Size Of Chitosan Nanoparticles Research Articles

Physicochemical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles Produced by Ionic Gelation

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) can be widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors due to their high performance, unique properties, and high surface area. In this research, CSNPs were produced by the ionic gelation method and using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as an appropriate technique compared to the conventional methods. To evaluate the effects of various factors on the size, zeta potential (ZP), and optimal synthesis conditions, different concentrations of CS (1, 3, and 5 mg/mL), STPP (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/mL), and CS to STPP ratio (1:1, 3:1, and 5:1) were applied and optimized using the response surface methodology. The size of CSNPs was increased by using higher concentrations of CS, STPP, and CS/STPP ratios. The value of ZP was determined positive and it increased with increasing CS concentrations and CS/STPP ratios. ATR-FTIR spectra revealed interactions between CS and STPP. The DSC thermogram of CSNPs showed a double sharp endothermic peak at about 74.5 °C (ΔH = 122.00 J/g); further, the TGA thermograms indicated the total weight loss of STPP, CS, and CSNPs as nearly 3.30%, 63.60%, and 52.00%, respectively. The XRD data also revealed a greater chain alignment in the CSNPs. Optimized, the CSNPs can be used as promising carriers for bioactive compounds where they also act as efficient stabilizers in Pickering emulsions.

Synthesis and characterization of vancomycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide with prominent physicochemical and biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, nonimmunogenicity, bioadhesion, and antibacterial, antifungal, and hemostatic activity. Due to these properties, it has found many applications in cosmetic, textile, and food industries; agriculture; biotechnology; and pharmaceutical industry and medicine, especially in biomedical applications. The special chemical structure of chitosan allows some specific modifications, and by reducing the size of chitosan particles to nano-size, it becomes an excellent drug nanocarrier. Vancomycin is a typical antibiotic used for bacterial infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. In this work, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were prepared via ionotropic gelation using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linker. The effect of chitosan and TPP concentration on the size of chitosan nanoparticles was studied, and CS/TPP ratio of 1:1 with an average size of nanoparticle about 100 nm was selected. The prepared samples were characterized using DLS, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and SEM techniques. The results confirmed that vancomycin has been loaded successfully on chitosan nanoparticles. Also, it is observed that 40% of vancomycin is released burstly in the first 9 h and after that the drug release is continued gradually to receive 90% at 100 h.

Chitosan-cellulose nanoencapsulation systems for enhancing the insecticidal activity of citronella essential oil against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis

Essential oils of plant origin could provide green and effective alternative to synthetic insecticides. To avoid the instability and high volatility of essential oils, it is necessary to introduce new techniques to protect their bioactive constituents. In the current study, nanoencapsulation systems from chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used to control the release of citronella essential oil (CEO) for use against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The size, entrapment efficiency, and kinetic of CEO release from CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems were studied. The size of CSNPs was increased from 102.1 ± 0.55 nm to 171.9 ± 2.4 nm and 426.9 ± 4.38 nm due to addition of CEO and CEO/CNF, respectively, whereas the encapsulation efficiency of CEO was 61.8 ± 1% and 90.8 ± 1% for CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF systems, respectively. CEO release after two weeks was 100% and 74% from the CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems, respectively, while the release of the control sample (non-encapsulated CEO) was 100% after only 6 h. Experiments on insecticidal activity revealed that all nano-formulations disrupted the development of S. littoralis. CEO-CSNPs/CNF was the most effective system; it significantly prolonged the larval and pupal durations compared to control group. A significant reduction in pupal weight, adult longevity, and female fecundity was observed particularly after CEO-CSNPs/CNF and CEO-CSNPs treatments. The semi-field experiment revealed that CSNPs/CNF had the greatest persistence effect, resulting in the highest larval mortality across all tested intervals, followed by CEO-CSNPs and CEO-NE. CSNPs and CEO, on the other hand, demonstrated little or no persistence effects. The observed results revealed that CSNPs and CNF could improve the insecticidal effect of CEO as bio-insecticide against S. littoralis larvae.

A novel formulation of chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Herein, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) were prepared and functionalized chemically with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) to allow on-demand degradation of CS-NPs, using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as a trigger. This is expected to allow drug release depending on patients' needs or physiological circumstances. Eleven formulations were arranged and their particle size, charge, and polydispersity were determined. The effect of CS-NPs size and the amount of TiO2-NPs, on the system collapse, was studied accordingly. Moreover, the collapse of these systems was examined using a fluorescence microscope after loading CS-NPs with Rhodamine. The formulations showed high monodispersity and had sizes ranged between 170 and 440 nm and charges ranged between +5 and +34 mV. Scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction proved the chemical deposition of TiO2-NPs on CS-NPs. The dye test showed that there are two factors that oppose each other and affected the deposition of TiO2-NPs on CS-NPs, the size of CS-NPs, and the amount of TiO2-NPs used. In addition, the dye test showed that the deposition of TiO2-NPs is a saturated process that relies on the amount of TiO2-NPs used initially. Finally, the intensity of Rhodamine released from these systems after illumination with UV light was related to the amount of TiO2-NPs deposited on CS-NPs. In conclusion, functionalization of CS-NPs with TiO2-NPs can be controlled and used to rupture CS-NPs on demand by illumination with UV light.

Investigation of the stability of PEG stearate-coated Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with levothyroxine

We report the formation and characterization of PEG stearate (PEG)-coated Chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using tripolyphosphate via the ionic crosslinking method. Preparation of PEG Stearate-grafted Chitosan is essential to improve the biocompatibility and water solubility of Chitosan. The size and morphologies of Chitosan nanoparticles were measured with transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sizes of Chitosan nanoparticles were in the range of 150-200 nm. The particle size and zeta potential of PEG Stearate-coated Chitosan had been measured as 187.5 nm by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Drug entrapment efficiency was obtained to be 99%. The purpose of the present work was to develop a new nanoparticle system, consisting of polymeric nanoparticles coated with PEG Stearate. The modification procedure led to a reduction in the zeta potential values, varying from +43.3 mV for the uncoated particles to +20 mV for that of PEG Stearate-coated Chitosan. PEG Stearate coated nanoparticles were more stable due to their polymer coating layer which prevented aggregation of Chitosan nanoparticles. Consequently, it is possible that the PEG Stearate surrounds the particles reducing the attachment of enzymes and further degradation of the polymeric cores. Properties nanoparticles were affected by the preparation variables and the coating layer. Chitosan nanoparticles showed a smooth surface and globular shape. In this study, we explored the release behavior of levothyroxine was affected by the coating layer. Coating surface leads to a decrease in the burst release effect compared to uncoated nanoparticles due to gradual release of adsorbed levothyroxine from PEG-coated Chitosan nanoparticles.

Effects of process parameters on the size of low-molecular-weight chitosan nanoparticles synthesized in static mixers

Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting interest because of their applications in drug delivery and medical imaging. This study synthesized low-molecular-weight CS NPs by ionic crosslinking with tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinker using static mixers. Effects of process parameters on the size of CS NPs were investigated. CS NPs 168–1000 nm in size were obtained. Increasing the number of mixing elements, decreasing the CS concentration, or increasing the temperature of CS solution produced small NPs. Increasing the CS/TPP ratio initially decreased and then increased the size of CS NPs, with the smallest NPs obtained at 10:3 CS/TPP ratio. Flow rate exerted a similar effect as volume ratio on the size of CS NPs. Flow rates of 250 and 75 mL/min for CS and TPP solutions, respectively, produced the smallest particles. A fully continuous process was developed by combining static mixing and ionic crosslinking to mass produce CS NPs.

Impact of the molecular weight on the size of chitosan nanoparticles: characterization and its solid-state application

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPSs) were prepared from noncommercial chitosan of different molecular weights by the ionic gelation methodology. CSNPSs were applied in solid state (g) to observe the bacterial growth of Bacillus halotolerans MCC1, bacteria that appear in the biofilms of the desalinization membranes. Characterization of CSNPS of high (CSNP2), medium (CSNP3), and low (CSNP4) molecular weight (MW) was studied by TGA, DSC, SEM, EDX, DLS, and XRD. The effect of MW onto the formation of CSNPS was investigated as well as the effect of its application (0.01, 0.03, and 0.03 g at 24, 48, and 72 h) in the growth (%) of B. halotolerans MCC1. The results showed that the average size of CSNPS was in the range of 420–600.3 nm. CSNPS were considered amorphous and less thermally stable than the original chitosan where they were produced. Morphologically when the MW decreases, a reduction in the size of the particle was exhibited. When MW increase a reduction in the zeta potential from 45.7 to 29.9 mV was resulted. The essays to observe the growth (%) of B. halotolerans MCC1 indicated that CSNPS applied in solid state allows the growth of the bacteria; when the MW decreases, the growth of the bacteria increases. The maximum and minimum value of growth was obtained at 72 h, with the use of 0.05 g of CSNP4 (16.86%) and 0.05 g of CSNP2 (2.15%), respectively. The use of CSNPS indicates that the inhibitory effect depends on the MW as well as the doses of application.

Ameliorative effect of chitosan-conjugated 17α-methyltestosterone on testicular development in Clarias batrachus

Chitosan nanoparticles conjugated with 17α-methyltestosterone (CS + MT) were used for studying their effect on the testicular development of Clarias batrachus during different reproductive phases. The size of chitosan nanoparticles was 127.2 nm and the nano-conjugated 17α methyltestosterone (17α-MT) was 196.1 nm (20 mg/100 ml of chitosan). Single injections of CS + MT at different doses such as 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 μg/g body weight were administered to adults during the pre-spawning, spawning and post-spawning phase. Nano-conjugated steroid was effective at the lower dose; showing an increase in the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) and 11-ketotestosterone level compared to the control group. Histological observations confirmed the dose-dependent advancement in spermatogenesis. These findings indicate the possibility of using CS + MT for enhancing gonadal maturity of C. batrachus.

Optimization of Physicochemical Parameters Influencing The Fabrication of Protein-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

In the development of controlled-release protein therapeutics, the high encapsulation of proteins into biodegradable nanoparticles with uniform size in an anhydrous process along with an excellent redispersion is of practical interest. The objective of this work was to study the physicochemical and in vitro release properties of chitosan nanoparticles with different molecular weights (low, medium and high) using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein for developing nanoparticle formulations that were stable and reproducible after lyophilization. The BSA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by an ionic gelation method using pentasodium tripolyphosphate as the polyanions. The physicochemical properties and in vitro release kinetics of the nanoparticles were evaluated along with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were freeze-dried for long-term stability in the formulation. To optimize the size of the freeze-dried nanoparticles after redispersion, various types of lyoprotectants (natural and synthetic) were tested in varying concentration in the process of lyophilization. The dynamic light scattering measurements revealed the increase in size of chitosan nanoparticles with the increase in molecular weight of chitosan with no significant change, irrespective of the concentration of BSA entrapped. In addition, the entrapment efficiency of the nanoparticles increased with the increasing molecular weight of chitosan and BSA concentration. By contrast, the redispersity of the freeze-dried samples resulted in further increase of the mean diameter of the nanoparticles. Among the various types of lyoprotectants (natural and synthetic) examined, sucrose proved to be very effective in reducing the size of freeze-dried nanoparticles on redispersion without significant change in surface charge of nanoparticles. Finally, the in vitro release kinetics of BSA from nanoparticles of different molecular weights of chitosan, with and without sucrose, was evaluated and found to depend upon the molecular weight of chitosan.

Neutral lipase from aqueous solutions on chitosan nano-particles

The size of chitosan nano-particles had been prepared by ionic cross-linking of chitosan and tri-polyphosphate (CS-TPP), which were well dispersed and stable in aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of nano-particles were characterized by IR spectra, SEM. Its sorption kinetics and sorption mechanism for neutral lipase were studied. The effect factors of adsorption kinetics were investigated, such as neutral lipase concentration, chitosan nano-particles solution concentration, adsorption temperature, size of chitosan nano-particles, stirring rate, solution pH, etc. Adsorption of neutral lipase on chitosan nano-particles was fitted into Lagergren first-order equation at initial neutral lipase of 3.0 mg/ml (pH 7.0). The first-order constant for neutral lipase was 23.34 h −1. When neutral lipase concentration was controlled under certain region, it was fitted into Freundlich isothermal linear equation. Mechanism of adsorption for neutral lipase was presumed by analyzing IR spectra. The hydrogen in the carboxyl group was connected with electronegative oxygen. Electron pair was attractive to oxygen, so hydrogen atom became cation and proton. When electronegative neutral lipase was closed to chitosan nano-particle, the hydrogen bond might be formed. It was the main force between hydroxyl group, NH 2 group and neutral lipase.

Adsorption of Neutral Proteinase on Chitosan Nano-Particles

ABSTRACTThe sorption kinetics and sorption mechanism for neutral proteinase on chitosan nano-particles were studied in the paper. The effect factors of adsorption kinetics were investigated, such as neutral proteinase concentration, chitosan nano-particles solution concentration, adsorption temperature, size of chitosan nano-particles, stirring rate, solution pH et al. Adsorption of neutral proteinase with chitosan nano-particles was fitted into Lagergren first-order equation at initial neutral proteinase of 3.0 mg/ml (pH 7.0). The first-order constant for neutral proteinase was 23.65 h−1. When neutral proteinase concentration was controlled under certain region, it was fitted into Freundlich isothermal linear equation. Mechanism of adsorption for neutral proteinase was presumed by analyzing IR spectra. The hydrogen in the carboxyl group was connected with electronegative oxygen. Electron pair was attractive to oxygen, so hydrogen atom became cation and proton. When electronegative neutral proteinase was closed to chitosan nano-particle, the hydrogen bond might be formed. It was the main force between hydroxyl group, NH2 group and neutral proteinase.