Ship Size Research Articles

Late in Inka Mina Ship Procurement: A Case of North Celebes, Indonesia

The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) launched a program to procure 1,000 fishing vessels sized 30 GT, known as Inka (ships) Mina (fish) to increase fishermen's income and welfare. The KKP program was considered not running optimally. This was evidenced by many cases of procurement of troubled fishing vessels involving the Department of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) in several regions in Indonesia. One area that experienced problems related to the procurement of fishing vessels were the DKP of North Sulawesi Province, which was the object of this study. The problem that faced was the delay in shipbuilding. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and analyze the roots of ship procurement problems by looking at the suitability of the ship procurement process in North Sulawesi Province DKP with Presidential Regulation No. 54 of 2010 and the causes of delays in shipbuilding. This study used a case study approach with an exploratory type. Data collection was done through documentation, open-ended interviews, and direct observation. The selection of participants used purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques were carried out by data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study showed the process of procuring ships in DKP Prov. North Sulawesi, started from the preparation, implementation, signed until the execution of the contract, ran in accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 54 of 2010. The delay in shipbuilding was occurred to the provider. The causes of the delay were; lack of company experience which has an impact on the lack of experts; late delivery of raw materials; and natural conditions, which is high rainfall. As a result of delayed in shipbuilding, there were several findings that is incompatibility of handover dates and sea trial on the official document with the date of the photos taken and the sea trial taken, discrepancies in ship size, incompatibility in the calculation of late fines, and the role ambiguity in the Acting Official Technical Activities (PPTK).

Investigation on ship mooring forces including passing ship effects validated by experiments

Additional loads on the moored system are generated due to the interaction effects of a passing ship in the proximity of a moored ship and, in the worst case, can even cause the breaking of mooring lines. Existing studies on mooring lines considering passing ship forces and the effects of passing ship parameters on mooring line tension are limited. A mooring analysis is performed using OPTIMOOR to evaluate the impact of passing ship forces and environmental loads on mooring line tension. Results indicate a maximum mooring line tension increment of around 40% due to passing ship forces. The passing ship forces are obtained from the experiments conducted on scaled tanker models. A wide range of significant parameters, such as the passing ship size, passing ship speed, the separation distance between the ships, water depth and moored ship's length, are considered for the study. It is observed that the Froude number based on length (FrL) has the most significant impact on the passing ship effects compared to displacement ratio (DR) and Froude number based on water depth (FrD). Also, FrD influences the interaction effects more when compared to DR. The experimental results are compared with numerical simulations.

The Application of Hybrid Energy system (Hydrogen Fuel cell, wind, and solar) in shipping

This research assesses the technical feasibility of a hybrid propulsion system for bulk carriers, combining green hydrogen with wind and solar energy. The aim is to achieve zero-emissions shipping and reduce reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Previous studies in this field have typically focused on a single model for a specific vessel, whereas our research assesses a range of vessels based on their size, resulting in a total of 4986 vessels assessed. In addition, we applied the proposed model to all vessels at different speeds to check its applicability. Our calculations show that the proposed hybrid model can be applied to specific routes, under specific conditions, and on some vessel sizes, with the power generated by hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) being the main power source. However, the number of vessels that can sail without conventional fossil fuels can be increased by combining this power source with other renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. The final result of the calculation showed that distance, speed, and ship size are the most influential parameters on the applicability of the proposed hybrid model in this research. Based on the calculation, wind power, solar power, and HFC are able to cover 8 to 27%, less than 1%, and 50 to 100% of the total required power for propulsion correspondingly depending on the mentioned influential parameters in the previous sentence.

Powering Maritime: Challenges and prospects in ship electrification

The exponential increase in Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels over the past few decades have swayed the transportation sector toward becoming more electric. In the last decade, with continuous improvements in battery technology and interfacing power electronics, there has been immense progress in the electrification of land-based transport. As their electrification gains pace, the focus is shifting toward greening other forms of transport, such as maritime and aviation sectors, since they contribute substantially to the total carbon footprint. The marine sector has witnessed huge growth in recent years because of the development of international trade, wherein it plays an essential role in the transportation of goods across the globe. The variation in ship sizes, types, and routes—along with their grid-distant nature and water-borne operation—distinguishes them from terrestrial electric vehicles. This gives rise to a multitude of unique challenges on board as well as at the ports that they operate around. Power electronics is one of the key enabling technologies in tackling these challenges and thereby creating safe, reliable, and emission-free maritime transport.

PPA-Net: Pyramid Pooling Attention Network for Multi-Scale Ship Detection in SAR Images

In light of recent advances in deep learning and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology, there has been a growing adoption of ship detection models that are based on deep learning methodologies. However, the efficiency of SAR ship detection models is significantly impacted by complex backgrounds, noise, and multi-scale ships (the number of pixels occupied by ships in SAR images varies significantly). To address the aforementioned issues, this research proposes a Pyramid Pooling Attention Network (PPA-Net) for SAR multi-scale ship detection. Firstly, a Pyramid Pooled Attention Module (PPAM) is designed to alleviate the influence of background noise on ship detection while its parallel component favors the processing of multiple ship sizes. Different from the previous attention module, the PPAM module can better suppress the background noise in SAR images because it considers the saliency of ships in SAR images. Secondly, an Adaptive Feature Balancing Module (AFBM) is developed, which can automatically balance the conflict between ship semantic information and location information. Finally, the detection capabilities of the ship detection model for multi-scale ships are further improved by introducing the Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) module. This innovative module enhances the detection model’s ability to detect ships of varying scales by extracting features from multiple scales using atrous convolutions and spatial pyramid pooling. PPA-Net achieved detection accuracies of 95.19% and 89.27% on the High-Resolution SAR Images Dataset (HRSID) and the SAR Ship Detection Dataset (SSDD), respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that PPA-Net outperforms other ship detection models.

Container Shipping Optimization under Different Carbon Emission Policies: A Case Study

Climate change is a major environmental issue facing humanity today, and the International Maritime Organization has accelerated the formulation of greenhouse gas emission policies. This study considers different carbon emission policies to construct an optimization model for container shipping, design an improved Whale Swarm Algorithm to solve related issues, and use the marginal carbon abatement cost method to analyze the deep-seated reasons for the optimization of liner shipping according to different carbon emission policies, thereby revealing the underlying reasons of emission-reduction decisions. The conclusions reveal that both kinds of carbon emission policies will reduce the profits of companies, the average speed of shipping, and carbon emissions. The carbon tax model has the greatest impact on the profits of shipping companies, and carbon cap-and-trade is easier to obtain support from enterprises. Sensitivity analysis shows that the implementation of carbon cap-and-trade or a carbon tax policy is closely and complexly related to the carbon trading price, carbon tax rate, fuel price, and ship size, and there is uncertainty.

АНАЛІЗ РИЗИКІВ ПРИТАМАННИХ КОНТЕЙНЕРНОМУ ФЛОТУ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ БЕЗПЕКИ МОРСЬКИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ

Nowadays container transportation occupies more than 90% of the non-bulk cargo market. At the same time, the growing demand for the transportation of this type of cargo contributes to the replenishment of the container fleet with extra-large container ships. It was determined that between 2011 and 2019, the volume of the container fleet had increased by about 15% with the respective part of the vessels over 10,000 TEU by approximately 500%. On the other hand, despite the advantages of containerized cargo transportation, the intensification of maritime transport flows, the increase in the number of cargoes, the growth of ship sizes, constant changes in the maritime industry, as well as human errors are the factors that increase the risks of maritime accidents. The present study is aimed at analyzing the risks inherent to the container fleet to determine ways of safety improvement in the industry. Since the formulated direction covers a wide range of tasks, this article attempts to focus on the issue of navigational safety, sea container transportation and the influence of the human factor. In the course of the study, the grouping of various types of emergency situations on the container fleet was carried out in accordance with the appropriate categories for the further determination of cause-and-effect relationships and the formation of a fault tree for the purpose of maritime operations' analysis in general. The formation of the specified model provides an opportunity for the determination of independent factors contributing to the development of emergencies at the first approximation. Within the framework of the established goal, the work presents the relevant risk matrix, scales for assessing the probability and consequences of a potentially dangerous situation, the risk assessment in accordance with the identified factors, and the pre-formulated means of control and minimization of such risks. Keywords: safety of cargo transportation, navigational safety, containerized cargo, risk analysis, human factor.

An Effective Multi-Layer Attention Network for SAR Ship Detection

The use of deep learning-based techniques has improved the performance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image-based applications, such as ship detection. However, all existing methods have limited object detection performance under the conditions of varying ship sizes and complex background noise, to the best of our knowledge. In this paper, to solve both the multi-scale problem and the noisy background issues, we propose a multi-layer attention approach based on the thorough analysis of both location and semantic information. The solution works by exploring the richness of spatial information of the low-level feature maps generated by a backbone and the richness of semantic information of the high-level feature maps created by the same method. Additionally, we integrate an attention mechanism into the network to exclusively extract useful features from the input maps. Tests involving multiple SAR datasets show that our proposed solution enables significant improvements to the accuracy of ship detection regardless of vessel size and background complexity. Particularly for the widely-adopted High-Resolution SAR Images Dataset (HRSID), the new method provides a 1.3% improvement in the average precision for detection. The proposed new method can be potentially used in other feature-extraction-based classification, detection, and segmentation.

Determination of NOx emission rates of inland ships from onshore measurements

Abstract. Inland ships are an important source of NOx, especially for cities along busy waterways. The amount and effect of such emissions depend on the traffic density and NOx emission rates of individual vessels. Ship emission rates are typically derived using in situ land measurements in relation to NOx emission factors (e.g. the number of pollutants emitted by ships per unit of burnt fuel). In this study, a different approach is taken, and NOx emission rates are obtained (in g s−1). Within the EU LIFE project, CLean INland SHipping (CLINSH), a new approach to calculating the NOx emission rates from data of in situ measurement stations has been developed and is presented in this study. Peaks (i.e. elevated concentrations) of NOx were assigned to the corresponding source ships, using the AIS (automated identification system) signals they transmit. Each ship passage was simulated, using a Gaussian puff model, in order to derive the emission rate of the respective source ship. In total, over 32 900 ship passages have been monitored over the course of 4 years. The emission rates of NOx were investigated with respect to ship speed, ship size, and direction of travel. Comparisons of the onshore-derived emission rates and those on board for selected CLINSH ships show good agreement. The derived emission rates are of a similar magnitude to emission factors from previous studies. Most ships comply with existing limits due to grandfathering. The emission rates (in g s−1) can be directly used to investigate the effect of ship traffic on air quality, as the absolute emitted number of pollutants per unit of time is known. In contrast, for relative emission factors (in g kg−1 fuel), further knowledge about the fuel consumption of the individual ships is needed to calculate the number of pollutants emitted per unit of time.

Electrical signal reconstruction method of target-simulated minesweeper based on small unmanned boat platform

In recent years, with the continuous development of military unmanned boat technology, there has been a significant increase in interest in small unmanned boat-based minesweeper hunting technology. In this paper, an electrical signal reconstruction method based on time–frequency characteristics and used for small minesweeping gear is proposed. Compared with the existing methods, the method does not require measurement to obtain the complete electrical signal of the distribution and is applicable to both surface ships and submarines for signal reconstruction, which can complete the reconstruction of the original signal with high accuracy in the case of incomplete signal acquisition and can be applied to the signal reconstruction under the harsh marine acquisition environment or strong electromagnetic interference. In this paper, the mathematical model between the maximum sampling interval and the captain is established by extracting the time–frequency features of large ships, and the optimal size of the minesweeper and the optimal parameters of the point charge model are obtained based on the point charge model, and the performance of the method under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions is evaluated by depth permutation. Under the challenging signal-to-noise ratio conditions, the proposed method can accomplish the high-precision reconstruction of the electrical signal distribution of a large ship with the passage data collected by only one measurement node. From the results of simulation and ship model experiments, it can be seen that the electric signal can be simulated with a series unmanned boat array of one-tenth the size of a large ship, and the amplitude error of the reconstructed signal is less than 0.2 mV, the inversion error of EF(Electrostatic Field) is less than 10%, and the inversion error of SEF(shaft-frequency electric field) is less than 12%.

Cost Advantages of Far East/Europe Trunk Route Deployment With Port Selection in East Asia

To cater to the gradually increasing sizes of ships, several traditional container ports in East Asia built deep-water wharves to attract shipping carriers to berth, a decision that is considered highly reasonable because it allows for shipping carriers to gain a cost advantage. For traditional Far East/Europe (F/E) trunk routes, shipping carriers must deploy vessels that are large enough at hub ports to maintain low transshipment costs. However, for a port to attract shipping carriers, it should be able to first meet the cargo demand of these carriers. The port would also need to improve the loading ratio to enjoy the cost advantage. Simultaneously, the port should leverage the loading and unloading efficiency of the terminal to gain a competitive advantage. Although the port congestion observed at the F/E trunk during COVID-19 was not as serious as that in North American ports, it was sufficient to affect the route deployment and port selection decisions of shipping carriers. Currently, because the size of container carriers is the most critical factor in the reduction of shipping costs, as demonstrated in this study, the upsizing trend of container ships is regarded as a highly relevant aspect in the deployment of trunk routes and the selection of hub ports.

The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Maritime Connectivity

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a large family of viruses that can cause a wide range of illnesses, from the common cold to catastrophic conditions such as MERS and SARS. From the beginning of its spread, all aspects of human life have been affected by the pandemic that has spread around the world, including the global economic downturn and decreased manufacturing capacity. In addition, this circumstance has a new impact on the dimensions of global sea trade. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method. Through a descriptive qualitative approach, analyzing and obtaining conclusions is done by looking for theories from various sources of literature such as books, journals, articles or other media. The conclusions obtained from this study are Covid-19 has affected all forms of human activity, including trading activities by sea. The application of physical distancing on board merchant ships is one way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 during the voyage. After the Covid-19 pandemic, the trend of larger ship sizes and fewer ship companies has continued. The Covid-19 outbreak not only created a health emergency, but also shook the global economic sector. This has caused a sudden and dramatic reduction in global sea trade traffic and energy consumption.

Criminal Policy Corruption Natural Resources In The Fisheries Sector

Introduction: The criminal policy of natural resource corruption in the fisheries sector can be carried out using two approaches, namely the penal approach and the non-penal approach.Purposes of the Research: .Methods of the Research: This research method is normative juridical while still involving the role of other social sciences in legal social studies. The approach used in this research is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data collection was carried out by literature study and then analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: IUU Fishing practices such as transshipment, fraudulent acts of marking down ship sizes, using unreported foreign crew members or using falsified documents, bribing bribes in permit processing and various actions that lead to corrupt practices in the fisheries sector cause the country to suffer huge losses and have a bad impact on the country. people's welfare and exploitation of natural resources that can damage the ecosystem. For this reason, there is a need for criminal policy or efforts to overcome corruption by using two approaches, namely a repressive penal approach and a preventive non-penal approach.

Cross-sensor vision system for maritime object detection

Accurate and automated detection of maritime vessels present in aerial images is a considerable challenge. While significant progress has been made in recent years by adopting neural network architectures in detection and classification systems, these systems are usually designed specific to a sensor, dataset or location. In this paper, we present a system which uses multiple sensors and a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to test cross-sensor object detection resiliency. The system is composed of five main subsystems: Image Capture, Image Processing, Model Creation, Object-of-Interest Detection and System Evaluation. We show that the system has a high degree of cross-sensor vessel detection accuracy, paving the way for the design of similar systems which could prove robust across applications, sensors, ship types and ship sizes.

An investigation into the forces shaping the evolution of global shipping alliances

ABSTRACT Global shipping alliances have become an important institution in international seaborne trade. Their raison d’être is higher efficiency and lower costs, to the benefit of the consumer. However, experiences from GSA operations during the COVID-19 supply chain crisis show that GSAs may have considerable market power, not quite aligned with the spirit of the lawmaker who has exempted them from antitrust laws. This raises many questions this paper attempts to answer: What drives the formation, stability and dissolution of GSAs? And have external and internal factors, such as government policies, ship sizes and freight rates, had always the same effect on GSAs over time? We decompose industry concentration (HHI) into seven components. This is done based on the Variational Mode Decomposition model. The components are subsequently reconstructed through gray correlation. Next, a Generalized Additive Model is specified, to analyze the relationships between influencing factors and the evolution of GSAs. We look both at the development (trend) of industry concentration, as well as its fluctuations (cyclicality) over time. We show that effects vary over time, with the same factors having different impacts on GSAs at different times. The paper can assist policymakers in their efforts to regulate and supervise container shipping.

МІЖНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ МОРСЬКОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article examines the international legal instruments which form the basis of international cooperation of States in ensuring maritime security. Despite a fairly large volume of achievements of the international community in the field of legal regulation of maritime safety, the level of accidents in the world's maritime fleet and the harmful consequences for humanity and the environment is still very high. The negative consequences of large ship accidents extend not only to the direct participants of the maritime enterprise, the ship, its crew and passengers, and shipowners, but also pollute and cause damage to coastal countries and the population whose lives are endangered by maritime accidents. Maritime security is a component of state security, so strategic tasks and priorities for the development of the maritime industry should be defined in strategic documents at the national level of each world maritime country. The correlation between national maritime legislation and international maritime legislation is relevant for maritime security. It is noted that international legal regulation of maritime security is becoming increasingly important in the context of rapid economic development and development of the high-tech sector, when the size of ships increases, the intensity of navigation in many areas of the World Ocean increases significantly, and the number of maritime accidents and disasters increases. The author identifies the factors that influence the need to create a legal framework for the safety of maritime activities and minimize the negative consequences for humanity and the environment. The UN, the International Maritime Organization and other international governmental and non-governmental organizations cooperating with them play an important role in the adoption of international norms (conventions, agreements, rules, recommendations). The implementation of national legal measures to ensure maritime safety is possible provided that a system of state maritime security is established and that the maritime administration, as well as the activities of controlling and inspecting authorities, work together in a joint, effective manner.

Maritime video ship detection and tracking based on improved YOLOX and DeepSORT

Object detection and tracking in maritime videos are crucial for marine management today. Nevertheless, due to the small size of ships in maritime video, current state-of-the-art algorithms are incapable of producing satisfactory results. We design an improved YOLOX (iYOLOX) and DeepSORT-based method to detect and track small objects in maritime videos to improve detection accuracy. Initially, the primary feature extraction capability of YOLOX’s backbone network is improved by adding the convolutional block attention mechanism. Second, we employ the context enhancement module to enlarge the receptive field while preserving the specific features. Finally, a parallel deformable convolution bifusion feature pyramid network is utilized for bidirectional feature extraction for small objects. iYOLOX is additionally combined with the DeepSORT algorithm to track targets. The experimental results show iYOLOX performed better when compared with the original YOLOX such that iYOLOX improves 3% average precision (AP) on the COCO2017 dataset, 4.7% APs for small-size objects, and 3.41% AP50 on the LMD-TShip maritime video dataset. Furthermore, it indicates that the proposed algorithm effectively alleviates some object occlusion and camera shaking issues and improves the model’s utility and robustness.

The X-Press Pearl disaster underscores gross neglect in the environmental management of shipping: Review of future data needs

The X-Press Pearl disaster has the unfortunate hallmarks of other global container ship disasters that are becoming increasingly common and will continue to cause future environmental damage. Port container throughput is ~830 million twenty-foot equivalents (TEUs), projected to grow for the next four decades at minimum, and industry experts predict that ship sizes will continue to grow to 50,000 TEU. Misdeclared content, poor packing, inadequate stowage/lashing, ship-board fires, climate-change-driven intensity of storms, and increasing ship size all ensure increasing environmental damage from container ship maritime disasters. Industry consensus is that the number of containers lost at sea is conspicuously undercounted, and the impact of lost containers is unstudied. This paper reviews specific aspects of the container ship industry that contribute to environmental damage, and then addresses needs for risk, impact assessment and environmental management as pertains to industry operations and container ship disasters such as the X-Press Pearl.

Lightweight algorithm for multi-scale ship detection based on high-resolution SAR images

ABSTRACT As ship target detection technology has high application value in military and civil fields, it is significant to research ship detection in SAR images. Aiming at the complex and diverse backgrounds, significant differences in ship sizes, and real-time detection problems in the ship target detection task of SAR remote sensing images, a lightweight ship detection network based on the YOLOx-Tiny model is proposed. Firstly, a multi-scale ship feature extraction module is proposed, composed of a parallel multi-branch structure connected by a standard convolution layer, asymmetric convolution layer, and dilatation convolution layer with different expansion rates in turn. It makes better use of local features and global features and effectively improves the detection accuracy of multi-scale ship targets; Secondly, to ensure detection performance and eliminate background interference, we propose a whole SAR remote sensing image detection strategy based on an adaptive threshold, which effectively suppresses false alarms caused by background and improves detection speed. The experimental results on two different SAR ship datasets, SSDD and HRSID, show that, compared with several advanced methods, the effectiveness and superiority of the method in this paper are verified, and excellent results are shown in the detection of the whole SAR remote-sensing image. It can provide effective theoretical and technical support for ship detection on platforms with limited computing resources and has good application prospects.

Development dynamic compliance cost model for implementation of ballast water management convention: shipowner perspective

The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) regulates ship ballast water management to avoid the spread of aquatic invasive species. The convention requires all ships, including existing ones, to have a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) onboard before September 8, 2024. There are some concerns about the compliance costs of BWMC, especially the additional cost of retrofitting cases. The ship retrofitting cost will depend on various factors, and it can be difficult for a shipowner to determine accurately. The procedure is intricate, and there are many factors to consider, such as the ship's size, BWTS system complexity, and the price of materials and modification level. In this paper, A proposed approach involves expert judgment to capture the effect of multi-stakeholder and estimate the compliance cost. As an essential part of the research methodology, the system dynamics method and life cycle cost are combined to develop a compliance cost model during the ship's lifetime. The simulation model shows that the confidence level of retrofitting costs for each BWTS is more than 94%. Therefore, the model can be used to estimate additional costs. As a result, BWTS type A is the most economical system for small tankers, with an estimated cost of USD 802,860 for the remaining 12 years of the ship's lifetime. Shipowners can use this model as a supporting decision tool to determine which BWTS would be suitable and assist in determining the budget necessary to comply with the BWMC.