Skin Extracts Research Articles

Evaluation of biological potential of red onion skin extract for anticancer and antimicrobial activities

Chemotherapy, while effective in combating cancer, frequently induces severe adverse effects and lacks specificity. This investigation aims to assess the potential of red onion skin, a byproduct abundant in polyphenols and flavonoids, as a reservoir of natural compounds possessing anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Two extracts, specifically ethanolic red onion skin (EROS) extract, and chromatographic red onion skin (CROS) extract were subjected to comprehensive biological analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy revealed that the CROS extract predominantly encompasses dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHBA) and its derivatives, alongside fatty acids recognized for enhancing DHBA penetration into cellular membranes. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was systematically evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast using the agar well diffusion method, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and the minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) tests. The results unequivocally demonstrated that the CROS extract exhibited markedly superior antibacterial efficacy against E. coli, B. cereus, and C. albicans at concentrations of 50, 60, and 70 µg/ml, respectively. Moreover, mice administered with CROS extract enhanced biochemical profiles, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and improved liver histology compared to those treated with the whole extract. These discerning findings propose that CROS extract harbors substantial promise as a natural and innocuous therapeutic intervention for cancer and microbial infections. Nevertheless, further more research is imperative to support these findings and unravel the intricate mechanisms of its action.

Potential of Binahong Leaves (Anredera cordifolia Ten.) and Shallot Skin (Allium cepa L.) Extract as Biopesticides for Biological Control of Rice Bug (Leptocorisa oratorius F.)

The rice bug is a pest causing decrease rice production. Meanwhile, binahong leaves and shallot skin contain potential materials for making biopesticides. This research aimed to analyze potential of binahong leaves and shallot skin extract as biopesticides and toxicity tested against rice bug. The research was carried out using Completely Randomized Design, biopesticides were made in various concentrations, 0% as a control; 10; 20; 30; 40; and 50. The extract was calculated for yield, pH, and phytochemical screening. Then, biopesticide sprayed on the pests at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours to observe mortality, LC50, morphology, behavior, biotic, and data analysis using ANOVA followed 0.05 Tukey test. The results showed the extract has potential as a biopesticide with yield value 8,3 – 12; pH value 4,84 – 5,37; and positive secondary metabolite. Meanwhile, toxicity tests showed the highest mortality at concentration 50%, LC50 at 144th hours and 168th hours was 4,373 and 2,002. Besides that, biopesticides changes morphology and behavior pest. Observations abiotic factors showed that rice bug can survive in temperature range of 22,75 – 25oC and relative humidity of 77 - 84%. In the future, it hoped biopesticides can be commercialized to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides.

Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia

Abstract Several varieties of Solanum lycopersicum L. are consumed in Saudi Arabia, including the most expensive Ramis tomato, which is claimed to be rich in antioxidants. However, there is a lack of studies on the extraction and quantification of antioxidants in tomatoes marketed in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a straightforward method to extract and quantify phenolics and carotenoids in tomatoes consumed in Saudi Arabia. The developed method used glass coverslips for homogenisation and a methanol-petroleum ether mixture for extraction. In 15 investigated varieties, antioxidants were abundantly present in the skin part (2.0 ± 0.72 mg/g of phenolics and 229.50 ± 21.10 μg/g of carotenoids) compared to the pulp (0.67 ± 0.20 mg/g of phenolics and 107.70 ± 21.10 μg/g of carotenoids). Generally, the Saudi varieties contained higher amounts of antioxidants than the imported varieties. The antioxidant content of the Ramis cultivar depends on the cultivation location. For instance, Ramis Awjam shows high amounts of phenolics (2.72 mg/g in the skin extract and 0.63 mg/g in the pulp) and carotenoids (338.04–388.41 μg/g in the skin and 173.93–205.75 μg/g in the pulp). This study provides valuable insights that can assist in selecting the cultivar and location of tomatoes with the maximum antioxidant quantities.

Development of Pineapple Skin Extract Hydrogel Patch Applications (Ananas comosus L.) as Wound Dressing in Diabetic Ulcers in Mice (Mus musculus)

Abstrak Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit gangguan metabolisme kronis yang disebabkan oleh tingginya kadar glukosa darah. Salah satu komplikasi yang sering terjadi pada penderita diabetes melitus adalah ulkus diabetikum. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kulit nanas mengandung flavonoid, yaitu senyawa aktif yang bersifat antiinflamasi dan antimikroba, yang dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian patch hidrogel yang mengandung ekstrak kulit nanas (Ananas comosus L.) sebagai pembalut luka pada tikus putih (Mus musculus) jantan yang mengalami ulkus diabetikum. Penelitian ini melibatkan beberapa tahap, meliputi ekstraksi kulit nanas, pembuatan patch hidrogel, uji aktivitas antibakteri, dan pemberian patch hidrogel pada hewan uji. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Deutschland Denken Yoken (DDY) yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol negatif mendapat patch hidrogel tanpa ekstrak, sedangkan kelompok kontrol positif mendapat Winner Hydrocolloid Dressing. Kelompok perlakuan I, II, dan III masing-masing diberi patch hidrogel dengan ekstrak kulit nanas 10%, 20%, dan 30%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa plester hidrogel dengan ekstrak kulit nanas mempercepat penyembuhan luka pada model ulkus diabetik. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba yang signifikan terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, yang umum ditemukan pada ulkus diabetik. Aplikasi plester hidrogel mengurangi peradangan dan memperbaiki struktur jaringan kulit pada hewan uji, menunjukkan potensi plester hidrogel ekstrak kulit nanas sebagai pembalut luka alternatif yang efektif untuk ulkus diabetik. Kata kunci: ulkus diabetikum, ekstrak kulit nanas, patch hidrogel, pembalut luka

Formulasi Hair Tonic Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) dan Uji Efektivitas Pertumbuhan Rambut pada Marmut Jantan (Cavia porcellus)

Hair for humans has an important role, in addition to protecting the skin from adverse environments, hair also plays an important role in a person's appearance. Losing a lot of hair due to hair loss can cause a lack of self-confidence, disappointment, and frustration, so it must be addressed immediately so as not to worsen the condition that can cause baldness. This study aims to determine whether there is a content of secondary metabolite compounds in fresh herbal medicine, herbal medicine powder and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin; ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) can be formulated in the form of hair tonic preparations; whether the difference in concentration of ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) provides different activities in triggering hair growth in guinea pigs. This research method uses a quantitative approach and is experimental with independent variables, namely papaya fruit skin, herbal medicine, and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%. Research stages: phytochemical screening of fresh papaya fruit peel, powdered simplicia and ethanol extract, hair tonic formulation containing ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel 10%, 20% and 30%, hair tonic evaluation includes: organoleptic, viscosity, stability, pH, irritation, and preference test. And hair growth activity test on male guinea pigs. The results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, can be formulated into hair tonic (EEKP) that meets physical quality requirements. Hair tonic EEKP 30% is the best because it has high hair growth activity, which is an average of 16.375 mm where this EEKP 30% hair tonic has almost the same hair growth activity as the positive control, which is an average of 16.782 mm.

Anti-DENV-2 Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Arachis hypogaea L.: Peanut Skin as a Relevant Resource of Bioactive Compounds against Dengue Virus

Dengue is an emerging disease of high impact on human health. Plants are an important source of new antivirals and Arachis hypogaea stands for its biological properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity and elucidate the antiviral mechanism of ethanolic extracts from A. hypogaea against dengue virus 2 (DENV-2). The skin or tegument ethanolic extract (TEEs) and seed ethanolic extract (SEEs) were obtained. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and Neutral Red Uptake (NRU). Antiviral activity was evaluated at different stages of the viral replication cycle by the lysis plaque reduction method. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and selectivity index (SI) were determined. Antiviral activity was further determined by RT-qPCR. The CC50 values were 169 (NRU) and 65 (MTT) µg/mL for TEE. In addition, the CC50 values were >1400 (NRU) and 636 (MTT) µg/mL for SEE. The TEE demonstrated 99.9 ± 0.1% viral inhibition. The TEE presented an IC50 = 3.47 and SI of 48.7 (NRU) and 18.73 (MTT). Its mechanism of antiviral action is broad and it acts in the viral adsorption–penetration stage and inhibits the first steps of infection in the post-penetration stage. It is also capable of acting as virucidal and as prophylactic. Studies of RT-qPCR indicated that the TEE inhibited viral RNA synthesis. These findings suggest that the TEE from A. hypogaea could be a promising antiviral candidate for treating DENV-2 infections.

Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid dan Kandungan Fitokimia Ekstrak Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L) dengan Berbantukan Microwave sebagai Potensi Bahan Aktif Tabir Surya

The skin serves as a protective barrier against dust and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Excessive UV exposure is associated with accelerated skin aging, erythema, hyperpigmentation, and carcinogenesis. This study aimed to quantify flavonoid concentrations and characterize phytochemical constituents in shallot skin extracts for their potential as active ingredients in sunscreen formulations. Shallot skin was subjected to microwave assisted extraction using 70% ethanol as the solvent. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids in the extract. Flavonoid content was determined via UV-Vis spectrophotometry, yielding 36.33 mgQE/g. The high flavonoid concentration observed in shallot skin extract suggests its potential efficacy as an active ingredient in sunscreen formulations.

Evaluation of TiO2 nanotubes decorated with Ag nanoparticles and photosensitized with grape skin extracts as a potential photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells

Evaluation of TiO2 nanotubes decorated with Ag nanoparticles and photosensitized with grape skin extracts as a potential photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells

Formulation of Natural Food Coloring Granules from Dragon Fruit Peel Extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and Effectiveness Test in Reducing Blood Glucose Levels

Anthocyanin is one of the many compounds in dragon fruit skin that can be used as an antioxidant. Dragon fruit skin can also lower blood glucose levels. The fact that cases of diabetes mellitus are increasing every year shows that this disease needs serious treatment. This study aims to make dragon fruit skin extract formulated in the form of granules and make dragon fruit skin extract granules that meet the requirements as natural food coloring and to determine the content and effectiveness of dragon fruit skin extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) which can lower blood glucose levels. This research method is experimental. The One Way Anova test and the Tukey HSD post-hoc test were used to analyze the data. The outcomes showed that there were 9 granule recipes that met the assessment test necessities. After being induced by 20% fructose solution, the glucose level study revealed that the treatment of dragon fruit skin extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg / kgBW was able to lower blood glucose levels in test animals. Winged serpent natural product skin concentrate can be formed as granules. Equations 2 and 3 produce the best tone. The consequences of the review reasoned that winged serpent natural product skin remove (Hylocereus polyrhizus) at dosages of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kgBW was viable in decreasing blood glucose levels in guinea pigs prompted by 20% fructose arrangement and a portion of 200 mg/kgBW gave an impact of lessening blood glucose levels that was practically equivalent to the positive control.

Unlocking the in vitro neuroprotection of sloe residues phenolic extracts by bioanalytical and chemometric strategies

Wild fruits, particularly the underutilized sloe (Prunus spinosa), are gaining interest as natural antioxidants, with residues from liqueur production being a source of bioactive compounds. This study proposes a sustainable approach for valorizing sloe residues, seeds and skins, by employing an innovative green extraction method. HPLC-ESI-QTOF and spectrophotometric techniques were used to explore the phenolic profile, highlighting the predominance of quercetin, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic and ferulic acids (9.7–57 μg·g−1). In addition, the presence of Cu, Zn and Ca was confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Simultaneously, their neuroprotective potential against Alzheimer's disease (AD) was studied by exploring the inhibition of beta-amyloid aggregation and oxidative stress cytoprotection in SH-SY5Y cell line, standing out 1 μg·g−1 and 10 μg·g−1 extracts of sloe skin. Phenolic composition was correlated with bioactivities by means of multivariate analysis. These results contributed to highlight the potential of this bio-residue as a neuroprotective agent against AD in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Test The Activity of Microgel Preparations from Skin Extract Jengkol (Pithecellobium lobatum Benth) on The Healing of Cut Wounds in White Rats (Rattus novergicus)

The skin is the largest and heaviest organ in the body, covering its outer surface. Wounds are often experienced by everyone due to the loss of epithelial integrity of the skin. Jengkol fruit skin is useful as a burn medicine and antiseptic to test the activity of microgel preparations from jengkol skin extract (Pithecellobium lobatum Benth) on healing cuts in white rats (Rattus novergicus). This study was a true experimental, post test control only design using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) statistical method. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS and continued with ANOVA test to see significant differences between the 5 treatment groups. The results of the study obtained microgel preparations that had activity for healing cuts on the backs of white rats, namely the F3 preparation with a concentration of 15% jengkol skin extract with wound observation for 12 days. In conclusion, cuts on the backs of white rats can be healed with jengkol skin extract.

Type I Kounis syndrome in a young woman without chest pain: a case report

BackgroundKounis syndrome is defined as the concurrence of acute coronary syndromes in the setting of allergic or anaphylactic reactions. It primarily affects men aged 40–70 years and is often associated with chest pain. This syndrome is often unrecognized and undiagnosed in clinical practice due to a low level of awareness. Herein, we present a case of type I Kounis syndrome in a young woman without chest pain.Case presentationA 28-year-old Japanese woman with a history of atopic dermatitis received a glycyrrhizin, glutathione, and neurotropin preparation (a preparation of inflamed skin extract from rabbits inoculated with vaccinia virus) at a dermatology clinic to treat pruritus caused by atopic dermatitis. Immediately after the administration, the patient developed abdominal pain and generalized body wheals. The patient was diagnosed with anaphylaxis and was transported to our hospital. She had no chest pain on arrival at our hospital; however, a 12-lead electrocardiogram showed ST elevation in leads I, aVL, V2, and V3, and an echocardiogram showed decreased wall motion in the anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle. Sublingual nitroglycerin administration improved ST-segment elevation and left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. The patient underwent emergency coronary angiography, which revealed no significant stenosis, and was diagnosed with type I Kounis syndrome.ConclusionKounis syndrome without chest pain is rare in young women. Since it can be fatal in cases with severe allergic symptoms such as anaphylaxis, the possibility of concurrent acute coronary syndrome should be considered when treating systemic allergic reactions, regardless of age, sex, or the presence or absence of chest symptoms.

Development and characterization of a double-layer smart packaging system consisting of polyvinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers and gelatin film for fish fillet

This study aimed to develop a double-layer film composed of an intelligent, gelatin-based film integrated with active polyvinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers (PVANFs). Eggplant skin extract (ESE), a colorimetric indicator, was incorporated into the gelatin-based film at varying concentrations ranging from 0 % to 8 % w/w. The gelatin film containing 8 % ESE was identified as the optimal formulation based on its superior color indication, water barrier, and mechanical properties. Savory essential oil (SEO)-loaded PVANFs were electrospun onto the optimized gelatin film to fabricate the double-layer film. Analysis of the chemical and crystalline structures and the double-layer film's thermal properties confirmed the gelatin film's physical integration with PVANFs. Morphological examination revealed a smooth surface on the film and a uniform fibrillar structure within the PVANFs. Furthermore, the developed double-layer film effectively detected spoilage in trout fish while controlling pH, oxidation, and microbial changes during storage.

Karakteristik warna crayon dari pemanfaatan ekstraksi limbah kulit buah naga (hylocereus polyrhizus)

Background: Crayons are drawing equipment made from colored wax, charcoal, chalk, or other materials used for writing and coloring. Crayons are used in schools throughout the world because crayons are easy to use, do not make dirty, blunt, non-toxic, and have many colors. Findings: Crayons can be used from children to adults. Wax crayons are usually used by children to draw and color. One popular crayon brand is Crayola. Dragon Fruit Skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus) contains anthocyanin which can be used as a natural coloring agent for decorative preparations and also has antioxidant activity. Methods: Dragon fruit skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extraction has been carried out by means of dragon fruit peel extracted using the wet maceration method with 70% ethanol. The extract was then made into 2 crayon formulations with concentrations of 25% and 20%, respectively. The crayon formulation consists of paraffin wax and dragon fruit peel extract. The resulting crayons have a brownish color, and aromatic odor typical of dragon fruit peel extract. Conclusion: The results of the topical test obtained the best formula on the formula with the composition of the dragon fruit peel extract 25% and 75% paraffin wax. Based on the results of the topical test, this crayon can be used. It's just that the color and texture of crayons that are easily brittle and oily make the results of this research experiment not as expected.

The Effect of pH and Temperature on The Stability of Anthocyanins from Black Soybean Skin Extracts

Anthocyanins are natural dyes of purple and red. Anthocyanin dyes are applied in various industries as a drink or food coloring. As natural dyes, anthocyanins have an important role in human health. This research aimed to analyze the stability of anthocyanins from black soybean skin extract at varying pH and temperature. Anthocyanins from black soybean skins are macerated using two kinds of solvents. The solvents are distilled water + 30% citric acid and 70% ethanol + 1% HCl. Maceration was carried out at a temperature of 4℃. Then the anthocyanin was treated at a temperature range of 40-90℃ and pH of 5-9 and its absorbance was measured using UV-Vis’s spectrometry. The concentration of anthocyanin from black soybean skins is from the solvent distilled water + 30% citric acid of 1.992 mg/L, while from the solvent 70% ethanol + 1% HCl it was 1.936 mg/L. The color stability temperature t of black soybean skin extract was carried out at temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C. with respective absorbance of 0.274; 0.247; 0.237; 0.227; and 0.214. The higher the temperature, the anthocyanin content decreases. pH test was carried out at pH 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 with respective absorbance values of 1.831; 1,759; 1,229; 1,118; and 1,066. The pH test showed that the higher the pH, the anthocyanin content was reduced, while the application of additional anthocyanin to white agar as food coloring showed that the anthocyanin content was only 0.125. It can be concluded that anthocyanins have good stability at low temperatures and acidic pH.

DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SALAK PONDOH (Salacca zalacca Gaertnes Voss) SKIN USING DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) METHOD AS ACTIVE INGREDIENT OF FACE MASK PRODUCT

Based on the results of phytochemical tests, salak pondoh skin (Salacca zalacca Gaertnes Voss) contains alkaloid, flavonoid, and saponin compounds. Secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins show pharmacological effects as antioxidant compounds. Testing secondary metabolites in salak pondoh skin extract is the first step to using salak pondoh skin as an active component in face masks. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of salak pondoh skin extract using the DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) method and its application as an active ingredient in face mask formulations. Antioxidant activity test of salak skin ethanol extract using DPPH method by determining IC50 value. From the test results, the IC50 antioxidant activity was 51.498 mg/L. This means that salak skin has strong antioxidant activity to capture free radicals

Mitigating Acetaminophen-Induced Kidney Injury: The Protective Role of Grape Seed and Peanut Skin Extracts through the iNOS/CYP2E1 Pathway.

The rising number of acute kidney injury cases worldwide due to acetaminophen (APAP) emphasizes the critical need for effective prevention strategies to counteract APAP's detrimental effects. This study examined the kidney-protective capabilities of ethanolic extracts from grape seeds and peanut skins (GSEE and PSEE, respectively) in comparison with silymarin in rats that experienced an APAP overdose. The phenolic compounds in these extracts were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the experiment, Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups of 12. The Control group received 0.5 mL of saline via a gastric tube. Group II received acetaminophen (APAP, 640 mg/kg per day via a gastric tube) to induce renal injury, following Ucar et al. and Islam et al. Groups III, IV, and V received silymarin (50 mg/kg), grape seed extract (200 mg/kg), and peanut skin extract (200 mg/kg), respectively, along with 640 mg of APAP/kg per day for 21 days. Post APAP treatment, significant increases in serum urea and creatinine levels were noted, along with notable decreases in the percentage of body weight gain. Furthermore, there were increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the kidney tissues, including heightened mRNA expressions of renal iNOS and CYP2E1, which were confirmed through histological studies. The administration of GSEE, PSEE, and silymarin mitigated these adverse effects, likely due to their high phenolic content, which is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. GSEE, in particular, showed efficacy comparable to that of silymarin. Molecular docking studies revealed that APAP impeded critical enzymes essential for cellular antioxidant defense, whereas the bioactive compounds in the grape seed and peanut skin extracts effectively inhibited key enzymes and receptors involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that GSEE and PSEE could serve as viable alternative treatments for kidney damage induced by APAP. Further research to isolate and identify these effective compounds is recommended.

Testing the Effectiveness of Mangosized Skin Extract (Garcinia mangostana) as an Antimicrobial Against Bacteria Causing GI Tract Infections

The mangosteen fruit, which in Latin is called Garcinia mangostana Linn, is a plant whose entire parts can be used, including the skin of the fruit. Mangosteen fruit has bioactive compounds such as xanthones, especially α, β, and γ-mangostin where the level of antimicrobial action of α-mangosteen has been explored by many researchers and it has been observed that it is not only effective against bacteria but also against other microbes such as fungi and mycobacteria. Gastrointestinal system infections are a serious health problem and have not been completely resolved until now because cases are increasing every year. Gastrointestinal tract infections are a health problem in the world, including in Indonesia. Some infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal system that are often found in the wider community are typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis. The bacteria that cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi & Salmonella Paratyphi. While diarrhea and gastroenteritis are caused by food poisoning and drinks contaminated by E. coli. This research is an experimental laboratory research using the disc diffusion/Kirby Bauer method by measuring the diameter of the clear zone which is a sign that there is an obstacle to the growth of Salmonella typhi and E. Coli bacteria by the antimicrobial compounds contained in the mangosteen fruit extract. The calculation results of this research showed that mangosteen peel extract (Garciana Mangostana L) against E. Coli bacteria with the antibiotic Chloramphenicol as control showed an average diameter of the inhibition zone of 30.5 mm, whereas Salmonella bacteria were not found or no inhibition zone was formed at the smallest concentration up to greatest concentration Keywords: Mangosteen Peel, garcinia mangostana l., Gastrointestinal Infections, Effectiveness of

Anticancer Potential of Valencia Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Skin Extract against Cervical Cancer Cells In Vitro and in Nude Mouse Xenograft Models.

This study investigated the impact of Valencia KK4-type peanut skin ethanolic extract (KK4-PSE) combined with cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on HeLa cells in vitro and in xenograft models. At exposure times of 24, 48 and 72 h, KK4-PSE inhibited the growth of HeLa cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 79.43 ± 0.54, 55.55 ± 1.57 and 41.32 ± 0.74 µg/mL, respectively. Drug interactions evaluated by the Chou-Talalay method demonstrated that KK4-PSE enhanced antiproliferative activity of 5-FU against HeLa cells with combination index (CI) values of 0.49 (48 h) and 0.60 (72 h), indicating a synergistic effect, while KK4-PSE combined with cisplatin exhibited an additive effect (CI = 1.02) at 72 h, and an antagonistic effect at 24 and 48 h exposures (CI = 1.12 and 1.18, respectively). In nude mouse xenograft models, the combination of 5-FU and KK4-PSE markedly reduced HeLa tumor weights compared with the control and single agent treatments groups. The combination of KK4-PSE and 5-FU achieved greater tumor growth inhibition than that of the KK4-PSE-cisplatin combination. KK4-PSE mitigated hepatotoxicity induced by both cisplatin and 5-FU in nude mice. The spleen hyaloserositis was significantly reduced in the combination treatment of 5-FU and KK4-PSE. These results suggest that KK4-PSE has the potential to limit cervical cancer cell proliferation while reducing the toxicity of cisplatin and 5-FU.

Antimicrobial Activity of Soaked and Boiled Jengkol Fruit Skin Extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans

Jengkol (Archidendron jiringa) fruit skin contains saponin, tannin, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds which act as antimicrobials in inhibiting and killing microbial. This research aimed to analyze the differences in various jengkol fruit skin extracts in antimicrobial activity against test microbes, as well as to analyze the total phenolic content and total saponin content in each jengkol fruit skin extract. The research method was carried out using an experimental method. Factor A extract (soaking and boiling) and Factor B Microbe (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans). The results of this research showed that extracts from soaking and boiling of jengkol fruit skin provided different inhibitory effects on the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans. The best extraction method that produces the largest zone of inhibition for test microbes is boiling extract. The extract with the highest total phenolic content is boiling extract with a total phenolic content of 7.517 mgGAE/ml. The extract with the highest total saponin content is boiling extract with a total saponin content of 16.11%.