Contact Situations Research Articles

Increased elasticity and damping capacity of diamond-like carbon coatings by immobilized C60 fullerene clusters.

Material loss and plastic deformation induced by frictional interactions at moving mechanical interfaces continue to be major issues responsible for efficiency and performance degradation of systems. Establishment of fully elastic interactions in the contact region without compromising the structural rigidity and integrity of materials represents a promising solution. In this study, we report on improving the elasticity, damping properties, ductility and wear resistance of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings through introducing an immobilized C60 cluster layer. The C60 clusters were immobilized using cysteamine (HS(CH2)2NH2) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) attached to a pre-sputtered Au layer. A Ni adhesive layer was deposited onto plasma cleaned Si (100) substrates prior to Au, SAM-C60, and DLC deposition. Precise dynamic ultra nano-indentation tests indicated a drastic improvement in elasticity and damping capacity of the C60-DLC hybrid (Ni-Au-SAM/C60-DLC) multilayer coating compared to those of the C60-free (Ni-Au-DLC) multilayer. The behavior of the coatings under reciprocating contact conditions was evaluated. Quantification of the resistance of the coatings against wear and permanent deformation revealed a significant improvement in the wear rate from ∼3.38 × 10-8 to ∼5.14 × 10-10 mm3 N-1 mm-1 upon incorporation of the immobilized C60 clusters. The corresponding mechanisms were assessed through experiments and finite element (FE) simulations.

相手言語接触場面における学習者の談話管理能力 ―来日直後と1 年後の能力の比較―

相手言語接触場面における学習者の談話管理能力 ―来日直後と1 年後の能力の比較―

СТИГМА В’ЯЗНИЦЕЮ ЯК СОЦІАЛЬНО-КОМУНІКАТИВНИЙ БАР’ЄР У МІЖОСОБИСТІСНІЙ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ

Urgency of the research. Despite the current changes in the penitentiary system of many countries, it is stated that prison leaves the rule unchanged - one who at least once has entered its space by a court judgment forever becomes a participant in the game called "stigma", the rules of which acquire the force of "law" by changing the behavior of people, their rationality, interaction and communication with others. Target setting. Although the fact that a person must permanently communicate the modern social space at the level of individual social groups, demonstrates an increasing tendency to social exclusion through stigmatizing those who are somewhat different from the dominant group. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Nowadays, a communication line in which discourse is presented in publications by P. Bourdieu, J. Habermas, H. Kravchenkova, H. Svistunova is considered to be an accomplished approach to study stigma and stigmatization. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Hampering communication in the situation which allows an interaction is a detector of placing barriers for some individuals. This perspective of assessing the cases of removal from the social space of certain groups of people is one of the factors that encourage scientists to turn to the analysis of the phenomenon of stigma as reasons for exclusion. The research objective. The research aims to reveal the phenomenon of "stigma of prison" as the reason to set up social and communicative barriers to interpersonal interaction with an individual who has in the life stage of was behind bars. The statement of basic materials. Social space always categorizes people and is based on correlation with the selected criteria sets barriers for those who do not meet the criteria of the rule. People who have their own history of imprisonment are the ones who are perceived as threatening and therefore exposed to stigma. The stigma of prison, in its turn, becomes a social and communicative barrier, which task is to prevent the development of communication in a situation of interpersonal contact. Conclusions. The stigma of prison causes placing social and communicative barriers to interpersonal interaction with an individual who has discharged the term of sentence at penal institution. The factor of such stigma is the fear of the Other, which, due to the influence of social stereotypes and prejudices, is perceived as a threat and danger.

Caspian Language of Šahmirzād


 
 
 Located in the Semnān area (midway between Tehran and Khorasan), the town of Šahmirzād and its neighboring villages are home to speakers of Šahmirzādi, a vernacular sharply differing from the other language types spoken in the Semnān area but closely related to the Mazandarani language spoken across the Alborz range to the north, along the Caspian coast. This article studies Šahmirzādi phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, with a look at cross-linguistic influence in the situation of language contact. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible status of Šahmirzādi as a separate language within the Caspian family.
 
 

Comprehensive documentation and archiving of Teleut, Eushta-Chat, and Melets Chulym. Three areally adjacent, critically endangered Turkic languages of Siberia

The paper reports on the interim findings of the project “Comprehensive documentation and archiving of Teleut, Eushta-Chat, and Melets Chulym: Three areally adjacent, critical¬ly endangered Turkic languages of Siberia”, documenting the lesser described indigenous mi¬nority idioms in southwestern Siberia. The reported phase of the project was dedicated to local assessment of the languages’ functional spheres and the sociolinguistic makeup of the communities. The results of fieldwork data collection and preliminary analysis confirm that all three languages display unique features differentiating them from the larger Turkic lan-guages in the region: Shor, Tatar and Khakas. All three idioms under study exemplify com¬plex situations of local language contact, variation and change in a context of multilingual¬ism and ongoing cultural shift, as well as demonstrating various stages of en¬dangerment, with Melets Chulym being nearly extinct, and Eushta-Chat and Teleut seriously endan¬gered.

The Use of Repetition by Native Speakers in Contact and Native Situations: An Examination from the Perspective of Daily Contact Experience and the Interlocutor’s Japanese Proficiency Level

The Use of Repetition by Native Speakers in Contact and Native Situations: An Examination from the Perspective of Daily Contact Experience and the Interlocutor’s Japanese Proficiency Level

Screw Insertion Method in Peg-in-Hole Assembly for Axial Friction Reduction

Peg-in-hole is one of the most frequent mating features between parts, where the large friction resistance and poor contact situations result in the failure of part mating. To address this problem, this paper proposes a screw insertion method in peg-in-hole assembly for axial friction reduction. First, the effect of screw motion on axial friction reduction is analyzed with point contact and face contact. Second, the screw insertion method in clearance-fit peg-in-hole assembly with point contact is discussed; this method works better than the conventional linear insertion method for jamming prevention; the reciprocate screw insertion strategy is also investigated to reduce the influence of axis offset on screw insertion. Third, the screw insertion method in interference-fit peg-in-hole assembly with face contact is discussed. Finally, axial friction reduction is validated with experiments of point contact with screw motion and experiments of screw insertion in clearance-fit and interference-fit peg-in-hole assembly.

The social meaning potential of loanwords: Empirical explorations of lexical borrowing as expression of (social) identity

The use of loanwords is not merely a lexical act (filling a lexical gap in a given language, or using a shorter word in place of a longer expression) but also a socially meaningful one – a contextual expression of self, social identity and language regard. Recent lexical borrowing research has drawn attention to this social meaning potential of loanwords. What motivates language users to select a borrowed form over a receptor language equivalent, what is the (perceived) social meaning of this choice and how can we empirically address these questions?This special issue seeks to bring into debate the interface between speakers (the social dimension) and language (the linguistic dimension) with regard to lexical borrowing, and to probe how language regard and speaker identity influence and explain the use of loanwords. In a bid to better understand this complex interface, the special issue includes papers that explore a range of empirical methodologies drawn from different subfields of (socio)linguistics and closely related scientific domains (linguistic anthropology, conversation analysis, corpus linguistics, social psychology and psycholinguistics) and documents a variety of contact situations: English loans into French and Finnish, Māori loanwords into New Zealand English, German loans into Dutch. Together, the different perspectives presented in this issue help advance our understanding of the relationship between lexical change on the one hand, and language regard and (social) identity on the other hand.

Diachronic Corpora, Genre, and Language Change by Richard J. Whitt

REVIEWS Diachronic Corpora, Genre, and Language Change. Ed. by R J. W. (Studies in Corpus Linguistics, ) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins. . viii+ pp. €. ISBN ––––. Over the last forty years ‘genre’ has been one of the most important concepts in historical linguistics, at least in historical sociolinguistics (see Terttu Nevalainen and Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, ‘Historical Sociolinguistics: Origins, Motivations, and Paradigms’, in e Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics, ed. by Juan M. Hernández-Campoy and J. Camilo Conde-Silvestre (Malden: Blackwell, ), pp. – (p. )). It is thus the laudable aim of this volume to provide a state-ofthe -art overview of the study of genre as an influence on language change as well as the locus of language change, and to supplement other collections of papers on this topic. e book consists of fourteen chapters originally presented at a conference at the University of Nottingham in April . e collection is divided into three sections: Part  on ‘Methods in Diachronic Corpus Linguistics’; Part  on ‘Genre and Diachronic Corpora’; and Part  on ‘Genre-Based Analyses of Linguistic Phenomena’. A richly referenced and intellectually comprehensive introduction by the book’s editor offers a readable and insightful definition of genre in general and the particular challenges faced by addressing these issues in the compilation and mining of diachronic corpora. at the very concept of genre is still under discussion is demonstrated by the fact that, despite the remarks in the general introduction, most papers give their own definition as well. Following on from the general introduction, the first part begins with a contribution by Konstantin Niehaus and Stephan Elspaß, who introduce their corpus project on nineteenth-century German, a project with a special focus on the balance of regional variation and register variation. ey illustrate the benefits of their corpus with a case study of three German grammatical features, one from syntax, one from derivational morphology, and one from inflectional morphology. Because of their corpus design, they can provide evidence that regional variation in German was rather pluriareal than pluricentric and that the view ‘from below’ uncovers more variation for research into the history of modern German. e next chapter, by Bryan Jurish, introduces the formal bases of DiaCollo, an open-source tool for diachronic collocation profiling. ird, Eric Atwell presents a range of corpus resources and their applications developed for classical and modern Arabic, and how they are used despite their different genres and variants to train machine learning of modern texts. e second part consists of two papers, the first by Irma Taavitsainen on the change in genre in English medical writing between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries, and the second by Bethany Gray and Douglas Biber, who show with convincing detail how language change actually happens in the genre of academic writing, a genre that is generally seen to be ‘resistant to change’ (p. ). e grammatical changes under scrutiny by the authors did not originate in speech, as  Reviews their cross-genre comparison shows. is contribution leads into the third part, starting with Georgia Fragaki and Dionysis Goutsos tracking the actual language use between H variety katharévousa and L variety dhimotikí in Greek over nine decades in different genres, showing the changes and their dependence on genre. It is followed by Florian Haas on the increase of the impersonal use of ‘you’ independent of the overall use of second-person pronouns in different genres in English. Ole Schützler maps out the frequencies and semantics of the concessive conjunctions ‘although’, ‘though’, and ‘even though’ in American English. Karolina Rudnicka traces the relation between sentence length, genre, and the syntactic usage of ‘in order to’ in English. Whereas up to this point the third part presents sound studies on linguistic features in corpora and their dependence on genre, the second half of Part  focuses a little more on corpus design itself. e preferred use of single-genre over multigenre corpora is discussed in Carola Trips and Achim Stein’s paper on the rise of the recipient passive in English in the contact situation of Middle English and Old French, an approach similar to that of Andrés Enrique-Arias, who tests the pros and cons...

Mathematical Modeling and Characteristics Analysis of the Toroidal Drive With Elastic Deformation in the Conjugating Process

Time-variation of meshing stiffness is the main internal excitation for the vibration and noise of the gear transmission system. Elastic deformation in the rolling contact process is an important factor for the meshing stiffness variation of the toroidal drive. However, most of the previous meshing modeling of the toroidal drive is based on the rigidity hypothesis. In order to investigate the actual contact situation and improve the stability of the toroidal drive, this paper focuses on the mathematical modelling and characteristics analysis for the toroidal drive with elastic deformation in the conjugating process between the planet-worm gear and sun-worm as well as between the planet-worm gear and internal toroidal gear. The elastic deformation integrated coordinate system of the toroidal drive is introduced. The elastic deformation velocity induced by contact force is adopted for the first time in the relative velocity of the Wills law for the toroidal drive. Then, based on Hertz contact theory, the relationship between elastic deformation velocity and normal force is studied. In addition, the influences of the elastic deformation on the meshing contact curve, helix-lead angle and induced normal curvature are further discussed.

LANGUAGE ADJUSTMENT ON A CONTACT SITUATIONS BETWEEN NATIVE SPEAKERS AND ADVANCED JAPANESE LEARNERS: A COMPARISON WITH NATIVE SPEAKERS SITUATIONS (母語話者と上級日本語学習者の接続場面における言語調整：母語場面との比較)

The situations where both native and non-native speakers participate in a conversation are called contact situations. In these situations, both native and non-native speakers make verbal behaviour adjustments to achieve a smooth conversation. Adjustments by native speakers usually are made in form of Foreigner Talk (FT) while adjustments by non-native speakers made by performing communication strategies (CS). The common point between FT and CS comes from the lack of language ability or resource deficit. However, higher the non-native speakers’ second language proficiency, the adjustments made by both speakers are expected to be more complex. This paper is aiming to investigate those verbal adjustments made by native speakers in the contact situations with advanced learners / non-native speakers. To do it, this paper is employing n-gram method to gain the database of collocation and its occurrence frequency. The data for this research are Nagoya University Conversation Corpus and Nagoya University Japanese Learners Corpus. From the data, this paper found verbal behaviour adjustments which takes form in expressions such are “un” which coined at the end of own utterance, “tokaitte”, and “sounanda”.

Intonation, identity and contact‐induced change among Polish‐speaking migrants in the U.K.

This article examines intonational variation in a language contact situation. The study contributes to sociolinguistic research on the social meaning of intonational variation (Podesva ; Levon ). Intonation is studied in a multilingual context of global mobility: within a group of Polish‐speaking migrants in Britain who, thanks to cheap transportation and new channels of communication, could make use of linguistic resources unlimited by territorial boundaries from the beginning of their transnational experience. The study shows that speakers with seemingly similar linguistic and cultural profiles make use of intonation patterns in different ways in the context of the narrative of the self: speakers oriented towards the global economy and the English‐speaking world incorporate a mainly English intonational pattern, the fall‐rise, with increased frequency to do interactional work that it does in English, while other groups maintain Standard Polish norms. As shown, intonational variation participates in the creation of fluid identities that blur linguistic and sociocultural boundaries.

Benchmarking of two flexible multibody dynamic simulation software in engine simulations

In this paper, two different commercial multibody dynamic (MBD) simulation software cases are studied. Due to the restrictions determined in the conditions of contract, the names of the software are not revealed, instead being called Software S and Software E. The central purpose of this research was to investigate the abilities of Software S in the simulation of a large engine, as a part of the strength analysis process. The abilities were studied by comparing the program with another, here called Software E, which is designed primarily for engine simulations. The capabilities of Software E have been proven after years of usage at Wärtsilä, resulting in its essential role in the strength analysis process today. The aim was to find the shortcomings and restrictions of Software S but also advantages it could bring to the strength analysis process for Wärtsilä. Similar simulation models were also built using both programs during this research. A 16-cylinder V-engine was selected as the subject because of its size in order to obtain further information about the behavior of the program when working with extensive model files. The components of the engine were flexible and were reduced FE models, also called super elements. The forces and contact situations that occur inside the engine were modeled using elements provided by the MBD programs. Different levels of detail of the modeling elements were used to obtain information about the flexibility of the program. The results obtained from time integrations were compared to ensure the similarity of both modeling elements used. Also, this paper reports the calculation times. In addition, a small-scale study was performed for Software S to clarify the effect of the modes used in time integrations towards results accuracy and calculation times. Simulation models were built successfully in both programs, and the results obtained correlated with each other on an adequate level. Significant differences appeared in the features and usability of the programs in general. The GUI of Software S is advanced and user-friendly, whereas Software E is not focused on these features. On the other hand, the modeling element library of Software E covers all of the required features related to large engine simulations, some of which Software S is lacking. This work can be used in assistance when considering buying new software for a company as well as when investigating new development areas that could be improved with new software.

Die Renaissance der interkulturellen Kompetenz: Der Moral Turn in den Interkulturalitätsdiskursen

Since the start of the new millennium, research into intercultural communication and intercultural competence has embarked on an open debate on normative orientations for action in situations of intercultural contact. The contribution at hand presents the preliminary results and impressions from a thematic qualitative content analysis of central academic publications on intercultural communication from the past six decades. Earlier utilitarian paradigms on the one side and a growing outreach towards interpretative paradigms from ethnographic research have, of late, steered intercultural communication research into a moral vacuum. Since then, the discipline can be characterized as undergoing a moral turn. As a consequence, future research may face an opportunity of reflecting on its own moral paradigms in order to produce even more precise orientations for action in intercultural contacts

Rotational Speed-Dependent Contact Formulation for Nonlinear Blade Dynamics Prediction

Considering rotational speed-dependent stiffness for vibrational analysis of friction-damped bladed disk models has proven to lead to significant improvements in nonlinear frequency response curve computations. The accuracy of the result is driven by a suitable choice of reduction bases. Multimodel reduction combines various bases, which are valid for different parameter values. This composition reduces the solution error drastically. The resulting set of equations is typically solved by means of the harmonic balance method. Nonlinear forces are regularized by a Lagrangian approach embedded in an alternating frequency/time domain method providing the Fourier coefficients for the frequency domain solution. The aim of this paper is to expand the multimodel approach to address rotational speed-dependent contact situations. Various reduction bases derived from composing Craig–Bampton, Rubin–Martinez, and hybrid interface methods will be investigated with respect to their applicability to capture the changing contact situation correctly. The methods validity is examined based on small academic examples as well as large-scale industrial blade models. Coherent results show that the multimodel composition works successfully, even if multiple different reduction bases are used per sample point of variable rotational speed. This is an important issue in case that a contact situation for a specific value of the speed is uncertain forcing the algorithm to automatically choose a suitable basis. Additionally, the randomized singular value decomposition is applied to rapidly extract an appropriate multimodel basis. This approach improves the computational performance by orders of magnitude compared to the standard singular value decomposition, while preserving the ability to provide a best rank approximation.

«We live in peace and friendship, we have learned to cook beshbarmak»: typological models of interethnic interactions in Samara Trans-Volga Region

The paper presents the experience of study of interethnic interactions in Samara Trans-Volga region on the example of Belozerki village of Krasnoyarskiy District of the Samara Region. Theoretical and methodological approaches were determined by the concept of ethnic boundaries, taking into account differential features in the cultural codes of the contacting groups, as well as some other factors (historical, social, demographic, ecological, etc.) that influence the formation of interethnic relations. The purpose of the study was to identify the mechanism of ethnic groups interaction historically living in the village in situations of interethnic contacts (including contacts with migrant communities), factors determining the formation and maintenance of ethno cultural identity of groups and ethnic boundaries between them, to determine the nature of mutual socio-cultural adaptation of groups. During the study the situation of interethnic interaction in the language, socio-economic and ethno-cultural spheres was analyzed taking into account a historical factor; characteristics of ethnic dichotomies (ethnic markers) were given, mainly on the example of predominant groups of the Russians, the Chuvash and the Mordovians. The results of the study showed the presence of ethnic boundaries, determined by the history of Belozerki settlement, as well as cultural specifics, features of language behavior and ethnic identification, the nature of socio-economic contacts of groups, and determined the change of various models of interethnic interaction during half a century history and their diversity at present. The factors that support the group identity of the Mordovians and the Chuvash are the language, functional in the family and domestic sphere, intra-ethnic contacts in everyday, but more often in festive and ritual spheres. The study is based on archival, published sources and field materials of the authors (2018).

Greek Loanwords in Samaritan Aramaic

Abstract For the first time, we provide a comprehensive and annotated list of 74 certain, likely, and possible Greek loanwords in Samaritan Aramaic, paying due attention to the variegated distribution of the loans in the different textual genres and chronological stages of the dialect. Greek loanwords in Jewish and Christian Palestinian Aramaic as well as Rabbinic Hebrew are compared throughout. The study provides insights into the contact situation of Greek and Samaritan Aramaic in Late Antique Palestine. An appendix contains short discussions of 22 additional lexical items for which a Greek etymon has been proposed erroneously.

The Russian-Chinese Pidgin

Abstract For a long period in history, the border between Russian Empire and China was a place of constant and intensive cultural and language contacts, which resulted in the emergence of the Russian-Chinese Pidgin. In the 19th century it was used by no less than one million people around the border with China, in an area of more than 3,000 kilometers long. The grammatical analysis of Russian-Chinese Pidgin reveals several features (e.g. using the imperative as a basic verb form), which can be interpreted not only linguistically but sociologically as well, because they are intertwined with the social positions of the contact groups and their attitudes towards each other. Interestingly, features found in the pidgin’s grammar have certain parallels in foreigner-directed talk used nowadays by Russian speakers when communicating with Chinese speakers in the border area, which may indicate there are rather stable linguistic stereotypes associated with these contact situations.

Language shift in Newar: a case study in the Kathmandu Valley

This paper explores the patterns of language shift in Newar, the ethnic indigenous language community living in the Kathmandu Valley. The research focuses on language contact situations in different domains viz. social, cultural, personal, and official as well as media related activities where the informants are asked to use different languages along with the use of their own mother tongue i.e. Newar. This socio-ethnographic research aims at providing some clues as to how the discovery of a minority language triggers changes in representations and attitudes.

Dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle running on jointed track

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the two-axle vehicle which is running on the jointed track. Both of them, the vehicle model and the track model, are discrete models. A wheel-rail elastic model is implemented, which allows simulation of the track wheel detachment and geometric contact situation in two points. We analyse the dynamic behaviour, both for the vehicle and the track. We highlighted the influence of the vehicle speed on wheel-rail contact forces and also truck body, wheels and track accelerations.