Contact Situations Research Articles

TMR Al12N12 molecule by considering the effect of temperature

The effects of electron–phonon (e–p) interactions, on the transport properties, electrical conductivity, current–voltage characteristic and tunneling magneto resistance (TMR) of the Al12N12 molecule are investigated here. Besides, the influences of the temperature and magnetic field are also included. According to the results, electrical conductivity, current–voltage characteristics and TMR of Al12N12 molecule change at the presence of e–p interaction in the situation of single, four and six-atom contacts. Besides, considering the spin degrees of freedom it is shown that the current increases and the TMR behavior changes at the zero bias voltage. The electrical conductivities for the parallel ( $$ \downarrow \downarrow \,{\text{or}}\, \uparrow \uparrow ) $$ and antiparallel ( $$ \uparrow \downarrow \,{\text{or}}\, \downarrow \uparrow ) $$ spins of the six-atom contacts are larger than the single and four-atom contacts.

Lend me your verbs: Verb borrowing between Jingulu and Mudburra

ABSTRACT We discuss two unrelated languages, Jingulu (Mirndi, non-Pama-Nyungan) and Mudburra (Ngumpin-Yapa, Pama-Nyungan), which have been in contact for 200–500 years. The language contact situation is unusual cross-linguistically due to the high number of shared nouns, tending to an almost shared noun lexicon. Even more unusually, this lexicon was formed by borrowing in both directions at a relatively equal rate. The aim of this paper is to extend the bidirectional noun borrowing results to the verbal systems of Jingulu and Mudburra to determine whether a similarly high rate of borrowing occurred, and if so, whether it was similarly bidirectional. The high degree of shared Jingulu–Mudburra verb forms was first observed by Pensalfini who claimed that Jingulu and Mudburra lexical verbs are almost entirely cognate across these two languages. This paper aims to quantify the degree of shared verb forms and determine the direction of borrowing between Mudburra and Jingulu. We first establish shared forms and then determine the origins of the forms based on a comparative database of verbs from geographic and phylogenetic neighbours (Wambaya, Gurindji and Jaminjung).

Northwest Mandarin, Standard Chinese, and Tibetan elements in Wutun lexicon

Abstract Wutun is a distinct form of Northwest Mandarin spoken by approximately 4000 people in a rural area called Seng ge gshong (‘the valley of the lion’) in the Wutun language, or Wutun 五屯 in Standard Chinese, located a few kilometers from Rong bo (Long wu 龙务), the county seat of Reb gong (Tongren 同仁), in the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai province, People’s Republic of China. This article analyzes some features of basic and cultural Wutun vocabulary (Northwest Mandarin, Standard Chinese, and Tibetan items, as well as hybrid and idiosyncratic words) exploring prospects for lexical borrowing in an intense language contact situation, as well as the impact of the environment, cultural influences, and linguistic prestige in the development of the lexicon of a small language community.

ICT를 활용한 원격접촉장면에서의 일본어 학습자와 모어화자의 청자언어행동

본 연구에서는 청각만을 제공하는 전화 통화의 경우와는 달리 청각과 시각을 동시에 제공할 수 있는 「텔레비전 화상회의 시스템」을 활용한 「원격접촉장면」에서 한국인 일본어 학습자와 일본어 모어화자가 어떻게 청자언어행동을 운용하는지를 실제 「대면접촉장면」과의 비교를 통해 실증적으로 분석, 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.BR 분석, 고찰의 결과 밝혀진 주된 결과는 다음과 같다.BR 1. 맞장구적 반응의 접촉장면에 있어서 한국인 일본어 학습자는 원격접촉장면(16.3%)보다는 대면접촉장면(33.8%)에서 2배 이상 출현율이 높은 것으로 드러났다. 한편, 일본어 모어화자는 대면접촉장면(66.2%)보다는 원격접촉장면(83.7%)에서 보다 더 높은 비율로 사용하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.BR 2. 맞장구적 반응의 출현위치에 있어서 일본어 학습자도 모어화자도 원격접촉장면에서는 상대방의

Evaluación del estado de desplazamiento del zapoteco en Juchitán de Zaragoza, México

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el grado de desplazamiento lingüístico que presenta el zapoteco en la ciudad de Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, México. Este trabajo se enmarca en la teoría de ecología de presiones, la cual indica que, en una situación de contacto lingüístico, existen relaciones asimétricas de poder que generan presiones negativas hacia los hablantes de la lengua autóctona, llevándolos a actuar en contra de la vitalidad de su propia lengua. En este estudio se realiza un análisis descriptivo del bilingüismo social de la comunidad de Juchitán con el propósito de identificar las habilidades lingüísticas de los hablantes en zapoteco y en español, así como los cambios que ambas lenguas han tenido intergeneracionalmente. La recolección de datos se realizó por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de la población de 382 personas de un total de 74 825 habitantes. Durante este procedimiento, a los encuestados se les solicitó que evaluaran su nivel de competencia comunicativa tanto en zapoteco como en español. Los resultados muestran que el zapoteco presenta una reducción considerable de su transmisión intergeneracional, lo que se observa en el hecho de que la mayoría de los niños son hablantes monolingües del español y solo un número reducido de ellos puede entender el zapoteco. En contraste, el español se ha consolidado en todos los grupos generacionales, aún entre los adultos mayores. Debido a esto, se concluye que el zapoteco presenta un estado avanzado de desplazamiento lingüístico en la comunidad de Juchitán.

Building bridges in police-youth relations through experiential peacebuilding: how reduced threat and increased humanization impact racialized structural and direct violence in Baltimore

ABSTRACT In the United States, trust in law enforcement is plummeting alongside increased crime rates and police-involved killings, primarily of unarmed black men, making this social issue of imminent importance. Moreover, globally, security actor reform and relationship-building between communities and security forces is essential to post-conflict reconstruction and violence prevention. This research examines Outward Bound’s Police Youth Challenge (PYC) program with officers and youth in Baltimore to assess the long-term impact of encounter-based peace education programs that use experiential peacebuilding to bridge divides between youth and security actors. To achieve this goal, interviews, focus groups, and observations were conducted with youth, officers, and key informants, and we conducted analysis of secondary data collected by Outward Bound and external evaluators. We found that PYC reduced intergroup anxiety and threat through building trust and facilitating mutual humanization between the youth and officers, which countered officers’ meta-dehumanization. However, challenges arose in participants generalizing these attitudes to the broader population outside of the contact situation. Consequently, we recommend follow-on activities to sustain transformations and promote their generalization to other out-group members. These findings suggest the importance of utilizing experiential peacebuilding to improve attitudes and relationships between security actors and the local populations they police.

How ordinary child language acquisition processes can lead to the unusual outcome of a mixed language

Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the language processing mechanisms involved when young children bring structural innovations into their community way of speaking, as part of conventionalising code-switching practices to become a mixed language. Approach: The study takes a qualitative approach to the analysis of child language acquisition and adult speech data in two contexts. Data and Analysis: The study analyses naturalistic and spontaneous speech data of children and adults speaking the mixed language, Light Warlpiri, and adults older than that age group who do not speak the new mixed language. It compares an innovative auxiliary form in Light Warlpiri to child non-target speech in English with data taken from the Child Language Data Exchange System corpus. Findings: The findings are that the Light Warlpiri-speaking children used processes of re-analysis that are commonly found in child first language acquisition in other contexts to re-analyse elements of the verbal input, but because of the sociolinguistic context they created an innovative structure. Originality: The study is the first to directly compare processes of innovation in language contact with those of non-target structures in monolingual child language acquisition, identifying the same processes in each. It is also the first to show that a dramatic structural change from a linguistic perspective may be a small, incremental change from a child learner’s perspective. Significance/Implications: The significance of the study is that until now processes of innovation in language contact situations have been thought by many to differ in quality from those in monolingual child language acquisition contexts. This study shows that the child language acquisition processes are the same in each situation, but different sociolinguistic contexts lead to different outcomes for the communities’ ways of speaking. It also shows that children do not bring in new structure that is not motivated by their input; rather, they make small changes to the input they receive.

Yiddish–Lithuanian bilingualism: Incomplete acquisition, change through contacts, or both?

Aims and Objectives/Purposes/Research Questions: Studies on incomplete first language (L1) acquisition emphasize restricted input, the low prestige of heritage/immigrant/minority languages, and age of acquisition as significant factors contributing to changes in L1. However, it is not always clear whether it is possible to distinguish results of incomplete acquisition and contact-induced language change. This article deals with two Yiddish–Lithuanian bilinguals who acquired both languages at home (recorded in 2010 and 2011). The focus of the article is the absence of the Yiddish past tense auxiliary in both informants and the replacement of Yiddish discourse-pragmatic words by their Lithuanian or English equivalents in the speech of the second informant. Design/Methodology/Approach: Qualitative analysis of the speech of two Yiddish–Lithuanian bilinguals. Data and Analysis: Two sets of recordings analyzed for the past tense use and other features mentioned in Yiddish attrition studies. Findings/Conclusions: Restricted input is to be considered as a factor in any case. However, it is argued that phenomena reported in the heritage language literature are often the same as in the contact linguistic literature: impact on non-core morphosyntax, prosody, and word order are usually mentioned as primary candidates of contact-induced structural change. Based on purely linguistic phenomena, it is not possible to distinguish between the results of acquisition under the conditions of limited input and in other contact situations where limited input is not necessarily the case. Many features of the informants’ Yiddish are a result of Lithuanian impact. Originality: Yiddish–Lithuanian early bilingualism is extremely rare nowadays. The data and analysis contribute to a general understanding of the interplay between contact-induced language change and limited input. Significance/Implications: Unlike what is often presumed, it is not always possible to make comparisons to monolinguals or balanced bilinguals because monolingual speakers of Yiddish do not exist.

ROLE OF FLUID ON THE CONTACT DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE

This paper will focus on the role of fluids on the indentation deformation response of tooth and eye tissues. All natural biological materials contain fluid and function in a fluidic environment, which plays a critical role in responding to loading events as well as tissue nutrition. The location of this fluid varies and is considered as both bound and mobile with much of it located in cell compartments that are also able to respond directly to loading. The extent of the fluid content varies from less than 10 % in the case of the highly mineralised enamel to more than 80 % in the case of soft eye tissues. The role of the fluid and its response during loading is also complicated by the hierarchical structure of biological tissues, be they mineralised or not. The mechanisms by which the presence of fluid in these materials influences the mechanical response is still poorly understood and has not been systematically investigated. The present paper presents data generated over many years on both the above biological tissues and attempts to present indications as to the mechanism(s) by which the presence of fluid contributes to the deformation. The situation associated with contact loading with the presence of mobile fluid in the tissues results in a more complex situation than the classic elastic-plastic contact situation, but the latter still forms the basis for much of the analysis of instrumented indentation force-displacement load-unloading curves using various shapes of indenters, especially for mineralised structures. In the case of soft tissues the absence of agreed protocols for interpretation of force-displacement-time responses is restricting clinical/biological applications.

Untethered-Bioinspired Quadrupedal Robot Based on Double-Chamber Pre-charged Pneumatic Soft Actuators with Highly Flexible Trunk.

Given that mobile soft robots are adaptable to the environment, they are always tethered with slow locomotion speed. Compared with other types of mobile robots, mobile soft robots may be more suitable for rescuing tasks, accompanying elderly people, and being used as a safe toy for children. However, the infinite freedom of soft robots increases the difficulty of precision control. In addition, the large volume and long tube of the conventional soft actuator structure limit the range of motion of current mobile soft robots. In this article, a newly designed innovative untethered-bioinspired quadrupedal robot based on double-chamber pre-charged pneumatic (DCPCP) soft actuators with highly flexible trunk is proposed. Asymmetrical cross-tendons actuated by servo motors are used to drive the DCPCP soft legs so that buckling can be avoided and mimic the gait of quadruped animals with the simplest drive and control strategy. In addition, the proposed design greatly improves energy efficiency and exhibits superior performance of variable stiffness. The bioinspired highly flexible trunk is designed with the supporting spine structure and tendon driven muscle to deform, which can constantly adjust to the contact situation between the foot and the ground to adjust the center of gravity of the soft quadruped robot and increase stability when walking and turning. The proposed soft quadruped robot does not require any air compressors, valves, and hoses. The characteristics of untethered, high-energy efficiency, linear control, and stability make the soft quadruped robot suitable for many applications.

Compound Formation in Language Mixing.

In this paper, I discuss nominal compound formation in language contact situations, the question being of how compounding in language mixing can inform both theories of mixing and theories of word-hood. This contributes to our further understanding of how word formation operates in cases of language mixing and what exactly is being mixed in mixing, i.e., words vs. units smaller than words, e.g., stems or roots. Compounding is important to answer this question, as languages differ with respect to the units they employ for compound formation, i.e., phrases vs. stems. The data to be discussed will be a mixture of materials that have already been published in the literature and newly collected data and involve several mixing varieties, namely, Greek–English, Greek–Italian, Greek–Turkish, Turkish–Norwegian, Turkish–Dutch, and French–Dutch. I then offer an analysis using the tools of syntactic models of word formation (e.g., distributed morphology), assuming a decompositional approach.

PHONETIC FEATURES OF THE KALMYK AND OIRAT LANGUAGES OF WEST MONGOLIA

The purpose of the article. By comparing the elements of phonetic systems of the modern Kalmyk language and the Oirat language of West Mongolia, the authors aim to identify in these languages the pan-Oirat areal features, the specific phonetic characteristics that were formed during the hundreds of years of independent development in the Kalmyk language and the Oirat language of West Mongolia and preserved through the historical development. The solution to this task may provide the research basis for the future development of issues of historical grammar. Scientific novelty. The comparison of language contacts of Oirats in West Mongolia and Kalmyks living in Russia. The expansion of Oirats over large areas and continuous language contacts must have led to the development of differences in the languages of Oirats in West Mongolia and Kalmyks in Kalmykia. There are new opportunities to compare the identical variants in different contact situations, which allows one to assess the importance of such factors as the structural similarity on the phonetic level of the contacting languages. As a result, the prerequisites will be formed for the creation of historical grammar of the Mongolian protolanguage. This research topic is unique in global Mongolian studies. Results. The study of the Kalmyk language and the Oirat language of West Mongolia has indicated that during the four centuries of independent development, the Kalmyk language has remained practically unchanged within one of its main levels – phonetic and is almost similar to the Oirat language area formed in the ancient times. Conclusions. The phonetic structure of the modern Kalmyk language has remained practically unchanged and retains the features of the Oirat language area.

Genealogy of Cebuano Language in Calbayog City, Samar

This study investigated the reasons why the resident-participants of Brgy. Pena, Brgy. Malayog, Brgy. Cagmanipis Sur and Brgy. Cagmanipis Norte speak Cebuano. The researcher used narrative research design wherein, in-depth interviews were conducted to the participants of the barangays. Significant reasons revealed that the first settlers of the barangays originally came from Cebu and Masbate. The original settlers who came from Cebu and Masbate were Cebuano speakers in nature and this is due to the primary livelihood which is fishing. Further, the participants have strong language preservation and maintenance towards Cebuano language and a strong indicator of this is they are active speakers of their language. Hence, the participants positively see their language as their tool to communicate even with the majority speakers as they perceived their language not as a hindrance in participating in communication settings even with the Waray-Waray Speakers. Lastly, there is a precise establishment of habitual language use in a contact situation despite of contact with majority language speakers.

From language mixing to fused lects: The process and its outcomes

Objectives: In this introductory article, we advance a unified framework for analysis and interpretation of transfer of overt linguistic structure in language contact situations. Our goal is to demonstrate that fusion, a process whereby results of bilingual practices become grammaticized and conventionalized (see Auer 1999, 2014), is a gradient phenomenon, which applies to a large spectrum of language contact phenomena. Our additional objective is to situate the contributions to this special issue in the context of this approach. Design: The article defines fusion as a central concept underlying the proposed framework, identifies the basic dimensions of fusion and showcases its various outcomes by reviewing extensive contact linguistics literature and the contributions to this special issue. Data and Analysis: In our analysis of contact linguistic phenomena, we draw on available linguistic descriptions of pertinent contact varieties and bilingual practices. We examine these phenomena in terms of fusion and in relation to its three basic dimensions. Findings: This article shows that fusion, being a gradient multifaceted phenomenon, should be analyzed along the following dimensions: (a) the amount of structure affecting the receiving language, (b) the degree of sedimentation of bilingual patterns, (c) the degree of fusional compartmentalization. Significance: The present article identifies and describes manifold outcomes of fusion in terms of three basis dimensions. These dimensions enable one to distinguish fused lects from language mixing and other bilingual phenomena and need therefore be incorporated in future linguistic descriptions and analyses of fused lects.

The analysis of linguistic variation in Translation Studies. A proposal for classifying translational phenomena between source text and target text

This paper addresses the study of variation in translated texts from a theoretical-methodological perspective. The first section focuses on the determining factors affecting diasystematic variation in the variational space of languages, a concept emerging from the field of German variational linguistics, where I refer to the domains of communicative immediacy and communicative distance, two concepts essential for understanding the classification proposed in the following pages. The second section is devoted to the type that I have called contact-based variation, defining language variants attributable to the situation of contact in which all translations are produced. The third section briefly covers what I have termed gradational variation, i.e. the existence of forms that are intensified or attenuated with respect to others. The fourth section describes how the three types of variation interrelate in target texts and establishes a typology of phenomena aimed at explaining variants in translated texts, revolving around the concept of interference. Lastly, the viability of this proposal for analysing variants in the field of descriptive, historical, and applied linguistics is discussed

Partitivity in Slavic-Romance language contact: The case of Molise Slavic in Italy

AbstractMolise Slavic is a south Slavic micro-language, spoken in three municipalities in the Italian region of Molise. It has been in a situation of total language contact with Romance varieties for about 500 years, with strong foreign influence on all linguistic levels. This paper is intended as a contribution to two combined fields of linguistics: contact linguistics and the expression of partitivity in Slavic in different settings. The paper opens with a short description of the position of the (morphological)partitivecase in Russian, followed by a comparison of the role of case in expressing partitive objects in Russian, Croatian and Molise Slavic. The subsequent section will deal with other means of rendering pure and ablativic partitivity in Italian as the dominant model language and in the Molise Slavic replica, in particular with respect to the similarities and differences in existential constructions. Special attention will be paid to the Italian partitive particleneand its formal and functional equivalents in Molise Slavic, including the particlena/ne, partitive personal pronouns, quantifiers, the genitive and the role of intonation and word order. Finally we will test various hypotheses about the origin of the particlena/ne, whose formal variation in one of the Molise Slavic dialects causes serious problems for both loanword integration and semantic calquing.

New Dialect Formation Through Language Contact

The situation of sustained contact between Spanish and English in Miami during the past half century provides a rare opportunity to study contact-induced language change in an ecological context in which speakers of the immigrant language (i.e., Spanish) have become the numerical majority. The study reported here is designed to track the phonetic and prosodic influences of Spanish on the variety of English emerging among second-generation Miami-born Latinx speakers of various national origin backgrounds by examining a suite of variables shown in prior studies to exhibit Spanish substrate influence in other regional contexts. We examine two kinds of phonetic variables in the English spoken by 20 second-generation Latinx and 5 Anglo white speakers: (1) prosodic rhythm and (2) vowel quality. Prosodic rhythm was quantified using Low and Grabe’s Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI); results show that Miami-born Latinx speakers are significantly more syllable-timed in casual speech than Miami-born Anglo white speakers. Significant vocalic differences were also observed, with Latinx speakers producing lower and more backed tokens of [æ] in prenasal and nonprenasal positions and more backed tokens of [u].

재한일본인여성의 거주지역에 따른 언어접촉 양상

재한일본인여성의 거주지역에 따른 언어접촉 양상

Positional finite element formulation for two-dimensional analysis of elasto-plastic solids with contact applied to cold forming processes simulation

In this work, we develop a position-based finite element formulation for elasto-plastic solids under contact situation. The proposed positional formulation employs a total Lagrangian description and naturally considers geometric nonlinearities. The employed elasto-plastic model is derived from the dissipation inequality, using the thermodynamic conjugacy between the plastic strain rate and the so-called Mandel stress. The formulation is based on the Kroner–Lee decomposition, in which the deformation gradient is multiplicatively split into its elastic and plastic parts. We apply the backward Euler method to solve the plastic evolutions and von Mises yield criterion to define the elastic limit. The adopted kinematic hardening model is a finite strain generalization of the Armstrong–Frederick law, which uses the objective Jaumann derivative for the evolution equation and the concept of back stress tensor as an internal variable. For the elastic parcel of strains, we adopt a neo-Hookean constitutive law. With respect to the 2D application, plane strain and plane stress approximations are considered, where the latter is solved numerically by a local Newton–Raphson numerical procedure. Regarding the contact problem, a classical node-to-segment algorithm is applied, considering both frictionless and frictional cases, with the introduction of Lagrange multipliers in order to enforce contact constraints. Representative numerical examples are used to validate and show the possibilities of the proposed formulation in macroscale simulation of metal cold forming manufacturing processes.

Tactile Sensor with High-Density Microcantilever and Multiple PDMS Bumps for Contact Detection

In the study, we investigated a detection method of partial contact of an object owing to curved or uneven surface of the contact object by a tactile sensor. The sensor is developed using three microcantilevers embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bump. First, three bumps were employed to place a bump for each cantilever. It was possible to detect a contact position because the resistance change in the strain gauge on the cantilever under each bump significantly depended on the contact/non-contact state of each bump. Second, a tactile sensor with high-density arrangement of microcantilevers was used to detect partial or tilted contact situations. The results indicated that the output of a tactile sensor with high-density arrangement of microcantilevers reflected partial or tilted contact. It is suggested that a tactile sensor with multiple bumps and high-density microcantilevers allows for more dexterous gripping control based on the shape of the object and contact angle.