Body perception, including the perception of body size, plays an important role in shaping cognitive and motivational processes. Variations in body size have been linked to differences in reward processing, involving neural systems underlying appetite, motivation, and behavioral control. Furthermore, rapid changes in body size have been associated with modulation of reward-related neural responses and changes in food-related motivation. Interestingly, the Full Body Illusion (FBI) has been effective in altering perceived body size and eating attitudes. However, it remains unclear whether such illusory manipulations can affect reward-based behavior per se. To address this question, we investigated whether FBI-induced changes in body size influence reward-based learning and implicit attitudes toward both food and body weight. Embodying a larger avatar enhanced reward-based learning and implicit attitudes toward high-calorie foods, whereas the reduction in implicit weight bias occurred independently of the avatar size. This is the first study to establish a link between reward-based learning and the perception of one’s body size, emphasizing the critical role of perceived weight, beyond the actual physical weight, in shaping approach behavior.

• A clear trend of greater enrichment for Br, S, Ni, Cr and Cu as particle size decreased in all schools • The oxidative potential of particulate matter differs markedly depending on particle size • q-UFP indoors and outdoors showed the highest OP v DTT activity • The highest OP m was at a school in Portugal, whereas the highest OP v was in Luanda. In schools, particulate matter (PM) stands out as one of the most significant pollutants. Among the various metrics used to characterise PM, oxidative potential (OP) is increasingly recognised as a more health-related indicator. To provide new insights into size-fractionated particles across five size ranges and their associated OP in school environments, a field campaign was conducted at a school in Estarreja, Portugal, over two seasons, as well as at four schools in Luanda, Angola, in 2023. A novel aspect of this study is the simultaneous measurement of particles both in classrooms and in the schoolyards, coupled with elemental characterisation by size and the application of two assays to estimate OP for each particle size. OP varies depending on the determination method. Yet, regardless of the assay used or the country, a consistent finding emerged: the smaller the particle size, the higher its OP. Calcium was the most abundant element in the largest particle size fraction across all classrooms, with concentrations ranging from 165 to 1,707 ng/m 3 in Luanda schools. In contrast, sulphur dominated the smallest fraction in schoolyards, measured at 297 ± 102 ng/m 3 in Luanda and 330 ± 56.1 ng/m 3 in Estarreja during spring. These findings highlight the critical role of particle size in determining air quality in schools, offer valuable insights to inform future research, and emphasise the urgent need for long-term studies in these environments, particularly in African countries, where significant gaps remain not only at schools but also in ambient air pollution monitoring.

Determining size in an era when size matters: Interobserver comparison of CT lung tumor size measurements and accuracy of radiologic size estimation compared to pathologic size.

Size matters, but shape matters too. In pharmaceuticals, measuring particle size alone can miss subtle but important differences between samples, underestimating their effects, for example, on powder flowability and on tablet dissolution. Although powder characterisation traditionally emphasizes size (Hentschel and Page, 2003; Leschonski, 1986; Dodds et al., 1970 [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] ) with shape treated as secondary and qualitative, advances in measurement technologies now allow for quantitative shape analysis. The USP and Ph. Eur. have recently issued for the first time guidance on size and shape via image analysis (2022 and 2024, respectively) [5] , [6] . While adoption is growing, the existing guidance remains broadly framed and poorly suited to agglomeration-prone powders. This paper introduces a new framework for analyzing such powders through image analysis, using the automated optical microscopy technique. Unlike traditional size methods like sieving or laser diffraction, which can be distorted by agglomerates, this approach allows accurate analysis of such samples. This method produces quantitative, comprehensive datasets for size and shape, improving interoperability in the pharmaceutical industry and with suppliers. These datasets can be integrated into AI models for classification and prediction, supporting drug and manufacturing optimization per QbD principles. This two-part study applies AQbD to powder size and shape analysis, using samples from an agglomeration-prone drug substance already used in pharmaceutical routine manufacturing. Part I includes: A) preliminary agglomeration assessment, influencing technique choice and ATP setup, B) defining the ATP, and C) risk assessment of Critical Method Variables (CMVs). The risk assessment identified CMVs as water content, sample volume, scan areas, pixel trash size, injection pressure, time, and settling time. • Development of a novel quantitative method for analyzing agglomeration-prone powder particle size and shape within a pharmaceutical industrial manufacturing context. • Application of automated optical microscopy and image analysis following an Analytical Quality by Design approach aligning with and expanding on the gaps of the recently first-time issued United States (USP) – General Chapter <1776> − and European (pH. Eur..) - Chapter 2.9.48. – Pharmacopoeias' analytical guidance. • Establishing a link between retrospective Quality by Design of the product and the Analytical Quality by Design approach. • Offering a novel framework for classifying and understanding the natural variability of agglomeration-prone powders at the initial stage of size and shape image analysis method development. • Proposing for the first time in the literature of an Analytical Target Profile, and a Risk Assessment to identify Critical Method Variables for a powder image analysis method, through automated optical microscopy.

Insect size matters: Using image and dimensions together improves image classification

A0349 Size matters: outcomes and complications of hoLEP in large and very large prostates

ABSTRACT Almost 200 years after their inception, news beats became a dominant factor that shapes newsrooms. This study explores the beat mix of leading quality dailies in 13 countries. Findings are based on executive interviews triangulated with other data sources. They indicate a shift from geographic to thematic division of labour and the rising trend of beat sub-specialisation. Newsroom size matters but not linearly: larger newsrooms are not larger across the board. Despite the “interpretive turn”, the iconic figure of the newsroom is still the news reporter, with commentators having a minor share. The studied newsrooms are still based on full timers, with restricted reliance on freelancers and part-timers, mainly in softer news. Gender differences have not disappeared; however, they are smaller and nuanced. These findings suggest that beat systems are responsive to ontological, cultural and environmental changes, while preserving their basic logic of newsmaking at least regarding their core staffs.

Urban green spaces play a vital role in promoting public health and enhancing the quality of urban environments, particularly through their potential to mitigate air pollution. This study investigated the association between green space and airborne particulate matter (PM) of various sizes, including PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and total dust, within Phutthamonthon Park. Located in Nakhon Pathom Province, adjacent to Bangkok, Phutthamonthon Park is one of the largest suburban green spaces in the region. The park serves as a significant recreational and cultural hub that supports diverse activities, including walking, cycling, and community gatherings, while simultaneously contributing to urban air quality management through its extensive vegetation cover and open spaces. The study also assessed the influence of meteorological factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and time of day on PM concentrations. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in January 2025 using DustTrak DRX Aerosol Monitors across four zones of the park during morning, midday, and evening periods, yielding a total of 144 samples. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in total dust levels within green spaces, with peripheral zones exhibiting 50-100% higher concentrations compared to interior areas. However, no statistically significant differences were observed for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, which remained elevated during morning hours, likely due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions. These findings underscore the complex role of urban greenery in air quality management, revealing both benefits and limitations. The study offers practical insights for urban planners and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of strategic green space design in reducing air pollution and promoting healthier urban living conditions.

Size matters: breaking the decades-old dogma of universal follicle size for timing egg retrieval

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Gallbladder adenomyomatosis revisited - Does size matter? is follow-up required for large lesions?

Quality of life, mental health, and resilience in mothers of children with bladder exstrophy: Does family size matter?

<sec><title>BACKGROUND</title>Children's exposure to airborne pollutants at school is a growing health concern, rarely investigated in detail. Our work aimed to implement a tool to quantify such exposure in the absence of measures.</sec><sec><title>METHODS</title>A literature review was conducted to identify potential indoor and outdoor contaminants sources in school environments, informing the development and validation of a School Exposure Matrix (SEM) for the structured assessment of schoolchildren's exposure.</sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title>SEM allows the identification of 252 airborne pollutants (131 from indoors and 121 from outdoors due to outdoors/indoors transfer in schools) from 35 sources. SEM incorporates established pollutants like nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter of different sizes as well as emerging airborne pollutants such semi-volatile VOCs, microbial VOCs, and biocontaminants, which arise from various sources, including traffic, combustion, school-related activities, cleaning products, furniture, office supplies, the building's structural elements, and human contacts. Additionally, SEM allows to quantify multipollution in a school as the total sum of pollutants present in the school across all the sources, according to various multipollution levels.</sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title>SEM serves as a tool for assessing exposure in the school environment, offering insights into the pollutants that children encounter during their school activities.</sec>.

Abstract Introduction Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of residual shunting following patente foramen ovale (PFO) closure ranges from 10% to 30%. Various factors have been identified as potential predictors of residual shunts, including the anatomical structure of the PFO tunnel, the presence of atrial septal aneurysms, and the size of the occluder device. Purpose This study aims to evaluate the incidence of residual shunting and identify its key predictors in patients who underwent PFO closure at a tertiary hospital centre. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent PFO closure at a tertiary hospital centre. The study assessed implantation success, device sizing, echocardiographic follow-up methods, and the detection of residual shunts. Pre-implantation transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed to measure PFO tunnel size and identify the presence of septal aneurysms. Device size was recorded from hospital charts. Residual shunting was evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with a bubble test during the Valsalva maneuver at 6-month and 1-year follow-ups. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Chi-square test, Cramér’s V test, and linear multivariate regression to identify significant predictors of residual shunting. Results Between August 2016 and December 2024, 104 PFO closures were attempted, with successful device implantation in 100 patients (96.2%). Amplatzer occluder devices were used: 50 patients (51.0%) received an 18/25 mm device, 15 (15.3%) a 25/25 mm device, 9 (9.2%) a 25/30 mm device, 14 (14.3%) a 25/35 mm device, and 10 (10.2%) a 30/30 mm device; size data were unavailable for 2 cases. Pre-implantation TEE measurements were available in 54 patients (54.0%) for PFO tunnel width (3.9 ± 2.4 mm) and 51 patients (51.0%) for tunnel length (10.9 ± 3.6 mm); atrial septal aneurysm was reported in 33 patients (33.0%). During the first year, residual shunting was detected in 18 patients (18.0%) exclusively via TTE bubble test, with 78% occurring in those with larger devices. Beyond one year, persistent residual shunt was found in 11 patients (10.6%), with 73% in those with larger devices. Larger device size (p&amp;lt;0.001) and left atrial disk (p&amp;lt;0.001) were independent risk factors for residual shunting, with a significant association between device size and shunting (Chi-square, p&amp;lt;0.001; Cramer’s V = 0.577). No significant association was found between TEE-derived PFO tunnel measurements and residual shunting. Conclusion PFO closure outcomes at our center align with published data, with an 18.0% incidence of residual shunting. All residual shunts were detected exclusively by the TTE bubble test, highlighting its superiority over Doppler-based methods for follow-up. Larger device size, particularly the left atrial disk, was the only significant predictor of residual shunting in our cohort, whereas anatomical PFO features were not predictive, contrasting with prior reports.

Concussion, a type of mild traumatic brain injury common in collision sports, is thought to be associated with subtle brain changes that are not visually appreciable on conventional neuroimaging. This study quantified differences in subcortical volumes from structural MRI between 31 recently concussed professional Australian rules footballers (within 3 months of injury) and 37 healthy, non-athlete controls. T1-weighted MRI were acquired at 3 T and processed using FreeSurfer. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes were normalized by estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV). Longitudinal changes were assessed in a subset of 12 footballers with follow-up MRI. Cortical thickness differences were also explored using vertex-wise analysis. Footballers exhibited lower proportional hippocampal and amygdala volumes, and reduced cortical thickness compared to controls. However, after exploring different methodological approaches for estimating intracranial volume (ICV), volumetric findings were seen to vary based on the ICV estimation method used for normalization. This study demonstrates subtle, likely persistent neuroanatomical differences between professional Australian rules footballers and non-athlete controls. Importantly, we advocate for cautious clinical interpretation of volumetric MRI findings considering methodological variabilities, particularly when inherent cohort differences (such as ICV) may bias results, and provide recommendations for future studies that examine volumetric changes in concussion cohorts.

This article aims to investigate the impact of a business model on bank performance and stability, with a focus on net interest margins. Using a large sample of 300 commercial banks covering 46 African countries, we define the business model by the income structure. Overall, we find that the shift toward non-interest income is associated with a decrease in net interest margins and overall performance. Besides, we observe limited, if any, impact on stability on average. Thus, our results suggest that African banks do not clearly benefit from diversification. However, the results show that ownership and size matter. JEL Codes: G21, G32, N27

Anatomic enucleation of the prostate is increasingly performed worldwide. While 26-Fr instruments are commonly used, miniaturized devices have been associated with fewer complications and improved recovery without compromising efficiency. We compared intraoperative and postoperative outcomes between 22-Fr and 26-Fr instruments in pulsed Thulium:YAG anatomic enucleation. A total of 150 patients who underwent pulsed Thulium:YAG laser enucleation of the prostate between December 2024 and July 2025 were prospectively enrolled. MiLEP was performed in 70 patients, while standard AEEP was performed in 80. The primary endpoint was intraoperative efficiency, and secondary endpoints were postoperative complications and functional recovery, comparing miniaturized with standard instruments. The MiLEP group had a smaller median prostate volume (50.5 vs. 88 mL, p < 0.001) and shorter enucleation time (19 vs. 25 min, p < 0.001), although enucleation efficiency was higher in the standard group (3.6 vs. 2.7 g/min, p < 0.001). Irrigation volume was lower (13.5 vs. 21 L, p < 0.001), and no intraoperative urethrotomy/meatotomy was required in the MiLEP group compared with 10 patients (12.5%) in the standard group (p = 0.002). At 1 month, urethral stricture was identified in 1 (1.4%) MiLEP and 3 (3.8%) standard patients (p = 0.379), whereas incontinence occurred in 3 (4.3%) and 4 (5.0%), respectively (p = 0.836). MiLEP with pulsed Thulium:YAG laser represents an effective modality for anatomic enucleation of the prostate. It was associated with comparable intraoperative efficiency and favorable postoperative functional outcomes compared to standard resectoscope size. Our findings suggest that MiLEP may be a suitable option for selected patients, particularly those with lower urethral compliance and smaller prostate volume.

Does size matter in prostate cancer? A cross-sectional study on genital dimensions in Caucasian men

Apricot is one of Türkiye’s most important horticultural crops, accounting for approximately 21% of global production. The Hacıhaliloğlu cultivar, responsible for 90% of the country’s dried apricot exports, is cultivated in Malatya, where declining precipitation due to climate change poses a significant threat to sustainable production. This study, conducted from 2021 to 2023, aimed to evaluate the effects of different drought irrigation regimes on the morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of Hacıhaliloğlu apricot trees under water stress. Four-year-old T-budded saplings were grown in pots and subjected to monthly irrigation treatments during the post-harvest period.The results revealed that drought stress significantly inhibited shoot elongation, reduced leaf size and dry matter accumulation, and impaired pistil development. The T0 treatment (full irrigation) consistently outperformed all other regimes in terms of shoot length, pistil length, specific leaf weight, and relative leaf dry weight. Drought-exposed trees, especially those under rainfall-only or late irrigation conditions (T1, T7, T8), exhibited increased oxidative damage, as indicated by elevated levels of membrane permeability, H₂O₂, MDA, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, SOD). Moreover, leaf water potential and chlorophyll content declined under prolonged stress conditions.These findings emphasize that irrigation during critical developmental stages particularly July and August, when flower bud differentiation and vegetative growth overlaps is vital for preserving productivity and physiological integrity in apricot trees. Strategic water management in arid and semi-arid regions can mitigate the negative effects of drought stress and enhance tree performance even under limited water availability.

Abstract How should resource-constrained manufacturers renew operations under mounting innovation pressure? We theorize and test a contingent model in which market pressure affects operational innovation indirectly through two pathways, technology investment (exploitation) and human-capital utilization (exploration), and in which firm size conditions both pathways. Using Eurobarometer 433 data on 2,213 European manufacturing firms, we estimate a conditional process model combining ordinary least squares and logistic regressions. We find a negative direct effect of pressure on operational innovation, but positive mediated effects via technology and human capital; the technology pathway is substantively stronger. Size matters: larger firms more effectively translate pressure into technology investment, whereas smaller firms rely relatively more on human capital, implying performance parity for sequential strategies when resources are tight. We contribute boundary conditions to ambidexterity theory and offer actionable guidance: small and medium-sized enterprises should sequence renewal by first mobilising human capabilities, then adding technologies; large firms can pursue ambidextrous investments.