Size Of Stripes Research Articles

Revisiting geographic variation in melanism of monarch butterfly larvae in North America using iNaturalist photos

Monarch butterflies in North America have an exceptionally large breeding distribution, occupying regions west of the Rocky Mountains and throughout the eastern seaboard. An experimental study conducted 17 years ago and published in this journal appeared to show that western monarch larvae tend to have smaller black stripes than those from eastern parents, which at the time was thought to be an adaptation to higher solar exposure in California. Here, we revisit this question by measuring melanism of eastern and western larvae from online photographs submitted to iNaturalist by members of the public. We downloaded over 500 photos of larvae from 10 different states (4 in the west, 6 in the east) and used image analysis to quantify the size of each larva's black stripes (% of surface covered by black). We compared average melanism level between east and west, while also accounting for temperature (at the photo location), seasonal effects, and latitude. Results showed larvae tended to be darker with lower development temperatures, and later in the season, though there was no significant difference between eastern and western larvae in their degree of melanism. It is not yet clear why findings here were different from the prior experimental study. Also, the wild larvae appeared to be notably lighter in color than the captive-reared larvae of the original study, suggesting that the captive environment does not truly replicate the developmental experience of wild larvae, at least in terms of cuticular development. Thus, if there truly are innate tendencies for western larvae to differ (morphologically) from eastern, they are not observable in nature.

Problems of installation water protective zones and coastal protective stripes

The issue of establishing the boundaries of water protection and coastal stripes in Ukraine were examined in the article. The purpose of the study is to present the practical results of the formation the boundary delimiter of coastal protection stripes, based on scientific and methodological approaches to the development of land management projects for the establishment of coastal protection stripes and modern technologies in the area of geographic information system. Theoretical principles of establishing the boundaries of water protective zones and coastal protective stripes on water resources are analyzed. Regulatory basic documents on the subject of use in the establishment of water protection zones and coastal protection stripes have been explored. It is noted that the size of water protective zones and coastal protective stripes can be set in accordance with the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine, and according to the especial projects in land management. It is suggested the procedure for establishing coastal and water protective zones is based on determining the hydrographic characteristics of water sites and morphological parameters of coastal areas using remote sensing data and geoinformation system and includes six steps: 1. Determination of morphometric parameters of water sites. 2. Obtaining relief data and its application 3.Determining the steepness of the slopes. 4. Construction of catchment areas and determination of surface effluent directions. 5. Creation of a buffer zone around water sites (construction of a protective stripe and a water protective zone). 6. Combining layers of informative maps for the final definition of boundaries. The use of the methodology is presented on a specific example, namely the pond in the village Gremyache, Rivne region. Methodology will provide a technical background for establishing and decision-making on the size of water protective zones and coastal protection stripes around water objects. One more aspect of the problem, solved by the methodology proposed in the article, involves informative supporting of decisions in a sphere of controlling water fund lands at the regional level as part of the planning measures for sustainable regions development and protection of water objects. Keywords: water protective zone, coastal protection belt, land management project, Earth remote sensing data of the Earth and geographic information system data, boundaries of the water protective zone and coastal protective stripe

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films.

Background: The application of superparamagnetic particles as biomolecular transporters in microfluidic systems for lab-on-a-chip applications crucially depends on the ability to control their motion. One approach for magnetic-particle motion control is the superposition of static magnetic stray field landscapes (MFLs) with dynamically varying external fields. These MFLs may emerge from magnetic domains engineered both in shape and in their local anisotropies. Motion control of smaller beads does necessarily need smaller magnetic patterns, i.e., MFLs varying on smaller lateral scales. The achievable size limit of engineered magnetic domains depends on the magnetic patterning method and on the magnetic anisotropies of the material system. Smallest patterns are expected to be in the range of the domain wall width of the particular material system. To explore these limits a patterning technology is needed with a spatial resolution significantly smaller than the domain wall width.Results: We demonstrate the application of a helium ion microscope with a beam diameter of 8 nm as a mask-less method for local domain patterning of magnetic thin-film systems. For a prototypical in-plane exchange-bias system the domain wall width has been investigated as a function of the angle between unidirectional anisotropy and domain wall. By shrinking the domain size of periodic domain stripes, we analyzed the influence of domain wall overlap on the domain stability. Finally, by changing the geometry of artificial two-dimensional domains, the influence of domain wall overlap and domain wall geometry on the ultimate domain size in the chosen system was analyzed.Conclusion: The application of a helium ion microscope for magnetic patterning has been shown. It allowed for exploring the fundamental limits of domain engineering in an in-plane exchange-bias thin film as a prototypical system. For two-dimensional domains the limit depends on the domain geometry. The relative orientation between domain wall and anisotropy axes is a crucial parameter and therefore influences the achievable minimum domain size dramatically.

The effects of the spatial frequency and size of stripes on the hue appearance of striped woven fabrics

In this research, the effects of the spatial properties, that is, spatial frequency and size, of stripes on their color appearance in striped woven fabrics were investigated. The lightness, colorfulness, and hue of stripes in three types of 180 striped fabrics, in which stripes were arranged in different spatial frequencies and sizes with different adjacent colors, were visually estimated by observers. Through the statistical analysis of the visual estimates, it was found that the spatial properties of stripes affect their hue appearance, while their lightness and colorfulness appearances are not significantly affected. In general, when the stripes become thinner and increase in spatial frequency, their hues appear more different from their actual hues. These effects of spatial properties on hue appearance were found to become stronger with lighter and more chromatic adjacent colors. Finally, a prediction model of the combined effects of the spatial properties of stripes and the colorimetric properties of adjacent colors was derived, and its great predictive accuracy was proven through numerical and statistical evaluations. It is envisaged that not only will the findings of this research provide advantageous conditions to design striped woven fabrics with desired color appearances, but they will also be the foundation for modeling various color appearance effects that occur in bicolor or multicolor patterned fabrics.

Fabrication and characterization of SmCo5/Nb ferromagnetic/superconducting hybrid thin films grown by RF magnetron sputtering technique

Ferromagnet/Superconductor (F/S) bilayer hybrids show exclusive states due to the mutual interaction between the superconductor and the underlying ferromagnetic substructures in micron scale. In this work, we aimed to observe the effects of the interaction between superconductivity and magnetism, especially the phenomenon involving the orientation and the size of magnetic stripes has been investigated in a coupled ferromagnetic/superconducting thin-film structure. In the proposed F/S hybrid system by this work, superconducting niobium thin-films were combined with underlying segments of ferromagnetic SmCo5 substructures. 300 nm thick magnetic films fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering techniques were topographically grown in patterns with stripes oriented either transverse to or along the direction of current flow. The elemental and microstructural analyses were conducted by EDX, SEM and GIXRD characterization tools. Low-temperature DC transport measurements were conducted by means of four point probe method in a 9T closed-cycle cryogenic refrigeration system. Transport superconducting properties, transition temperature TC(H) and second critical field HC2(T) were measured in a range of applied magnetic field between H = 0–9 kOe for the hybrid system. The results revealed that the artificial periodic modulation of applied field through preferentially-oriented magnetic stripes could introduce normal and superconducting channels or barriers for the current flow.

A two-step dynamic recrystallization induced by LPSO phases and its impact on mechanical property of severe plastic deformation processed Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy

Abstract To explore the refinement mechanism of long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases and its impact on mechanical properties, a typical Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy with α-Mg/LPSO binary microstructure prepared by multi-pass ECAP was systematically investigated. The obtained results indicate that during severe deformation the network 18R phase undergoes a three-step refining process, which includes kinking, zigzagging, and breaking. Lamellar 14H is precipitated first during early ECAP, and then is refined during further ECAP following a similar refining sequence of 18R phase. Moreover, a two-step dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is activated during deformation. In early passes of ECAP, DRX is promoted by 18R kinking through particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) mechanism, and the precipitation of 14H lamellas suppresses DRX process in this period. After 14H lamellas became kinked, zigzagged and broken with more ECAP passes, the refined 14H accelerates the second step DRX process through PSN mechanism. In addition, owing to the significantly refined microstructures, both the strength and ductility of ECAP alloys increase. The ductility of ECAP alloy is improved remarkably with increasing ECAP passes. However, the increasing range of strength declines with further passes of ECAP, as the size of 18R stripes decreases gradually in the bimodal microstructures.

Spatial characteristics of wave-like structures in diffuse aurora obtained using optical observations

Abstract. We present the results of a statistical study using optical images from ALIS (Auroral Large Imaging System) to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of structures in diffuse aurora. Analysis of conjugate Reimei data shows that such fine structures are a result of modulation of high-energy precipitating electrons. Pitch angle diffusion into the loss cone due to interaction of whistler mode waves with plasma sheet electrons is the most feasible mechanism leading to high-energy electron precipitation. This suggests that the fine structure is an indication of modulations of the efficiency of the wave–particle interaction. The scale sizes and variations of these structures, mapped to the magnetosphere, can give us information about the characteristics of the modulating wave activity. We found the scale size of the auroral stripes and the spacing between them to be on average 13–14 km, which corresponds to 3–4 ion gyro radii for protons with an energy of 7 keV. The structures move southward with a speed close to zero in the plasma convection frame.

Surface Plasmon Propagation in Gold Stripes and the Effect of Incident Light Polarization on Propagating

Thin metallic nanowires and stripes are highly promising candidates for plasmonic waveguides in photonic and electronic devices. We observed light from one end of a gold stripe, following excitation of plasmons at the other end of the stripe, with almost no light emitted along the direction of the stripe, and compared the propagation capacity of different size of stripes. We measured how the polarization of the incident light affected the emitted light intensity through changing the polarization of the incident light. The stripes were synthesized by lithographic fabrication technology. The results will be important for the development of photonic or electronic devices and systems.

Size-Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Indium Zinc Oxide Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering

We investigated the size-dependent electrical conductivities of indium zinc oxide stripes with different widths from 50 nm to 4 microm and with the same thickness of 50 nm deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The size of the indium zinc oxide stripes was controlled by e-beam lithography. The distance of the two Ti/Au Ohmic electrodes along the indium zinc oxide stripes was kept constant at 25 microm. The electrical conductivity decreased as the size of the indium zinc oxide stripes decreased below a critical width (80 nm). The activation energy, derived from the electric conductivity versus temperature measurement, was dependent on the dimensions of indium zinc oxide stripes. These results can be understood as stemming from surface charge trapping from the absorption of oxygen and/or water vapor, which leads to an increase in the energy difference between the conduction energy band and the Fermi energy.

Size-Dependent UV Photosensitivity of Indium Zinc Oxide

We investigated the photosensitivity of indium zinc oxide (IZO) stripe structures that had different widths from 50 nm to 4 μm and the same thickness of 50 nm deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The distance of two Ti/Au Ohmic electrodes along the IZO stripes was kept constant at 25 μm. In the dark and under 365/254 nm UV illumination, the photosensitivity was measured in air. A very slow decay of the photoresponse was observed—a typical signature of surface states. Above the critical size of 80 nm, the photosensitivities of the indium zinc oxides were less than 1%. By sharp contrast, as the size of the indium zinc oxide stripes decreased from 80 nm to 50 nm, the photosensitivity of the indium zinc oxides increased from 1% to 16%. A significant increase of the photosensitivity at the size below a critical value of 80 nm was observed, which could be explained by the high surface-to-volume ratio and surface charge trapping effects.

Self-Assembled TPPS<sub>4</sub> Nanostructures Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy

Meso-tetra (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine (TPPS4) is water-soluble tetrapyrrolic dye, which forms self assembled nanostructures – J-aggregates under appropriate conditions. It was shown, that such aggregates survive dried on the substrate. The spatial structure of TPPS4 Jaggregates formed in acidic aqueous solutions and dispersed on silicon substrates was analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The stripe-like structures were observed. The size of individual stripes ranged 4,5×40×(200-1000) nm (H×W×L). The width and height was almost the same for all stripes and independent upon the concentration of the solution, however the length was statistically distributed and the mean length increased with increasing concentration of initial TPPS4 solution. At higher concentrations such stripes stacked into thicker fibers containing 2-20 stripes. Such fibers branched and formed large bush-like structures sized up to several millimeters. According to experimental findings the model of mesostructures, formed by TPPS4 J-aggregates, was proposed.

Hierarchical Structure of TPPS4 J-Aggregates on Substrate Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy

The spatial structure of the J-aggregates of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS4) formed in acidic aqueous solutions and coated on silicon substrates was analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM experiments indicate the presence of the stripelike J-aggregate structures on the surface. The size of the individual stripes ranged from 4.5 × 40 × 200 to 4.5 × 40 × 1000 nm3 (height × width × length). The length of the stripelike structures varied, whereas stripe width and thickness remained unchanged. The stripes stacked into larger domains, “fibers”, containing typically 2−20 stripes aligned parallel with a longitudinal shift with respect to each other. The size of individual stripes remained the same when interacting side-by-side in fibers. At lower magnification it is clearly seen that fibers form a network-like structure. The J-aggregates assemble into large (up to several millimeters) bushlike structures. It takes several weeks to form such structures in acidic aqueous solutions. On the basis of our experimental findings, it is also suggested that the stripes consist of rings that form nanotube-like TPPS4 J-aggregates, which are flattened as a result of attractive interactions with the substrate.

Hydrodynamic aspects of premixed flame stripes in two-dimensional stagnation-point flows

The behavior of cellular premixed flames of rich butane-air in the two-dimensional stagnation-point flow configuration has been investigated. It is found that the stretching of the cellular flame results in the alignment of the ridge (extinction) and the trough (combustion) zones of the individual cells such as to form a series of parallel flame stripes. The number of flame stripes as a function of the equivalence ratio for three different mean velocities at the nozzle have been determined. Through the introduction of a generalized form of the stream function periodic velocity fields are obtained as the exact solutions of the Euler equation for the nonreactive finite-jet two-dimensional stagnation flow. The predicted periodic velocity profiles are confirmed by the experimental observation of the streamlines in nonreactive flow made visible by laser-sheet lighting. The observed average size of the flame stripes is found to be in good agreement with the predicted value. Similar periodic velocity profiles are also obtained for the viscous flow within the laminar boundary layer by treatment of the unsteady vorticity equation first described by Taylor. The results support an earlier prediction by Williams that cellular flame structures that are affected mainly by diffusive-thermal phenomena may in fact be initiated by the hydrodynamic instability.

Inheritance of stripe in pearl millet

A nonlethal chlorophyll-deficient mutant named stripe was detected in a pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) accession IP-5009 collected from Nigeria. The stripe plants showed longltudinal yellow stripes alternating with green stripes on leaf blades, leaf sheaths, stems. peduncles, inflorescences, and spikelets. The stripe plants segregated yellow, stripe, and green depending on the number and size of the yellow stripes on the leaf blade. Segregation data from crosses of green and stripe plants did not fit a definite Mendelian ratio. The spikes of the stripe plants have yellow and green spikelets and when yellow spikelets were crossed with green spikelets, segregation data indicated that the yellow spikelet color was monogenic recessive to the green color. Since the yellow and green sectors that are genetically different from each other lie adjacent to each other, the stripe plants are considered to be chimeras.