Situation Of Women In Science Research Articles

O współczesnej sytuacji kobiet w świecie nauki, szkolnictwa wyższego i hierarchii akademickiej

About the contemporary situation of women in the world of science, higher education and academic hierarchy in Poland Summa r y : In Poland, the situation of women in science and academia is comparable to other countries. The aim of this article is to show selected aspects of the contemporary position of women in the science sector, higher education and the academic hierarchy – with particular emphasis on the situation of women scientists in Poland. Although there are more and more of them, compared to men, disproportionately few of them become professors. They are also much less likely to hold high managerial positions, take decision-making positions and pursue careers in the fields referred to as STEM. The study uses the desk research method, including selected research analyzes by various authors, as well as the results of own research related to the topic.

Women in STEM in Paraguay

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current situation of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields in Paraguay using enrollment data from the largest university of the country. The paper also presents data from the National Researcher Incentive Program which was implemented in 2011. Results show that the situation of Paraguayan women regarding their choice of career and field of study is not dissimilar from other countries. With the exception of medical and health-related fields, there remains a significant gender gap in STEM careers. Socio-cultural factors such as society's expectations for women, child bearing, family responsibilities and other traditional gender-stereotyping issues play a decisive role in the choice of women's careers.

Social exclusion in academia through biases in methodological quality evaluation: On the situation of women in science and philosophy

Empirical studies show that academia is socially exclusive. I argue that this social exclusion works, at least partly, through the systematic methodological disqualification of contributions from members of underrepresented social groups. As methodological quality criteria are underdetermined their interpretation and weighting can be biased with relation to gender, race, social background, etc. Such biased quality evaluation can take place on a local or global level. The current situation of women in academic philosophy illuminates this. I conclude that only mechanical solutions can effectively change the situation.

Women in Science – Why Networking Matters

Although the representation of women in science and research has improved significantly over the past few years, women are still far from enjoying the same presence and visibility as their male colleagues. This article depicts the current situation by providing recent data, and it explains why more efforts are still needed. It introduces key concepts that are important for a better understanding of the situation of women in science. Some special attention is given to the particular state of affairs of female scientists in the former communist countries. Finally, the article introduces networking activities as a key tool for strengthening women’s position in the world of science and research. It presents the main findings of a recent study on women’s engagement in international research networks, which proved to have tangible positive career implications for the researchers involved. Thus, the article calls for further efforts to encourage female scientists, both senior and junior, to actively engage in research networking activities in order to shape their profiles, strengthen their position and contribute their expertise to international research.

Igualdad y equidad en Ciencia y Tecnología en Iberoamérica

This study introduces the paper of this issue entitled, Equality and Equity in Latin American Science and Technology. The articles involved analyze the mechanisms through which gender discrimination operates in the institutionalization and professiolnalization of science and technology in some Latin American countries. In spite of the diversity of countries, institutions, disciplines and focuses, all the works coincice in their interest to account women’s exclusion, their motives and the strategies that would allow increasing women presence in order to achieve a full equity and equality in science and technology. The articles presented offer an unique overview of the situation of women in science and technology in those countries and several scientific and technological areas.

Gender and science in Portugal

The situation of women in science in Portugal stands out as a particular case in international comparisons. The argument of this article is that this case is not so particular after all. To pursue this argument, gender and science is approached in two ways. In the first part historical and social factors that may have contributed to the significant presence of women in science will be discussed. The second part focuses on scientific careers and institutions, especially universities, and aims at unveiling gender processes that have been evidenced by research on gender and science in other countries. Throughout the article, evidence will be presented that shows that despite some specificities pertaining to the rapid process of modernization experienced by Portugal during the last 30 years, science has been institutionalized as a gendered profession.

The law is not enough. The publication of the Helsinki report on the situation of women in European academia shows that more than legal hurdles have to be overcome on the way to equal representation.

Trust is a good thing. But control is better. Lenin is supposed to have uttered these words and it has since become a truism. It certainly is valid for all the promises and good‐will declarations that have been made about giving women equal rights. Clearly, the subject of gender equality has not been top of the agenda in many countries over the last decade. The general attitude has been that the legal framework, drafted in response to the women's movement in the 1960s, was sufficient to ensure that all women have equal opportunities in the industrialised countries. But recent statistics concerning the role of women, particularly in the academic realm, show quite a different picture. The first wake‐up call was the publication of the ETAN (European Technology Assessment Network) report in 2000, showing that only a small number of women have risen to the highest ranks in the academic world. The report found that, on average, only 10% of full professorships or equivalent positions in Europe are held by women, despite the fact that men and women start out in equal numbers as undergraduates in the life sciences. Consequently, the ETAN report triggered a buzz of meetings and debates investigating why women disappear along the career path in academia and how to increase their presence in the higher echelons. One of the more factual outcomes was a Europe‐wide survey by the Helsinki group on the situation of women in science in the 15 EU member states and 15 associated states. This group, established in 1999 by the European Commission during the Finnish presidency—hence the name—was created to promote discussion and exchange experiences on the measures taken to promote women in research and to provide statistics for each country monitoring the results. The group is headed by Theresa Rees, Professor of …

Women in the early history of genetics. William Bateson and the Newnham College Mendelians, 1900-1910.

William Bateson was one of the pivotal figures in the early history of genetics, having championed the promise of Mendelism to unravel the secrets of heredity. Many refer to the "school" of genetics he directed at Cambridge between 1900 and 1910, but few note that Bateson's group consisted primarily of women. Bateson turned to botanists, zoologists, and physiologists associated with Newnham College, Cambridge, for critical assistance in advancing his research program at a time when Mendelism was not yet recognized as a legitimate field of study. Cambridge women carried out a series of breeding experiments in a number of plant and animal species between 1902 and 1910, the results of which provided crucial evidence that both supported and extended Mendel's laws of heredity. This essay shows how the situation of women in science in the early twentieth century was a factor--along with scientific, institutional, social, and political developments--in establishing the new discipline of genetics.

Gender, science, and scientific organizations in Germany.

This article considers the situation of women in science in Germany. We argue that scientific organizations play a crucial role in shaping science careers, often with different consequences for men and women. To sustain the argument, we offer a study of the careers of male and female scientists in the Max Planck Society. Our findings show that external support increases career options and opportunities for men, but not for women scientists.

Gender, science and technology in Brazil.

This essay considers gender in relation toBrazilian science and technology. It reviewsleading studies in the field, and offers briefbiographies of pioneering women in science.While there is still much room for improvement,the essay suggests that the situation of womenin science experienced significant progressduring the closing decades of the twentiethcentury.