Role of soot particle properties and activation in contrail formation using LES with online-coupled microphysics

The purpose of this paper is to integrate several of the concepts presented in my 2016 Book titled, “Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things” with other concepts presented in my 2026 paper that was published last month in the Physics & Optics Sciences Journal, titled “Addendum to Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things”, and then along with new concepts recently developed in the last few months. These new concepts are developed by integrating the method for calculating the Proton Mass Ratio and Neutron Mass Ratio presented in my 2016 book, with the method for calculating the Classic Electron Radius presented in the above referenced 2026 paper. Both concepts are based on developing a geometric and numerical progression for determining various particle parameters. The integration of these two concepts is accomplished by reversing the mass calculations presented in my 2016 book, by starting at Planck’s Length and then calculating upward toward the size of visible light, instead of starting at visible light and calculating downward toward Planck’s Length. Also, the 2026 addendum paper is expanded beyond the Classic Electron Radius, and further upward to the size of visible light. The two combined charts then produce a more complete understanding of waves and particles, including photons, X-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays, proton mass ratio and neutron mass ratio, and resolves the various arguments for electrons and point electron radii. Furthermore, both Proton Mass Radius and Neutron Mass Radius sizes are also defined, and therefore can be structurally calculated.

A parameter-by-structure segmentation framework for enhanced CMD detection using UAV imagery and machine learning

Abstract We investigate how deviations from the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy modify black-hole spacetimes through the recently proposed entropy-geometry correspondence. For four representative modified entropies, namely Barrow, Rényi, Kaniadakis, and logarithmic, we derive the corresponding effective metrics and analyze their thermodynamic and topological classification using the off-shell free energy and winding numbers. We show that Barrow and Rényi entropies yield a single unstable sector with global charge $$W=-1$$ W = - 1 , while logarithmic and Kaniadakis corrections produce canceling defects with $$W=0$$ W = 0 , revealing topological structures absent in the Schwarzschild case. Using the modified metrics, we further calculate the photon-sphere radius and shadow size, showing that each modified entropy relation induces characteristic optical shifts. Thus, by comparing with Event Horizon Telescope observations of Sgr A $$^*$$ ∗ , we extract new bounds on all entropy-deformation parameters. Our results demonstrate that thermodynamic topology, together with photon-sphere phenomenology, offers a viable way to test generalized entropy frameworks and probe departures from the Bekenstein-Hawking area law.

Molecular communication (MC) enables biocompatible and energy-efficient information transfer through chemical signaling, forming a foundational paradigm for emerging applications in the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) and intrabody healthcare systems. The realization of this vision critically depends on developing advanced receiver architectures that merge nanoscale communication and networking techniques with biocyber interfaces, ensuring energy-efficient, reliable, and low-complexity modulation and detection while maintaining biocompatibility. To address these challenges, the Flexure-FET (flexure sensitive field-effect transistor) MC receiver was introduced as a mechanically transducing design capable of detecting both charged and neutral molecular species. In this study, we present a cylindrical nanowire array–based Flexure-FET MC receiver that enhances design versatility and scalability through distributed electromechanical coupling in a suspended-gate configuration. The proposed array architecture offers additional geometric degrees of freedom, including nanowire radius, length, spacing, and array size, providing a flexible framework that can be tailored to advanced MC scenarios. An analytical end-to-end model is developed to characterize the system’s electromechanical response, noise behavior, and information-theoretic performance, including signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and channel capacity. The results reveal the strong interdependence between geometry, electromechanical dynamics, and molecular binding processes, enabling tunable control over sensitivity, noise characteristics, and communication capacity. The enhanced structural tunability and array configuration of the proposed design provide a flexible foundation for future mixture-based and spatially modulated MC systems, paving the way toward scalable and multifunctional receiver architectures within the IoNT framework.

A novel solution employing an asymmetric microdome structure with varying radius sizes was prepared and supported by FEM analysis. Also, large-sized reduced graphene oxide was utilized to facilitate electron transfer within its large basal plane.

An important aspect of an efficient transport system in urban areas is to provide passengers with a high level of access to public transport stops. In areas with dense and diverse development, locating such facilities in the transport network is a significant challenge and a complex decision-making problem. Therefore, it is necessary to support it with appropriate analyses before making the final decision. Many approaches in this field require spatial determination of the range of impact in the form of a catchment area, which can be constructed in various ways. Therefore, the study aimed to compare two methods for designating catchment areas of public transport stops in urban locations, i.e., circular buffers and isodistances, to support more informed decisions. The novelty of the approach was to enable a comparison of both approaches at the level of individual stops and the entire network, and the introduction of a way to designate the optimal buffer radius that best approximates the isodistance-based area. A new measure based on the weighted average percentage of area coverage is introduced. Such analysis allows us to use both approaches interchangeably. The analysis was conducted for the public transport stops in a large metropolitan area in southern Poland, GZM Metropolis (Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia), which differed both in terms of their location with respect to the city center and in terms of the structure of the surrounding road and street network adapted to pedestrians. The results of the analysis suggest that the percentage of buffer and isodistance coverage with the same radius sizes and values may range from about 34% to 61%. Based on the performed analysis, the best results of the substitution of the isodistance model with the circular buffer model are obtained if the buffers are 100-200 m smaller than the isodistances. In future work, it is also worth examining the dependence of the values of the analyzed measures for a single public transport stop, as well as the average values for the entire set of stops, on the parameters of the road and street network within the buffer or isodistance.

Abstract The paper presents research investigating the influence of cutting tool microgeometry on cutting forces and machined surface roughness when milling (roughing) the difficult-to-cut nickel alloy Inconel 718. Cemented carbide tools with different cutting edge radius sizes (5, 8 and 15 μm) were tested under defined cutting conditions for both roughing operations. Cutting forces were measured in-process using a piezoelectric dynamometer, while machined surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz) were evaluated after machining using a contact profilometer. Previous research into cutting edge microgeometry suggests that modifying the cutting edge of milling tools can substantially extend effective tool life, reduce cutting forces during the process, and ensure higher quality of the machined surface. The results showed that the smallest cutting edge radius (5 µm) led to lower initial cutting forces but faster wear progression. The larger roundings (more than 15 µm) reduced the wear rate but increased cutting forces and worsened surface roughness. An optimal balance between cutting forces and surface quality was achieved with the 8 µm rounding.

This study addresses the technical challenges of conventional coal slurry sedimentation equipment in handling fine coal particles, such as poor settling performance and strong dependence on chemical reagents, by designing a novel high-gravity sedimentation and dewatering device. Solid–liquid centrifugal separation was simulated on the CFD-Fluent platform using the Eulerian–Eulerian method, with the solid volume fraction and effective deposition thickness adopted as key indicators of particle settling performance. The settling behavior and flow field characteristics of particles with different sizes (0.045–0.5 mm) were elucidated under varying centrifugal radii (400–800 mm) and rotational speeds (400–1200 r·min−1), thereby providing a solid theoretical foundation for the parameter optimization of centrifugal settling processes for fine particles. The results indicate that increasing the centrifugal radius and rotational speed strengthens the centrifugal field effect, markedly enhancing the dynamic pressure gradient and interphase slip velocity. Under high-speed (ω = 1200 r·min−1) and large-radius (R = 800 mm) conditions, the dynamic pressure of fine particles (0.045 mm) reached 7.52 MPa with a radial velocity of 0.79 m·s−1, effectively compensating for the settling disadvantage of fine particles, promoting solid–liquid separation, and ensuring the stable deposition of coal particles. Meanwhile, as particle size increases, a distinct deposition thickness can be formed under different operating conditions, demonstrating that particle size is the dominant factor governing deposition behavior. The study elucidates the intrinsic mechanism of how multiple parameters—rotational speed, centrifugal radius, and coal particle size—synergistically influence particle deposition characteristics. By regulating these parameters to accommodate different particle sizes, the findings provide valuable insights for the parameter optimization of centrifugal settling processes for fine particles.

Abstract Plasmaspheric fine‐scale structure (FSS) comprises density irregularities below 0.1–0.2 Earth radii in size. In this paper, we investigate FSS within dayside plasmaspheric plumes as they convect sunward from geosynchronous orbit to the magnetopause. We perform a statistical study of Magnetospheric Multiscale ion data, analyzing 39,018 ion moments from 122 plume events. We find FSS grows inside sunward‐moving dayside plumes, increasing exponentially with 8–11 hr timescale. Spatially, FSS becomes concentrated in the outer duskside region where ion drift paths converge toward the magnetopause. We also investigate basic properties of plume ions. We confirm that plume ion temperature increases with distance, and find that for most plumes light ion densities are correlated to each other. In older plumes (18% of our database) with preferential heating of , mesoscale and fine‐scale structures grow more strongly correlated with protons, and light‐ion correlation decreases. The average plume ion bulk flow is sunward and consistent with penetration of the solar wind electric field. From Fourier analysis, FSS scale sizes extend down to the lower limit of the instrumental sampling range, with evidence of structures below that limit but too small to measure. Plume events exhibit discrete peaks in the Fourier spectrum, but the specific peak structure changes with event. As dayside plumes age, global FSS spectral power migrates radially outward, and shifts to smaller spatial scales. Power‐law fitting of density spectra suggests that turbulence is involved in generating FSS, possibly aided by convective elongation of existing structure and the gradient‐drift instability.

ABSTRACTBackgroundShort calciprotein crystallization time (low T50) is directly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Here, we investigated whether increases in dialysate bicarbonate concentrations increase T50 times in dialysis patients.MethodsIn a prospective, single-center, single-arm, interventional trial in hemodialysis patients (N = 29), dialysate bicarbonate was decreased from baseline settings to 27 mmol/L (D-Bic 27) followed by an increase to 37 mmol/L (D-Bic 37), over the course of 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in T50 time between the D-Bic 27 and D-Bic 37 phases. Measurements of endogenous calciprotein monomers (CPM), primary (CPP-1) and secondary (CPP-2) calciprotein particles were pre-specified secondary outcomes.ResultsTwenty-four patients completed the study per protocol. T50 time increased significantly from 246 ± 77 to 282 ± 81 min from the D-Bic 27 to the D-Bic 37 phase (P < .0001). The hydrodynamic radius (size) of secondary calciprotein particles generated in the T50 test (CPP-2Rh) did not differ significantly between study phases (251 ± 75 vs 240 ± 78 nm, P = .27). Comparing the D-Bic 27 with the D-Bic 37 phase, CPM (16.8 × 10³ vs 16.2 × 10³ AU/µL, P = .9) and CPP-1 (4.6 × 105 vs 4.5 × 105 counts/mL, P = .7) did not change significantly, but there was a significant decrease in CPP-2 levels (5.9 × 104 vs 3.2 × 104 counts/mL, P < .0003). Intradialytically, T50 increased, CPM and CPP-1 decreased, while CPP-2 remained stable.ConclusionsRaising dialysate bicarbonate resulted in a significant increase in T50 time and a reduction of CPP-2 levels.

ABSTRACTThis study mostly investigates the effects of the sizes of a single hole and the arrangements of multiple holes on the cracking characteristics of rock‐like materials (concrete) under compressive loading based on the extended Non‐ordinary state‐based peridynamics (NOSBPD) model. The radius sizes of pre‐existing single holes overtly affect the fracture trajectories of Brazilian discs. The critical value of the radius of the pre‐existing hole can be ascertained to identify the transition of fracture trajectories for single hole‐contained Brazilian discs. The numbers and arrangements of pre‐existing multiple holes overtly affect the fracture trajectories of Brazilian discs. The extended NOSBPD model can unfailingly predict the breakage trajectories of single and multiple contained holes Brazilian discs. The distribution characteristics of stress fields can analyze the fracture mechanism of flawed Brazilian discs. The stress concentration, the stress concentration transfer, and the stress concentration dissipation can clarify the initiation, growth, and stop of new cracks, respectively.

We study the growth and equilibration of capillary bridges that form when a dry solid sphere is brought in contact with an initially flat oil film wetting a solid substrate. The surface profiles of the growing capillary bridge obtained by side-view imaging are matched to thickness profiles of the surrounding oil film as extracted from fluorescence measurements for various values of the initial film thickness, sphere radius, and sample size. Strong initial capillary suction is found to induce a transient local minimum of the film thickness next to the outer rim of the growing capillary bridge. Below a critical initial film thickness, which is governed by the equilibrium surface profile, this local minimum becomes very deep and leads to equilibration times, which exceed the classical lubrication timescale by orders of magnitude. We develop a numerical scheme that describes the dynamics of the entire process by patching a quasi-statically evolving macroscopic capillary bridge to the adjacent liquid film, which evolves according to the lubrication equation. The scheme reproduces the salient experimental features, namely the emergence of the deep local minimum, the critical film thickness, and the increase in equilibration time.

Abstract This study presents the first model intercomparison of aerosol‐cloud‐turbulence interactions in a controlled cloudy Rayleigh‐Bénard Convection chamber environment, utilizing the Pi Chamber at Michigan Technological University. We analyzed simulated cloud chamber‐averaged statistics of microphysics and thermodynamics in a warm‐phase, cloudy environment under steady‐state conditions at varying aerosol injection rates. Simulation results from seven distinct models (DNS, LES, and a 1D turbulence model) were compared. Our findings demonstrate that while all models qualitatively capture observed trends in droplet number concentration, mean radius, and droplet size distributions at both high and low aerosol injection rates, significant quantitative differences were observed. Notably, droplet number concentrations varied by over two orders of magnitude between models for the same injection rates, indicating sensitivities to the model treatments in droplet activation and removal and wall fluxes. Furthermore, inconsistencies in vertical relative humidity profiles and in achieving steady‐state liquid water content suggest the need for further investigation into the mechanisms driving these variations. Despite these discrepancies, the models generally reproduced consistent power‐law relationships between the microphysical variables. This model intercomparison underscores the importance of controlled cloud chamber experiments for validating and improving cloud microphysical parameterizations. Recommendations for future modeling studies are also highlighted, including constraining wall conditions and processes, investigating droplet/aerosol removal (including sidewall losses), and conducting simplified experiments to isolate specific processes contributing to model divergence and reduce model uncertainties.

We present the recording of multifocal lenses based on a linear Fresnel zone combination in a photopolymer medium based on polyvinyl-alcohol acrylamide (PVA/AA). A 4F system with a spatial light modulator (SLM) is used to compare experimental results with numerical simulations, achieving a ×2/3 magnification that enhances resolution in lens profile measurements. On the other hand, a genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize energy allocation at each focal point, maximizing the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral in multifocal lens configurations. This work examines the performance and phase design of these lenses, highlighting the crucial role of an optimal design in controlling energy distribution among focal points for visible wavelengths. Such control enables compensation for energy losses at shorter focal lengths (around 70 mm), which arise due to the low-pass filtering effect of the 4F system during the recording process. Furthermore, the proposed setup facilitates the mass production of these diffractive lenses with 3 to 5 mm radius sizes, ensuring efficient fabrication while maintaining high diffraction efficiency.

Lattice structures offer the possibility to obtain lightweight components with additional functionalities, improving their shock absorption and thermal exchange properties. Recently, a body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice structure has been used to fabricate metal lattice sandwich panels (MLSPs) for aerospace applications. MLSPs are made of two external skins and a lattice core and can be produced thanks to laser powder bed fusion technology (LPBF), which is characterized by its superior printing accuracy with respect to other additive manufacturing processes for metals. Since few studies can be found in the literature on Ti-6Al-4V MLSPs, further work is needed to evaluate the mechanical response of these panels. Moreover, due to their design complexity and to avoid a costly experimental campaign, numerical simulation could be used to encourage the industrial application of these structures. In this paper, different cell configurations were printed and tested in compression to study the influence of the cell’s geometrical parameters, i.e., the cell size and beam radius, on the mechanical response of MLSPs. Numerical simulations of the LPBF of these geometries were also carried out to understand how the residual stresses can be varied by varying the cell configuration. A geometrical evaluation was carried out to quantitatively express the influence of the beam radius and cell size on the resulting volume fraction, which strongly influences the mechanical behavior and residual stress profiles of MLSPs. From the analysis, we found that the C2-R0.35 sample resulted in the configuration with the highest compressive strength, while C3-R0.25 showed the lowest and most uniform residual stress profile.

The article investigates the impact of cutting edge radius and cutting parameters on the surface roughness and microhardness of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 321) during external turning. Experiment was performed for cemented carbide cutting inserts with cutting edge radii of 5 µm, 18 µm, and 50 µm. Cutting edge with radius size of 5 µm had sharp cutting edges containing small chamfers and burrs of approximately 5 µm in size. Cutting speed and feed were varied in the experiment. Surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz) and microhardness (HV) were measured. The results indicate that feed and cutting edge radius significantly influence surface roughness, while cutting speed has minimal effect. Microhardness increases with larger cutting edge radii due to strain hardening caused by material deformation beneath the cutting tool. ANOVA analysis confirmed that the interaction between feed and cutting edge radius plays a crucial role in determining the final surface quality. These findings provide insights into optimizing machining parameters for improved surface integrity and mechanical properties in stainless steel turning.

Abstract In this work, the Whittaker wave functions were used to study the nuclear density distributions and elastic electron scattering charge form factors for proton-rich nuclei and their corresponding stable nuclei (10,8B, 13,9C, 14,12N and 19,17F). The parameters of Whittaker’s basis were fixed to generate the experimental values of available size radii. The Whittaker basis was connected to harmonic-oscillator basis through boundary condition at match point. The nuclear shell model was opted with pure configuration for all studied nuclei to compute aforementioned studied quantities except 10B. For 10B, the total spin is 3+, therefore, there is a C2 component in empirical Coulomb form factor in addition to C0 component. The theory of core-polarization was applied to account such C2 contribution using Tassie, Bohr-Mottelson and valence models. The contribution of model space to C2 component was computed using Cohen-Kurath interaction. For exotic 8B, 9C, 12N and 17F nuclei, the Whittaker’s basis was applied only to the last exotic valence proton, on contrary to stable 10B, 13C, 14N and 19F which the Whittaker’s basis was applied to both last stable valence proton and neutron . It was seen that such treatment highly improved the calculated quantities in comparison with empirical data.

FLUKA code has been applied to calculate displacement per atom (DPA) distributions in irradiated Fe and W targets by 2.45 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons. The variations in DPA spectra of Fe and W as a function of target radius, depths and neutron energy are explored. It has been found that DPA depends not only on the depths but also on the size of radius of irradiated targets and neutron energy. FLUKA calculations show that DPA for 14 MeV neutrons in Fe for 1 MW/m2 will be 1.49 × 10–7 DPA/s and for full power year (FPY) will be 4.67 DPA/FPY per 1 MW/m2. DPA in W for 14 MeV neutrons for 1 MW/m2 will be 8.62 × 10–8 DPA/s and for DPA/FPY will be equal to 2.73 DPA/FPY per 1 MW/m2, respectively.

This paper presents a recent overview of the advancements in lightweight structure design through the integration of proportional topology optimization (PTO) and isogeometric analysis (IGA). IGA-based non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) basis functions are employed to correctly represent the geometry, displacement, and density fields of material. The mathematical method of PTO is described with a material scheme. IGA employs NURBS basis functions described to accurately represent geometry, displacement, and density fields of material. Examine the computational efficiency between isogeometric and finite element methods. The effective performance of PTO addresses minimal compliance problems and reduces computing time. PTO is evaluated under control parameters of penalty factor, filter radius, and different mesh size. The PTO algorithm results are a comparative analysis of conventional solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) and modified solid isotropic material with penalization (MSIMP) methods, highlighting the advantages of PTO in achieving optimal material distribution, higher convergence rates, and improved computational efficiency.