associated with AMR.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common representative of the normal skin microbiota of dogs and cats but is also a causative agent of a variety of infections. Although primarily a canine/feline bacterium, recent studies suggest an expanded host range including humans. This paper details population genomic analyses of the largest yet assembled and sequenced collection of S. pseudintermedius isolates from across the USA and Canada and assesses these isolates within a larger global population genetic context. We then employ a pan-genome-wide association study analysis of over 1,700 S. pseudintermedius isolates from sick dogs and cats, covering the period 2017-2020, correlating loci at a genome-wide level, with in vitro susceptibility data for 23 different antibiotics. We find no evidence from either core genome phylogenies or accessory genome content for separate lineages colonizing cats or dogs. Some core genome geographic clustering was evident on a global scale, and accessory gene content was noticeably different between various regions, some of which could be linked to known antimicrobial resistance (AMR) loci for certain classes of antibiotics (e.g., aminoglycosides). Analysis of genes correlated with AMR was divided into different categories, depending on whether they were known resistance mechanisms, on a plasmid, or a putatively novel resistance mechanism on the chromosome. We discuss several novel chromosomal candidates for follow-up laboratory experimentation, including, for example, a bacteriocin (subtilosin), for which the same protein from Bacillus subtilis has been shown to be active against Staphylococcus aureus infections, and for which the operon, present in closely related Staphylococcus species, is absent in S. aureus.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important causative agent of a variety of canine and feline infections, with recent studies suggesting an expanded host range, including humans. This paper presents global population genomic data and analysis of the largest set yet sequenced for this organism, covering the USA and Canada as well as more globally. It also presents analysis of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing results for the North American (NA) isolates, as well as genetic analysis for the global set. We conduct a pan-genome-wide association study analysis of over 1,700 S. pseudintermedius isolates from sick dogs and cats from NA to correlate loci at a genome-wide level with the in vitro susceptibility data for 23 different antibiotics. We discuss several chromosomal loci arising from this analysis for follow-up laboratory experimentation. This study should provide insight regarding the development of novel molecular treatments for an organism of both veterinary and, increasingly, human medical concern.

Port-Catheter complications in children with malignancy

Objective: Central venous access catheters (CVC) are crucial for chronically ill patients, especially in pediatric cancer patients. The aim of this study was to determine subcutaneous implanted port-catheter-related early and late complications and outcomes of catheters in children with malignancy. Material and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated complications related to subcutaneous implanted port catheters in children with malignancies who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology clinics. Results: The mean age of 69 patients (M/F,37/32) at diagnosis were 6.4±4.85 years (6 months-17 years). During the study period, 89 port catheters were inserted and 141 complications were detected in 54 (60%) of 89 port catheters in a total of 19226 catheter days. Infectious, thrombotic, and mechanical complications were noted in 98 (69.5%), 29 (20.5%), and 14 (10%) port catheters, respectively. Six different complications were identified in one port catheter, while seven complications were found in three different port catheters of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The patients who had severe neutropenia (neutrophil count <0.5x109) on the day of insertion showed more complications than non-neutropenic patients (63.6%, p <0.001). Fifty-seven early (40.4%) and 84 late (59.6%) complications were noted. The most catheterized vein was the right external jugular vein (n=45), with 32 of these cases resulting in complications. The complication rate for the catheters in right external jugular vein was significantly higher than the others (p= 0.024). Infectious complications were most prevalent both in the early and in the late periods (p<0.001). Gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and fungi were identified in 61.6%, 34.9%, and 3.5% catheter cultures, respectively. An antibiotic lock therapy with systemic antibiotics was used in 20 infection episodes; and the antibiotic lock failed only in two infection episodes. Conclusion: Our study highlighted a high rate of complication-related port catheter removal, with skin flora infections. The choice of vein for insertion and the positioning of the port-catheter tip are also key factors contributing to complications. Ensuring proper implantation, usage, maintenance is essential to minimize both early and late complications.

Skin-Dwelling Bacteria Survive Preoperative Skin Preparation in Reconstruction Surgery.

Background/Objectives: Accurately determining the bacterial bioburden that survives preoperative skin preparation (PSP) is critical in understanding PSP efficacy and its limitations. Clinical PSP approval relies on a bacterial sampling method described in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard E1173-15. Though common, this technique may overlook deep-dwelling skin bacteria. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that deep-dwelling skin flora would survive PSP, and more growth would be detected using a destructive sampling method compared with ASTM E1173-15. Methods: Twelve female participants with a scheduled deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) artery flap procedure at the Huntsman Cancer Institute in Salt Lake City, UT, were enrolled between January and August 2024. PSP was performed using three 26 mL ChloraPrep applicators (2% CHG), and excess tissue was collected. Bacteria in the skin were quantified using a destructive sampling method and ASTM E1173-15, and bioburden outcomes were compared. Two participants were excluded from the quantitative analysis. Results: Bacteria survived PSP in every participant. A greater diversity and more bacteria were quantified with destructive sampling than ASTM E1173-15 (p < 0.01). Generally, anaerobic bioburden values were higher than aerobic bioburden values. Higher bioburden correlated with processing more skin from a participant. Genotypic identification of select isolates identified Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes) as surviving bacteria, among others. Immunofluorescence revealed bacteria in all skin layers. No participant exhibited clinical signs of infection in the abdominal region. Human data corroborated previous porcine data collected using destructive skin sampling after PSP. Conclusions: Clinical PSP application does not create a sterile field. Destructive skin sampling techniques may be more effective than ASTM E1173-15 at resolving bacterial PSP survivors contributing to SSI risk.

Identification of Occupations in Different Populations Based on Skin Microbial Characteristics.

The composition and diversity of the skin microbiome are affected by several factors, including the working environment, which plays an active role in shaping microbial communities in human skin. Previous studies have shown that residual microbial communities on personal items can be used to identify their owners. However, few studies have used the skin microbiome to identify occupations in different populations or evaluate whether the skin microbiome can be used as a tool for forensic investigations. Here, we collected palm and cuff swabs from three occupational groups-cooks, medical staff, and students-and performed next-generation sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene to characterise the microbial communities associated with each profession. We found that different occupational environments resulted in different skin microbial community compositions. Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the student samples. Compared with the other two occupations, cooks had the highest relative abundances of Bacteroides and Cyanobacteria. Additionally, cuff samples from medical staff had the highest relative abundances of Proteobacteria. Principal co-ordinate analysis results indicated that the samples were roughly divided into three clusters according to their occupation. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis effect size results showed that cooks, medical staff, and students had their own unique biomarkers, cooks exhibited seven shared biomarkers between palm and cuff samples, medical staff showed 2, while students demonstrated the highest congruence which was 13 shared biomarkers. This suggested that some palm skin microbial communities could be transferred to the cuffs through contact friction. Thus, there were also microbial communities present in cuff samples that could be used to identify the owner's occupations, suggesting that skin microorganisms left on personal items via daily contact could also be used to provide information about an individual's occupation. Finally, we constructed a random forest model based on the composition and relative abundance of the microbiota to infer the subject's occupation, achieving an accuracy of 76.92% for the palm testing dataset and 73.33% for the cuff testing dataset; all of the cuff sample datasets showed an accuracy of 70.97%. These findings suggested that an individual's occupation can be inferred not only from the skin microbiota but also from the microbiota left on the cuffs of the individual's clothes. Further studies are needed; however, these results demonstrate the potential of the skin microbiota as a forensic tool for predicting population occupations.

The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Enhancing Acne Treatment Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis and Statistical Synthesis

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit in which cutaneous microbiome dysbiosis plays a key role. Lesions can be ameliorated with conventional systemic antibiotics but often at the expense of perturbation of commensal communities. More effective adjunctive therapies will hopefully be newer adjunctive therapies — including probiotic treatments that try to purposefully modulate the skin microbiota. Five controlled studies (total N = 157) comparing antibiotic therapy with or without microbiome‑targeted intervention were meta‑analysed. In this PRISMA systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Scopus up to May 2025, we retrieved two cohort studies, two randomized controlled trials, and one case–control study. With negligible heterogeneity (I² = 0%), outcomes were transformed into Hedges’ g and pooled in a fixed‑effects model. To test if microbiome targeted treatments with antibiotics may lead to an improvement in severity scores compared to treatment with antibiotics alone, we pooled data from two studies and evaluated differences in the effect size (ES) using Cohen’s d, also known as Hedges’ g. Results support the inclusion of adjuncts that are microbiome‑friendly in acne management. These benefits need to be confirmed in future larger, long term trials with elucidation of the mechanisms responsible

Unique dermal bacterial signature differentiates atopic dermatitis skin from healthy.

This study sheds light on the profound impact of skin microbiota's complex composition and distribution in atopic dermatitis (AD). The distinctive bacterial profile and activity, especially within the dermal skin compartment, vividly mirrored the cutaneous conditions in this inflamed microenvironment. The striking similarity in bacterial communities across different skin habitats in atopic skin underscores the high influence of atopic dermatitis-the genetic predisposition to an amplified immune response. This finding suggests that the dermal bacterial profile could be a valuable tool for longitudinally monitoring changes during the disease's relapsing phases, allowing for a precise categorization of patients into specific AD endotypes. Broadening the focus throughout the entire eczema-affected skin paves the way for treatments capable of modulating dermal biological factors, offering more effective management of AD. By further centering the interest in host-microbial interactions, we can refine personalized treatments, ultimately improving the lives of millions suffering from atopic dermatitis.

An in silico approach deciphering the commensal dynamics in the cutaneous milieu

The skin microbiota, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) such as S. epidermidis, plays a crucial role in maintaining skin health and immunity. S. epidermidis, a predominant commensal species, interacts intimately with keratinocytes to regulate immune responses and antimicrobial defence mechanisms. Metabolic byproducts like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) influence keratinocyte activation, while cell wall components engage Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to modulate inflammation. These interactions are fundamental for preserving skin homeostasis and combating pathogenic invaders. Our comprehensive mathematical model, integrating commensal dynamics, immune responses, and skin microenvironment variables, provides insights into these intricate interactions. The model delves into the complexities of skin scenarios and perturbations, aiming to understand the colonization dynamics of S. epidermidis and its influence on skin barrier functions. It examines how disruptions in key factors such as AMP, growth factor-mediated repair pathways, and filaggrin mutations influence the behaviour of the system. The study depicts the skin microenvironment as a highly dynamic one, highlighting the critical role of S. epidermidis and capturing its role in barrier dysfunction caused by internal and external factors. By offering insights into skin barrier function and immune responses, the model illuminates key interactions of commensals within the skin microenvironment which can ultimately benefit skin health.

Skin-associated commensal microorganisms and their metabolites.

The skin microbiome is an essential component on our skin and is critical for the maintenance of skin health. It consists of a diverse ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Different body sites in humans exhibit vastly different levels of sebum, temperature and pH, therefore the microbes that colonize these areas have adapted to create a niche for colonization. Healthy microbial diversity is important in the normal function of the skin, and imbalances in microbial diversity in the skin microbiome have been found to correlate with several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, psoriasis and chronic wound infections. These microorganisms, especially commensal bacteria, produce various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, antimicrobial peptides, siderophores and tryptophan-derived metabolites. These metabolites can interact with and aid the host in processes, such as wound healing and colonization resistance. Metabolites produced by skin commensals have promising therapeutical potential for drug-resistant bacterial infections in place of conventional antibiotics to combat widespread antibiotic resistance. In this review, we will discuss the composition of the skin microbiota and the different classes of metabolites produced by its members, as well as how changes in the skin microbiome impact certain disease conditions.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis orchestrates vitiligo-related oxidative stress through the metabolite hippuric acid

BackgroundVitiligo, a depigmenting autoimmune skin disease characterized by melanocyte dysfunction or death, is known to be associated with an imbalance in gut microbiota. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. However, the complex promising interaction between abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skin and gut microbiota has remained unclear.ResultsHere, we compared transcriptome data of vitiligo lesions and normal skin and identified a high expression of oxidative stress-related genes in vitiligo lesions. We also established a vitiligo mouse model and found that the presence of gut microbiota influenced the expression of ROS-related genes. Depletion of gut microbiota reduced abnormal ROS accumulation and mitochondrial abnormalities in melanocytes, significantly improving depigmentation. Our findings from manipulating gut microbiota through cohousing, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and probiotic supplementation showed that transferring gut microbiota from mice with severe vitiligo-like phenotypes exacerbated skin depigmentation while probiotics inhibited its progression. Targeted metabolomics of fecal, serum, and skin tissues revealed gut microbiota-dependent accumulation of hippuric acid, mediating excessive ROS in the skin. Elevated serum hippuric acid levels were also confirmed in vitiligo patients. Additionally, a microbiota-dependent increase in intestinal permeability in vitiligo mice mediated elevated hippuric acid levels, and we found that hippuric acid could directly bind to ROS-related proteins (NOS2 and MAPK14).ConclusionsOur results suggested the important role of gut microbiota in regulating vitiligo phenotypes and oxidative stress. We identified hippuric acid, a gut microbiota-host co-metabolite, as a critical mediator of oxidative stress in vitiligo skin and its binding targets (NOS2 and MAPK14), resulting in oxidative stress. Validation in a small human cohort suggested that hippuric acid could serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for vitiligo. These findings provided new insights into how gut microbiota regulates skin oxidative stress in vitiligo and suggested potential treatment strategies for the disease.8-83LeDu4YFos1a_9ZYpcdVideo

Association of Multi-Kingdom Skin Microbiota With Radiation Dermatitis in Patients With Breast Cancer After Reconstructive Surgery: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study.

Association of Multi-Kingdom Skin Microbiota With Radiation Dermatitis in Patients With Breast Cancer After Reconstructive Surgery: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study.

From castaways to discoveries: unveiling treasures in skin RNAseq using a novel multidimensional data processing workflow including infection-host dynamics.

Defining physiology and methods to measure biological mechanisms is essential. Extensive datasets such as RNA sequencing are used with little analysis of the knowledge gained from the various methodologies. Within this work, we have processed publicly available NCBI RNAseq datasets using a combination of bioinformatics tools for the largest physiological organ, the skin. In many datasets, we identify the quality of the sample, human transcript mapping, the sex of each sample, foreign RNA from bacteria/viruses/protists, and the presence of B/T-cell immune repertoire. Processing 8,274 samples from 132 different experiments for skin samples identifies common flora of skin with elevation of protists (such as Leishmania), bacteria (Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium acnes), and viruses [Human alphaherpesvirus (HSV), Human papillomavirus (HPV)] that may be involved in physiological differences. We observed samples with the Heilongjiang tick virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, and equine infectious anemia virus that likely play pathological roles in physiology. Integrating the various biomarkers identified five ideal datasets for skin pathologies that elucidated a novel correlation between the normal skin flora bacterium Bacillus megaterium with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) regulation and the immune repertoire clonal expansion, particularly in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Finally, we show that in multiple independent experiments, biological sex is associated with multiple sex chromosome gene differences, highlighting the importance of future work in studying sex differences in skin. Data integrations and multidimensional data mapping are critical for physiological omics advancements, and this work highlights the exciting ability to apply these tools to skin physiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Complex bioinformatics mapping to skin RNA sequencing datasets can simultaneously map biological sex, skin-specific genes, bacteria, viruses, protists, and the acquired immune response. The integration of these datasets elucidated bacterial signatures from common skin flora while identifying novel insights on Bacillus megaterium in the acquired immune response and novel viral signatures for Heilongjiang tick virus and equine infectious anemia virus.

Influence of aquaculture pond water microbiota on wound healing in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) via modulation of skin and wound microbiota

Influence of aquaculture pond water microbiota on wound healing in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) via modulation of skin and wound microbiota

Peran Probiotik dalam Regulasi Kolagen dan Melanin: Systematic Review

Collagen and melanin production are two biological processes that are significant in determining the health and appearance of the skin. Collagen affects the elasticity, hydration, and overall appearance of the skin. Melanin protects the skin from damage caused by ultraviolet rays, but excessive production can lead to hyperpigmentation. Hyperpigmentation, dry skin, and wrinkles are signs of premature aging and can be caused by oxidative stress due to exposure to UV rays (photoaging). Probiotics are living microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in sufficient amounts and are currently gaining more and more attention as potential agents for skin health. This article reviews the role of probiotics in inhibiting melanogenesis through inhibition of tyrosinase cell activity and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression. Probiotics can slow down collagen degradation due to sunlight by inhibiting the Metalloproteinase Matrix (MMP) activity and improve the skin's barrier function, reduce inflammation, and support a healthy skin microbiota. Recent studies show that the use of probiotics, both oral and topical, offers a natural and multifunctional approach to skin care. In conclusion, probiotics have promising potential as an ingredient for skincare, but more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and ensure their safety and effectiveness in clinical applications. Keywords: hyperpigmentation, melanogenesis, photoaging, probiotics

A 5-month temporal, quantitative study investigating the core microbiome on the axilla, umbilical region, and groin of 15 healthy dogs in the UK.

To identify putative members of the canine cutaneous core flora. A knowledge of this flora is important if we are to properly understand cutaneous dysbiosis. Cutaneous dysbiosis has been reported in allergic skin conditions, for example. The unclipped skin on the axilla, umbilical region, and groin of 15 healthy dogs was swabbed monthly for 5 months using flocked cotton swabs. The samples were taken within a sterile brass guide of the known area. The swabs were submitted for next-generation 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer 2 sequencing to identify components of the bacterial and fungal microbiome. The density of the bacteria and fungi were expressed as IQR/cm2. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Sphingomonas subsp, Malassezia var, Vishniacozyma victoriae, and Cladosporium var were recovered from 70% of samples. None of these 5 were found on every dog on every occasion. The density of the bacteria was 6.4 × 104 (IQ [interquartile range] 1, 3.2 × 104; IQ3, 1.2 × 105), the density of the filamentous fungi was 1.04 × 103/cm2 (IQ1, 450; IQ3, 2.13 × 105), and the density of malassezial yeast was 1.3 × 122 (IQ1, 90; IQ3, 1.8 × 10). We propose that these 2 bacterial species and 3 fungal species be considered members of the core cutaneous flora of dogs. Knowledge of the normal flora will help our understanding of aberrations in flora that might be associated with underlying diseases, such as atopy.

Host interactions of bioactive molecules produced by Klebsiella spp

Abstract Klebsiella spp. are early colonisers and commensals of human skin, oral, nasal, throat and gut microbiotas, but are also opportunistic pathogens. Much of our information on these bacteria is derived from genomic studies focused on characterising antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Often neglected is the contribution of the bioactive molecules of Klebsiella spp. to mammalian host–microbiota interactions. This article reviews our current knowledge on metabolites and peptides produced by Klebsiella spp. and their interactions with host systems, and highlights areas warranting further studies. New information is also provided on the prevalence of the recently described leupeptin biosynthetic gene cluster among members of the Klebsiella oxytoca species complex.