Sixth Terms Research Articles

EVALUATION OF SMOKING STATUS IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

The aim of this study is to evaluate the smoking status of medical students. This descriptive research was conducted in a medical school with 544 students from first to sixth terms in Istanbul. Online survey form was used in the research. Statistical analyzes were done using SPSS 22.0 program. The mean age of the students participating in the study was 21.0±2.2, 55.7% of them were women and 55.1% of them were living with their families/relatives. It was determined that 6.4% of the students were smoking before joining university, 10.7% were regular/frequent smokers, the average number of cigarettes smoked daily was 10.2±7.5, and the reason for starting smoking was stress in 39.9 percent. It was determined that 62.9% of the smoking students thought to quit smoking and 66.1% knew the methods of quitting smoking. The frequency of regular/frequent smoking was found to be higher in those living alone or with friends at home, and those whose mothers and siblings smoked regularly/frequently. In our study, it was determined that more than half of regular/frequent smokers started smoking before university and the most common reasons for starting were stress, friend influence, and curiosity. It is recommended that awareness trainings about smoking harms be included in different grades in the National Education curriculum and that students should be trained in stress management and choosing friends.

Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Farmakoloji Dersine Yönelik Tutumları: Ölçek Geliştirme ve Uygulama Çalışması

Aim: The objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable attitude scale by determining the attitudes of medical school students towards pharmacology course, and to examine these attitudes in terms of selected variables.
 Methods: This study was conducted with the participation of 498 students, 250 female and 248 male, from the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth terms of XXXX University Faculty of Medicine. A 21-item 5-point Likert-type scale was used as a data collection tool. The survey was performed face-to-face with term 4, 5, and 6 students, and online with term 3 students. While developing the scale, factor analysis with Principal Axis Factoring method, and reliability analyses with Cronbach Alpha and McDonald's Omega levels were performed.
 Results: The attitude scale of medical school students towards pharmacology course was developed as 12 items and two factors. Two factors were determined in the scale, namely "indispensable course pharmacology" and "useless course pharmacology". Although the students reached high mean and median values in two negative items of the pharmacology attitude scale, they reached high mean and median values in mostly positive items. In general, the students considered the pharmacology course necessary and displayed a positive attitude. While the gender of the students did not make a difference in the attitude, the term, the reasons for choosing the medical school, scope of medical resource usage, and their desire to be an expert created a significant difference in their attitudes towards pharmacology course.
 Conclusions: The results of this study show that the developed pharmacology attitude scale is a reliable and valid measure of students' attitudes towards the pharmacology course. These findings can be used to improve pharmacology teaching and encourage positive attitudes towards the course among medical students.

Approximation of BPS Skyrme model using modified Lagrangian Skyrmion

One of the nuclear atomic models represented by Skyrmion was the Skyrme model. This model was a modified nonlinear sigma model with a Skyrme field where the classical solution use generalized sixth order terms and potential terms. The binding energy that will be studied in the Skyrme SU(2) model is to generalize the second order nonlinear sigma model terms with sixth order derivative terms. The Lagrangian will be obtained for these two terms to find the BPS (Bogomolny Prasad Sommerfield) solution for the profile function numerically. The result of numerical calculation will be used to calculate static energy and rotational energy, where the characteristic of the nucleus can be observed from these two energies. Furthermore, the value of the coupling constant in the Lagrangian Skyrmion will be calculated from the static energy and rotational energy obtained previously. These values are expected to help in the application of Skyrme model for many research physics field.

Flat bands with high Chern numbers and multiple flat bands in multifold staggered-flux models

Topological flat bands (TFBs) have been proposed in Chern-insulator lattice models. Some two-dimensional monolayer systems can host TFBs with the Chern number $|\mathcal{C}|=1$, and some TFBs with higher Chern numbers are achieved in multilayer or multicomponent systems. In this work, we construct a series of TFBs with higher Chern numbers in the monolayer star lattice by adding several distant-neighbor hopping terms with staggered magnetic fluxes. By considering the third and the fourth nearest-neighbor hopping terms, we find the $|\mathcal{C}|=2$ and $|\mathcal{C}|=3$ TFBs with large flatness ratios, respectively. We also obtain the $|\mathcal{C}|=4$ and $|\mathcal{C}|=5$ TFBs when the fifth and the sixth nearest-neighbor hopping terms are added. Intriguingly, we also observe multiple flat bands with various Chern numbers by tuning the distant-neighbor hopping amplitudes and the staggered-flux parameters. Furthermore, a series of fractional Chern insulator (FCI) states have been numerically observed when hard-core bosons are filled into these TFB models, with fractional fillings $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3, 2/5, 3/7$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/4, 2/7$ in the $|\mathcal{C}|=2$ and $|\mathcal{C}|=3$ TFBs, respectively. Our findings provide an approach to search for more TFBs with higher Chern numbers and further investigate more interesting FCIs.

The valid regions of Gram–Charlier densities with high-order cumulants

Based on derivatives of a Gaussian density, the Gram–Charlier series is an infinite expansion. Its truncated series is often used in many fields to approximate probability density functions. Although the expansions are useful, there are constrained regions on the value of the cumulants (or moments) that admit a valid (nonnegative) probability density function. When the truncation order is low (just at fourth-order), the truncated Gram–Charlier density may be difficult to approximate an implied probability distribution as closely as possible, especially for distributions that are not sufficiently close to a normal distribution. One might increase the order after which the series is truncated until a perfect fit is achieved. However, the series expansion is usually truncated in the existing literature until the fourth-order term because it becomes difficult to find valid regions. This paper shows how the valid region of higher cumulants can be numerically implemented by the semi-definite algorithm, which ensures that a series truncated at a cumulant of arbitrary even order represents a valid probability density. We provide examples of two valid regions of the sixth and eighth Gram–Charlier densities (i.e., truncated at the sixth and eighth terms). Our analysis proves the fact that valid regions can be broadened with the higher-order expansions. Furthermore, the impact of higher cumulants on the valid regions has been shown.

The crystal-field level scheme of fnJ multiplets under cubic crystal-field with three-fold quantization axis

The effect of crystal-field Hamiltonian with cubic symmetry acting upon different angular momenta J-manifolds between 2 and 8 has been investigated considering the quantization axis along body diagonal [111] axis of the cube. The eigen-values and eigen-functions are numerically computed as a function of the ratio between the fourth and sixth degree terms of the cubic Hamiltonian, expressed in terms of the two parameters, e.g., x and W, in the notation of LLW [J. Phys. Chem. Solids 23 (1962) 1381]. The analytical expressions of eigen-values are also presented for few J values. The effect of external magnetic field as a perturbation on the crystal-field level scheme is discussed toward calculations of magnetic susceptibility and axial magnetizations and compared with the LLW Hamiltonian.

Stress and quality of sleep in undergraduate nursing students.

to analyze the level of stress and sleep quality in nursing students according to terms of the nursing program. descriptive and cross-sectional research developed in a higher education institution in Northeastern Brazil on 167 students. We used data collection, sociodemographic information, and a scale for assessing stress and sleep quality in nursing students. we identified a statistically significant difference between domains of the stress scale and the terms of the undergraduate program, and between the quality of sleep and such terms such as as in the fourth and sixth semesters. different stress scores show that the semester which concerns students the most is the fifth. Quality of sleep was deemed good for the first, third, fifth, seventh, and eighth semesters; and poor for the fourth and sixth terms.

Flexure Analysis of Laminated Composite and Sandwich Beams Using Timoshenko Beam Theory

The static behaviour of laminated composite and sandwich beams subjected to various sets of boundary conditions is investigated by using the Timoshenko beam theory and the Symmetric Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SSPH) method. In order to solve the problem, a SSPH code which consists of up to sixth order derivative terms in Taylor series expansion is developed. The validation and convergence studies are performed by solving symmetric and anti-symmetric cross-ply composite beam problems with various boundary conditions and aspect ratios. The results in terms of mid-span deflections, axial and shear stresses are compared with those from previous studies to validate the accuracy of the present method. The effects of fiber angle, lay-up and aspect ratio on mid-span displacements and stresses are studied. At the same time, the problems not only for the convergence analysis but also for the extensive analysis are also solved by using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory for comparison purposes.

Direct NOE simulation from long MD trajectories

A software package, MD2NOE, is presented which calculates Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) build-up curves directly from molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories. It differs from traditional approaches in that it calculates correlation functions directly from the trajectory instead of extracting inverse sixth power distance terms as an intermediate step in calculating NOEs. This is particularly important for molecules that sample conformational states on a timescale similar to molecular reorientation. The package is tested on sucrose and results are shown to differ in small but significant ways from those calculated using an inverse sixth power assumption. Results are also compared to experiment and found to be in reasonable agreement despite an expected underestimation of water viscosity by the water model selected.

On the incorporation of cubic and hexagonal interfacial energy anisotropy in phase field models using higher order tensor terms

In this paper, we show how to incorporate cubic and hexagonal anisotropies in interfacial energies in phase field models; this incorporation is achieved by including up to sixth rank tensor terms in the free energy expansion, assuming that the free energy is only a function of coarse-grained composition, its gradient, curvature and aberration. We derive the number of non-zero and independent components of these tensors. Further, by demanding that the resultant interfacial energy is positive definite for inclusion of each of the tensor terms individually, we identify the constraints imposed on the independent components of these tensors. The existing results in the invariant group theory literature can be used to simplify the process of construction of some (but not all) of the higher order tensors. Finally, we derive the relevant phase field evolution equations and describe some preliminary results from our 1D simulations.

Disciplina na modalidade semipresencial em enfermagem: avaliação de qualidade segundo sistema de indicadores

Doi: 10.5902/2179769212903 Aim: to evaluate two hybrid courses in an undergraduate program in nursing. Method: this is a descriptive, transversal, and quantitative research. An instrument based on indicators of inputs, process, and results was applied to 43 undergraduate students of the third and sixth terms who attended hybrid courses. The data were presented in tables with simple frequencies and percentages. Results: the indicators of inputs and results were assessed as good. Yet, the indicators of process, such as technical support provided, level of learning flexibility with respect to time and space, and the assessment of learning developed in the course, were assessed as poor. Final considerations: the results showed the need to reorganize the courses. It is suggested that there is incentive and professional training so that the professors are able to use the new technologies, since that organizes and innovates the teaching-learning process, as well as the development of research in the field.

Longitudinal Changes in Temporomandibular Disorders in Young Adults: Indication for Systematic Temporomandibular Joint Screening

The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes in temporomandibular joint function in young adults in terms of clinical and subclinical temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and to identify patients at risk for clinically manifest TMD. Ninety-one consecutive dental students were surveyed over a mean period of 2.4 years. The temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles were analyzed by means of the Manual Functional Analysis. Examinations took place during the first (T1) and sixth (T2) terms of dental training. The prevalence of subclinical TMD decreased from 16.5% to 15.4%, while that of clinical TMD rose from 19.8% (T1) to 24.2% (T2). Subjects with subclinical TMD at T1 showed the most pronounced fluctuation, and were about equally likely to improve, remain stable or deteriorate. The incidence of clinical TMD in the subclinical TMD-group was 28.6%, that is, almost every third subject developed clinical TMD over a 2.4-year period. Should clinical TMD become apparent during orthodontic treatment, the patient might attribute it to the therapy, rather than to the subclinical disorder at baseline. It thus makes therapeutic and forensic sense to carry out systematic TMJ-screening in all adult patients prior to orthodontic treatment, in order to identify patients at risk.

The Maximum Length of a Powerful Arithmetic Progression: 10702

Solution by John P. Robertson, St. Paul Re, New York, NY The longest such progression has length 5. For an example of a sequence of length 5, take the sequence j1, 9, 17, 25, 33} and multiply each of its terms by 32453011241720. Suppose there were such a progression of length 6. Let the second, third, and sixth terms be a2, b3, and c6, respectively, so 3a2 -4b3-c6. If c 0, then taking x = 12(b/c2) and y = 36(a/c3) yields y2 = x3432, with x and y rational. This elliptic curve has only two rational points (L. J. Mordell, Diophantine Equations, Academic Press, New York, 1969, p. 247). These are x = 12, y = L36, both of which produce a constant progression. If c = 0, then the progression would be {5r, 4r, 3r, 2r, r, O} for some nonzero integer r. This would make both 4r and 2r squares, which is impossible.

Spin relaxation of polarized helium-3 in the magnetic field of a Helmholtz pair

The fact that the motion of the atoms of helium-3 gas is so quick that the spins cannot follow the change of direction of an inhomogeneous magnetic field adiabatically is an important spin relaxation mechanism. The spin relaxation rates are calculated for a spherical sample situated at the centre of a Helmholtz pair. The calculation is made for the first two nonvanishing terms in the inhomogeneity, the fourth and sixth degree terms.

Spin reorientation transition in some REFe10V2 intermetallics under hydrostatic pressure

The large effect of the applied hydrostatic pressure on the spin reorientation transition (SRT) temperature observed in Er2Fe14B has been associated with the modification of the intensity of the CEF interaction with pressure. We propose that mainly the second order CEF terms are sensitive to the pressure and also that the applied pressure influences only slightly the fourth and sixth order CEF terms and the intensity of the R-Fe exchange interaction. In the present article, we report a study of the thermal dependence of the ac magnetic susceptibility under hydrostatic pressure up to 10 kbar in intermetallic compounds of the series RFe10V2 (R=Nd, Dy, and Er). The results show no evidence of any change of the SRT temperature in the measured range of pressure, which constitutes a confirmation of the negligible influence that the external applied pressure has on high order CEF terms.

Phenomenological analysis of tetragonal tungsten bronze ferroelectrics

A simple Devonshire form has been derived for the phenomenological elastic Gibbs function to describe the elasto-dielectric parameters of simple proper ferroelectrics in the tungsten bronze structure family which has 4/mmm prototypic point symmetry. For the assumption that all temperature dependence is carried by the Curie-Weiss behaviour implicit in the quadratic term and that the expansion may be terminated at the first sixth-order term, reasonable agreement between calculated and derived Ps against T curves in the ferroelectric phase can be obtained for a wide range of bronze compositions. From the fitting it is clear that second and sixth rank terms are remarkably constant over a very wide range of bronze compositions. Variation in the negative fourth rank term is larger, but this is to be expected since it contains large contributions from electrostrictive and elastic terms which will depend on boundary conditions. These initial studies suggest that the phenomenological method may be used to derive expectation values for tensor parameters across the whole family of ferroelectric bronzes. The study also points up the need for more careful detailed studies of lattice strain, birefringence and permittivity as a function of temperature in model bronze compounds to provide more detailed checks of the method.

Mean-field treatment of three component spin Hamiltonian with high-order cubic anisotropy: Generic phases and sequences of order-order transitions (abstract)

A three-component spin system involving cubic anisotropy of fourth, sixth, and eighth degree was studied using the Landau theory and mean-field approximation. The last method involves solving of the recently proposed infinite-ranged magnetization equation, which was previously applied only to the systems with quartic anisotropy.1 Both approaches result in five possible ordered phases. Two of them, X and XYZt, are the only possible ordered phases if the sixth and eighth-order terms are not taken into account, they correspond to the ordering along an axis and along the main diagonal, respectively. In the XYt phase, which is unstable in ‘‘quartic’’ approximation but can be stabilized by higher-order terms, the resultant magnetization is directed along the diagonal in the XY plane. In the remaining two phases, XYg and XYZg, the magnetization vector rotates continuously in the XY plane and in space, respectively, upon varying the temperature; these phases resemble the ‘‘generic’’ phase found by Galam and Birman2 in the two-component system. It is shown that these new phases can be approached from the isotropic (I) phase via a sequence of second-order transitions; the longest possible sequences are found to be I-X-XYg-XYt and I-XYZt-XYZg-XYt.

Two-dimensional analysis of the ring-puckering and PH inversion vibrations of 3-phospholene

The ring-puckering energy levels for 3-phospholene, CH2CH=CHCH2PH, in both the ground and excited states of the PH inversion vibration have been established from the vibrational spectra of this molecule. The availablity of such extensive data made it possible to determine a reliable two-dimensional (with the ring-puckering and the P–H inversion as the two coordinates) potential energy surface. For the calculations, the kinetic energy coefficients g44, g55, and the cross term g45 were accurately represented as functions of both coordinates. An initial approximation to the asymmetric two-dimensional potential energy surface was obtained from the one-dimensional ring-puckering function as well as from structural data from microwave spectroscopy. Symmetry constraints established which potential terms were to be utilized. Three separate computer programs were written in order to calculate the vibrational energy levels and to adjust the potential parameters. The most efficient approach utilized a product of two prediagonalized basis sets for the basis functions. Initial attempts to fit the data with a potential surface using terms up through fourth power proved unsatisfactory in fitting data for the inversion excited state. A local solution based on Van Vleck perturbation theory was thus obtained and then expanded, using the symmetry constraints, to the entire solution. The resulting potential surface, which required the use of sixth power terms, gave excellent agreement with the observed spectra. Only five variable parameters were adjusted (for the local solution) in order to fit the 20 observed frequencies. The final potential surface has a central barrier of about 5500 cm−1 for the planar configuration. The more stable endo conformation lies 785 cm−1 in energy below that of the exo form with similar puckering angle (18°).

An improved lunar moment of inertia determination: a proposed strategy

The current error of 0.0025 on the lunar homogeneity parameterI/MR 2 is dominated by the uncertainties in theC 20 andC 22 gravity harmonics. This error level is equivalent to a 4.20 gm cm−3 density uncertainty for a lunar interior model having a core 300 km in radius. Covariance analyses are performed using Doppler data from the relay satellite of the proposed Lunar Polar Orbiter mission to determine an optimum reduction strategy which obtains an order of magnitude improvement in the gravity estimates. Error studies show the long-arc reduction method obtains results which are an order of magnitude more accurate than the short-arc technique. The nominal 4000 km circular orbit of the relay satellite is very sensitive to the unmodeled effects of gravity harmonics of degree 5 through 9. Results from this orbital geometry indicate that it may not be possible to achieve the desired order of magnitude accuracy improvement. A modified orbit having the identical orbital conditions as the nominal one, but with a larger semi-major axis of 7000 km is studied. Results show the desired order of magnitude improvement can be achieved when a complete fourth degree and order model and some fifth and sixth degree terms are estimated while considering the unmodeled effects of the remaining harmonics through degree and order eight. Studies also show a 50% additional improvement inC 22 can be achieved if differential differenced Doppler is also processed with the direct Doppler. The improved uncertainty inI/MR 2 reduces the core density error from 4.20 gm cm−3 to 0.1 gm cm−3 for the case of a lunar density model having a 300 km core radius.

Transition probabilities for ƒ-electron J-multiplets in cubic crystal fields

In analyzing inelastic neutron scattering spectra for rare earths in cubic crystal fields it is found that tables and diagrams of magnetic dipole transition probabilities as a function of the ratio of fourth degree to sixth degree terms are as essential as those of the eigenvalues themselves. Accordingly, we have calculated for all integral and half-integral J between 2 and 8 and for all values of B 4/B 6 the appropriate matrix elements ∣〈Γ i∣J z∣Γ j〉∣ 2. The results are presented in both tabular and diagrammatic form. These matrix elements are also of use in susceptibility calculations and in analyzing far-infrared spectra of rare earths in a cubic environment.