Size Of Sector Research Articles

Natural resource dependence and war nexus: new insights

ABSTRACT This paper examines the channels through which resource dependence affects the probability of war. We consider all types of war within a worldwide panel dataset of all countries and territories, spanning the period 1960-2022. We systematically estimate the probability of war using a set of economic and geographic characteristics, including democracy, demography, legal origin, militarism, and sectoral composition. Using a panel probit model, we find that natural resources rents, military expenditures, and the presence of a common law tradition significantly increase the probability of war occurrence. However, we notice that this probability is decreasing in the level of economic development and democratization, and with the size of the services sector and trade openness. We also find that the effect of resource dependence varies by level of economic development, continent, landlocked status, legal origin, colonial history, and war type with civil wars being the salient type. Overall, we provide novel and updated evidence on an important dimension of the vexing question of the so-called ‘resource curse’.

Professional self-actualisation of pharmacist in the United Arab Emirates: a pilot study.

This pilot study evaluated the professional self-actualisation (PSA) of pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) across various practice settings. Our study was conducted in the UAE from February to May 2024 and targeted pharmacists in hospitals, community pharmacies, industry, and academia. A PSA questionnaire was developed using validated instruments and expert input, and included items on professional fulfilment (PF), societal acceptance (SA), work environment (WE), autonomy and professional opportunities (APO), involvement in professional advocacy (IPA), and the impact of work on personal relationships (IWPR). Sixty-eight responses were received from pharmacists working in the community, hospital, industry and academic sectors. No significant differences in self-actualisation were observed between genders. PF scores were consistent across age groups, and education level significantly impacted IPA scores, with MSc/PhD holders (mean = 3.6, SD = 0.7) scoring higher than Bachelor's degree holders (mean = 2.9, SD = 0.9; p = 0.008). Years of experience were significantly associated with SA scores (p = 0.046), with pharmacists having 5-10 years of experience (mean = 3.5, SD = 0.8) scoring higher than those with less than 5 years (mean = 3.1, SD = 0.9) or more than 10 years (mean = 2.9, SD = 0.7). PF showed a strong correlation with a supportive WE (r = 0.744), highlighting the crucial role of a positive work setting in professional self-actualisation. This study identified key factors affecting pharmacists' self-actualisation in the UAE, emphasising the importance of a supportive work environment, recognition, and professional development for job satisfaction. Despite limitations such as low sample size and underrepresentation of certain sectors, the findings provide a basis for future research and inform strategies to enhance work environments, policies, and pharmacists' professional satisfaction.

The role of power in market control in supplier-buyer relations

This study investigates the role of power dynamics in market control within supplier-buyer relationships, with a specific focus on blockchain technology adoption in supply chain networks. Using five focus group discussions, comprising of diverse participants categorized by sector, location, gender, and company size, the research explores how power influences decision-making processes. Findings reveal that larger companies often prioritize stability over innovation, limiting their willingness to adopt disruptive technologies like blockchain. In contrast, smaller firms demonstrate greater flexibility and openness to change. Beyond company size, factors such as product uniqueness, strategic network positions, and the personalities of decision-makers play critical roles in shaping blockchain adoption. Participants also reported persistent pressure from both suppliers and buyers to accept unfavorable terms, underscoring power imbalances that constrain smaller players. The analysis is framed within the conceptual structure of a model with a focus on the nuanced interplay of power and decision-making in the context of supply networks. Qualitative analysis of the discussions, conducted with Atlas.ti software, highlights the influence of sectoral differences, geographical variations, and gender dynamics in supply chain negotiations. This study provides valuable insights into the barriers and enablers of blockchain adoption within complex supply chain networks, emphasizing the critical interplay of power and communication in shaping market control.

[PSI]-CIC: A Deep-Learning Pipeline for the Annotation of Sectored Saccharomyces cerevisiae Colonies

The [PSI+] prion phenotype in yeast manifests as a white, pink, or red color pigment. Experimental manipulations destabilize prion phenotypes, and allow colonies to exhibit [psi-] (red) sectored phenotypes within otherwise completely white colonies. Further investigation of the size and frequency of sectors that emerge as a result of experimental manipulation is capable of providing critical information on mechanisms of prion curing, but we lack a way to reliably extract this information. Images of experimental colonies exhibiting sectored phenotypes offer an abundance of data to help uncover molecular mechanisms of sectoring, yet the structure of sectored colonies is ignored in traditional biological pipelines. In this study, we present [PSI]-CIC, the first computational pipeline designed to identify and characterize features of sectored yeast colonies. To overcome the barrier of a lack of manually annotated data of colonies, we develop a neural network architecture that we train on synthetic images of colonies and apply to real images of [PSI+], [psi-], and sectored colonies. In hand-annotated experimental images, our pipeline correctly predicts the state of approximately 95% of colonies detected and frequency of sectors in approximately 89.5% of colonies detected. The scope of our pipeline could be extended to categorizing colonies grown under different experimental conditions, allowing for more meaningful and detailed comparisons between experiments. Our approach streamlines the analysis of sectored yeast colonies providing a rich set of quantitative metrics and provides insight into mechanisms driving the curing of prion phenotypes.

Can digital government reduce the resource dependency? Evidence from method of moments quantile technique

The conventional thinking states that pervasive government corruption may turn resource plenty in resource-rich countries into a burden. These issues may surface, particularly when the public sector uses conventional procedures. Based on this, the research looks at how the public sector's digitalization might aid in resolving this issue. Specifically, economic growth, trade openness, economic complexity index, public sector size, and the impacts of digitalization are assessed in relation to their reliance on natural resources for 16 nations that are vulnerable to the “curse of the natural resource” Furthermore, the moderating influence of digitalization on the link between the growth of the public sector and the resource curse is investigated. In this case, the years 1995–2021 are investigated using the CS–ARDL methodology, and the robustness of the results is evaluated using the Moments Quantile Regression method. The CS-ARDL approach's findings indicate that trade openness, public sector size, and economic progress all correlate with increased resource reliance. However, as the economy becomes more complex and digitalized, resource dependency declines. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the interaction term parameter between digitalization and the growth of the public sector is negative, indicating that digitalization within the public sector has the potential to counteract the growing reliance of the sector on resources.

Intellectual Capital: design science research supporting a novel IC framework

Intellectual Capital provides an alternative to conventional accounting, tackling the hurdle of dealing with intangible assets. Over the past few decades, various measurement methods have been developed. However, these methods are primarily tailored to specific types of companies and are often unsuitable for micro and small businesses. Based on this context, the objective of this study is to propose a novel framework to assist readers, academics, and managers identifying the most suitable method for measuring Intellectual Capital by articulating the following traits: purpose, economic sector, and business size. This study adopts an exploratory-descriptive approach with a qualitative methodology, employing a Systematic Literature Review, Content Analysis, and Design Science to achieve its objectives. To determine the goals and methods of measuring Intellectual Capital, this study employed content analysis in the mixed category, with descriptors defined and adjusted as the research progressed. As a result, seven purposes, fifty-eight methods for measuring Intellectual Capital, four economic sectors, and five business sizes were identified, categorized, and incorporated into the proposed framework. Thus, the novel framework proposed by this study is primarily intended to guide stakeholders through the various possibilities for measuring and disseminating Intellectual Capital across corporations, cities, and even nations. As a final recommendation for future research, applying the framework to real-world situations in both the public and private sectors is encouraged.

IFRS Adoption and Economic Consequences

This paper examines the association between the macroeconomic performance of countries and the adoption of IFRS. For this purpose, IFRS scores are developed using the information in the literature and these scores are quantitatively examined in relation to various macroeconomic variables. The results show that IFRS adoption is positively associated with economic development (measured by GDP per capita level) and financial development (measured by the size of banking sector credits as a ratio to GDP). In addition, IFRS scores are negatively associated with inflation and positively associated with international trade. Overall, the paper finds that IFRS adoption has favourable economic consequences in terms of macroeconomic performance, while more detailed analyses are needed to establish causal links between IFRS and economic consequences. Considering the variation over time and across countries in the adoption of IFRS, this paper has aimed at examining the association between IFRS adoption and macroeconomic consequences.

Information Communication Technology and Financial Sector in West Africa

Globally, information and communication technology play a pivotal role in driving the financial sector. This study examines the relationship between information communication technology and the financial sector in West Africa from 2012 to 2022. The study is essential because studies focusing on ICT and financial depth are scarce in West African nations. The data for the study comes from the World Bank database and uses the GMM system. The financial depth indicator is the ratio of bank assets to GDP while the indicators of ICT are internet subscription, mobile subscription and fixed broadband subscription. Mobile phone subscription significantly and statistically enhances financial depth of banks in West Africa by 423.82 % during the period under review. Internet subscription increases financial sector size by 11 % and the result is statistically significant. The fixed broadband positively influences the financial depth in West Africa by 341 %, and the result is statistically significant. Policymakers must invest heavily on ICT and adopt financial technology to promote financial depth.

Green technology innovation and corporate brand competitiveness: an analysis based on the role of environmental policy

In an increasingly competitive market environment, green innovation has become a crucial factor in enhancing a company's market position. This paper utilizes data from publicly listed companies from 2007 to 2021 to thoroughly examine how green technology innovation influences corporate brand competitiveness and investigates the role played by environmental policies. The study demonstrates that green technology innovation positively enhances corporate brand competitiveness, with environmental policies serving a proactive regulatory function. Moreover, the paper further reveals that the effects of green technology innovation on brand competitiveness vary according to industry sector, equity nature, and company size.

Assessment of offshore wind conditions in coastal areas of Japan using single scanning Doppler LiDAR

Abstract In this study, offshore wind conditions in coastal areas of Japan measured by single scanning Doppler lidar is investigated. The effects of measurement range as well as rainfall and snowfall on data availability of the Doppler scanning lidar are examined. Data filtering criteria are then proposed and verified by data thinning to meet both accuracy and post-processed data availability requirements for offshore wind measurements at multiple altitudes. Finally, one-year offshore wind measurement with three different elevation angles is conducted using a single Doppler scanning lidar to investigate wind conditions in the coastal region of Northern Japan. It is found that the accuracy of 15-second average wind speed measurements by PPI (Plan Position Indicator) scan depends on the sector size. An accurate 10-minute mean wind is measured when the sector size is larger than 39 degrees and proportion of valid data acquisition is more than 10% of the time duration. The vertical and horizontal distributions of offshore wind speed in different wind directions are also analyzed and the effects of onshore topography on offshore wind conditions are clarified.

Energy transition, institutional quality, and financial development in Africa

This study examines the influence of institutional quality and financial sector size on driving renewable energy (RE) development using a sample of 31 African countries. We first employ a nonparametric trending panel data model that allows us to capture the gradual process of RE transition. The estimated common trend function reveals a steady increase in the share of RE from 2002 to 2019. Although fossil fuels dominate the energy structure in some African countries, a shift toward low-carbon sources is emerging, becoming increasingly significant in the energy mix. In the next step, we apply recent panel quantile regression techniques to model the heterogeneous and asymmetric relationships between RE and its main determinants. We find that institutional quality has a prominent influence on advancing the low-carbon transition, with significant positive effects across almost all conditional quantiles of the RE distribution. However, financial sector size seems to be important only for countries with a lower share of RE. Our results also confirm the asymmetric impact of income growth, which is negative in the lower quantiles but positive in the upper tail of the conditional distribution. From a policy perspective, governance factors, including the quality of policy formulation and implementation, have a critical role in promoting clean energy initiatives in Africa.

Do natural resources influence E-government in developing countries? Effects and transmission channels

E-government has taken a prominent place in the political and economical debate. Despite the vast non-consensual literature, on the effects of natural resources, very little is known about the effects of these resources on the development of e-government. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the effect of natural resources on the development of e-government in a panel of 121 developing countries over the period 2003–2021. Through several empirical approaches, our results show that, on average, natural resource rents negatively affect the development of e-government. Distinguishing between different types of natural resources, we note that the negative effect of natural resources on the development of e-government remains, and the magnitude is more persistent for forestry, gas and oil rents. Furthermore, the mediation analysis suggests that the negative effect of natural resources on the development of e-government is influenced by trust in institutions, the size of the informal sector, corruption, and the quality of telecommunications infrastructures.

Globalisation and the Size of the Public Sector in the Context of the Regime Change Approach: The Case of Türkiye

The size of the public sector in the economy is closely related to globalization. It aims to maximize welfare. There are two main hypotheses (efficiency and compensation) discussed in the literature on this relationship. Both hypotheses discuss the relationship between globalization and government size in terms of (i) the impact of globalization on public employment, (ii) the impact of globalization on public revenues, and (iii) the impact of globalization on public expenditure. Global and national economies are not static and periodically expand or contract. The main hypothesis of this study is that the validity of the efficiency and compensation hypothesis in economies varies according to expansion and contraction periods. In terms of financial and commercial globalization, this change is also differentiated. The results of this study, which is specific to Turkey, show that trade globalization has a positive effect on public employment and public expenditures within the scope of the compensation hypothesis, while the efficiency hypothesis is confirmed in the relationship between tax revenues and financial globalization. These results are exemplary for transition and developing countries in particular.

EU-induced financialisation and its impact on the Greek wage share, 1999–2021

This paper examines the determinants of the income share of wage earners in the non-financial, private sectors of Greece since its introduction to the Eurozone in 1999. The main outcome of the integration of Greece into the Eurozone has been the financialisation of its economy, which has been particularly influential for households since it led to the rapid rise of household indebtedness. Building on recent research which shows that financialisation shape wage bargaining outcomes, we use quarterly data from the Eurostat and demonstrate that the relative size of the FIRE sectors and the increase in household debt have been negative drivers of the wage share in Greece over the last 22 years. Our findings also suggest that the employment-tied social benefits system and tertiary education provision have also been important determinants of workers’ income share.

Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Corporates in Polluting Sectors

Corporate sustainability performance is gaining ever greater importance. The negative impact of climate change is manifested through heavy air, water and soil pollution. Polluting sectors, as the major players, are characterized by large amounts of emissions, waste and consumption of resources, and therefore have a larger negative impact on the environment. Companies operating in polluting sectors are recognized globally as the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions; thus, their performance is widely debated. Despite their character, such companies strive for higher profitability, better financial performance and operational efficiency. However, higher financial resources create the potential for innovation investments in companies. It is widely accepted that research and experimental development (R&D) expenditures enable new business ideas, models, products, services, and processes. However, while pursuing sustainability targets, financial results could be directed towards sustainability performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the financial and innovation results of companies in polluting sectors interact with sustainability performance scores. For it, we have identified three essential pillars of sustainability: environmental, governance, and social. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions, models were developed for each pillar of sustainability, including corporate financial performance indicators and R&D expenditures. The obtained results provide the insights that a company operating in polluting sector size and turnover significantly interacts with all pillars of sustainability. However, we also found that the corporate debt ratio, earnings ratio, and current liquidity have a significant relation only with environmental and social sustainability indicators.

Shadow banking, macroprudential regulation and redistributional effects*

ABSTRACT This paper studies the implications of increasing the size of the shadow banking sector for economic activity, financial stability, and welfare. I consider a DSGE model in which lending can come from two different sources; a formal bank or private lending. Banking regulation, in the form of capital requirements, only applies to the formal banking sector. Private lenders represent the shadow banking system. Results show that an increase in shadow banking leads to a higher amount of credit in the economy, which in turn implies higher consumption by borrowers. However, after a certain threshold, a large proportion of shadow banking is welfare decreasing. Moreover, the presence of an unregulated banking sector can lead to unintended effects of macroprudential policy. That is, stricter regulation in the traditional banking sector by the authorities may result in an increase in credit flows to those banks with lower regulatory levels, especially when this regulation comes from borrower-based instruments. Thus, macroprudential authorities should take into account these redistributional effects of shadow banking when considering their regulatory perimeter.

Re-classification of Small Industrial Enterprises as An Approach to the Development of ‎the Small Business Sector in Iraq

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of the reclassification of small industrial enterprises on the development of the small business sector in Iraq. It seeks to identify the current gaps in the current classification system and propose a new framework that considers the challenges facing these enterprises and contributes to enhancing their competitiveness. Methods: The study adopted the inductive approach to prove the importance of reclassifying industrial projects in Iraq and developing the industrial sector. The clarity of the nature of the industrial structure and its classifications according to a new perspective of classifying the project sizes of the industrial sector is an entry point for the reform of the private industrial sector. Results: The study found that the applied classification of industrial projects, whether small or medium, is not compatible with what is prevailing internationally by adopting it only within small and micro enterprises, which led to a weakness in the industrial performance of the private sector compared to its counterpart in neighboring countries and globally. Conclusion: The reclassification of small industrial enterprises represents a decisive step towards the development of the small business sector in Iraq. It contributes to creating a more sustainable business environment as well as contributing to coordination between the private sector and financial institutions under government supervision and support to attract private sector investments inside the country.

Comparative Characteristics of the Areas of the Auricle Sectors in Young Men with Different Head Shapes

As reported in the scientific literature, data on the correlations between the shape and size of the auricle and other anatomical structures of the human body are very limited. There are no data on the relationship between the auricle and the shape of the head. The aim of the study was to determine the sizes of the auricle sectors and their correlations with the shape of the head. Material and methods. The study involved young men (n=401) aged 18-21 years. The shape of the head was determined by cephalometry. The right auricle was studied on digital images. The authors determined the area of individual sectors and their percentage ratio and analysed a linear correlation. The dynamics of the relationship between sectors in each group and between groups was studied in accordance with the shape of the head. Results. The sizes of the auricle sectors and their percentage ratio were detected. Correlation links between the sectors, the dynamics of the relationships between the sectors within one group and between the groups by head shape were revealed. Mobile and permanent sectors and dependence of their relative sizes on the head shape were identified. The relationship between the sizes of the sectors and the head shape was demonstrated. Conclusion. The areas of the auricle sectors increase from S1 to S4 regardless of the head shape. In the dolichocephalic group, all sizes have the largest absolute values, in mesocephalics - average, in brachycephalics - the smallest. The ratio of the S1 sector area to the area of other sectors are maximum in the dolichocephalic group. The ratios of the S2/S4 and S3/S4 sectors areas do not depend on the head shape and absolute values of the parameters, and are the same in all groups.

Spatial–Temporal Development Trends and Influencing Factors of Government Environmental Information Disclosure: Empirical Evidence Based on China’s Provincial Panel Data

Government environmental information disclosure (GEID) plays an important role in promoting the digital transformation of environmental governance, leading the concept of sustainable development, enhancing public oversight capacity, and promoting democratic decision-making governance. Using provincial panel data from China spanning from 2009 to 2021, we conducted spatial data exploratory analysis and used the dynamic spatial panel model to investigate the spatial–temporal development trends and influencing factors of GEID. The results show that (1) GEID in China exhibits significant spatial agglomeration characteristics, with an “H-H” (High-High aggregation type) agglomeration characteristic observed in three national strategic development regions: Yangtze River Delta, southeast coastal areas, and Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. (2) The spillover effect from the southeast coastal provinces gradually radiates to the northwest, resulting in an overall westward movement of GEID. (3) GEID exhibits a significant path-dependency feature in the temporal dimension and a “peer effect” in the spatial dimension. (4) Population size has the greatest impact on GEID. Population size, public participation, and the industrial and transportation sectors positively influence GEID improvement at the local level. However, they generate negative spillover effects to neighbouring provinces. Environmental status and the size of the Real Estate sector have no significant effect. Therefore, China should strengthen regional cooperation, narrow regional disparities, cultivate new quality productive forces, establish a government-led proactive disclosure mechanism under public supervision, and improve the level of GEID at the national level.

Commodity prices and production networks in small open economies

We study the role of domestic production networks in the transmission of commodity price fluctuations in small open economies. First, we present a tractable model of a small open economy's production network to explain sectoral propagation patterns. We demonstrate that the domestic production network is crucial in shaping the propagation of commodity prices. Using a panel of 31 sectors across 9 small open economies, we empirically confirm the model's predictions. Next, we construct a dynamic model of a small open economy featuring a production network to study the macroeconomic importance of the network structure in shaping both aggregate and sectoral responses to commodity price shocks. We show that: (i) the network-adjusted labor share of the commodity sector, rather than the sector's size, is key to understanding the real wage's response to commodity price fluctuations; and (ii) non-unitary elasticities of substitution in production are crucial for understanding the cross-sectional implications of these fluctuations.