Efficient last-mile delivery remains a critical challenge for rural agricultural logistics, globally, particularly in cold-climate regions with dispersed agricultural operations. Truck–drone hybrids can reduce delivery times but face payload limits, cold-weather battery loss, and beyond-visual-line-of-sight regulations. This review evaluates the potential of GIS-enabled truck–drone hybrid systems to overcome infrastructural, environmental, and operational barriers in such settings. This study uses the state of North Dakota (USA) as a representative case because of its cold climate, low density, and weak connectivity. These conditions require different routing and system assumptions than typical regions. The study conducts a systematic review of 81 high-quality publications. It identifies seven interconnected research domains: GIS analytics, truck–drone coordination, smart agriculture integration, rural implementation, sustainability assessment, strategic design, and data security. The findings stipulate that GIS enhances hybrid logistics through route optimization, launch site planning, and real-time monitoring. Additionally, this study emphasizes the rural, low-density context and identifies specific gaps related to cold-weather performance, restrictions to line-of-sight operations, and economic feasibility in ultra-low-density delivery networks. The study concludes with a roadmap for research and policy development to enable practical deployment in cold-climate agricultural regions.

This article analyzes the National Coach Museum, designed by Paulo Mendes da Rocha with MMBB Arquitetos and Bak Gordon Arquitectos (2015), focusing on the relationship between urban context and design autonomy. The objective is to understand how the project articulates architectural and urban solutions for connectivity issues. The methodology combines analytical redesign of primary sources, cross-sections, and an interview with engineer Rui Furtado (Afa Consult). Cross-sections are adopted as a tool to understand urban spatialities, linked to a Brazilian design tradition. The analysis reveals that the project operates through three elements – site plan, walkway, and new ground-level connections – that humanize infrastructural transitions. Results demonstrate how contemporary Brazilian architecture, particularly in Mendes da Rocha's work, engages with context through the section, contrasting with Portuguese architecture's plan-based logic. The study highlights urban transitions as key components in shaping urban ambiences and supports the section as a methodological device in architectural design research.

Demographic decline and population ageing present unprecedented challenges to housing systems in post-socialist Europe. With one of the European Union (EU)’s fastest shrinking populations, an underdeveloped social housing sector, and an ageing housing stock dominated by Soviet-era multi-family blocks, Latvia exemplifies these difficulties. Adaptive property reuse—repurposing underutilised buildings into age-friendly social housing—offers a potential solution, but its feasibility depends on complex economic, regulatory, social, and environmental determinants. This study investigated these determinants using a mixed-methods approach. Data were drawn from 312 survey responses, 15 policymaker interviews, 10 developer interviews, and focus group of 25 senior residents across Latvia. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to extract six determinant clusters: site selection, feasibility analysis, design and planning, implementation strategies, monitoring and evaluation, and scaling strategies. The findings demonstrate: (1) economic feasibility and regulatory clarity dominate stakeholder concerns, with financing gaps receiving the lowest ratings (M = 2.91); (2) implementation strategies emerged as the highest-priority determinant, emphasising governance capacity and structured execution; (3) significant trust deficits exist between developers and municipal authorities, undermining collaboration; (4) seniors prioritise design inclusivity and social integration, while developers emphasise cost efficiency and regulatory certainty; and (5) environmental sustainability consistently ranked lower (M ≈ 3.34) across all stakeholder groups due to pressing affordability concerns. Although municipal officers were intentionally oversampled (58%) due to their central role in Latvia’s housing governance, robustness checks confirmed the six-factor structure remained stable across stakeholder groups. This study contributes theoretically by contextualising adaptive reuse within shrinking cities and ageing societies and practically by providing a determinant-based framework for housing policy.

The allure of hidden mineral wealth has long driven exploration yet the complexity of uncovering these resources beneath layers of the earth’s surface remains a formidable challenge. In Keratong, Pahang, a geophysical investigation employing electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) was conducted to map the intricate subsurface landscape across a 1.25 km² of a study area. Eight survey lines were meticulously analysed using a combination of resistivity and induced polarization techniques thus culminating in vivid 2D pseudo-sections and a dynamic 3D contour model. These visualisations reveal a stratified geological profile comprising of overburdened soil, weathered metasediments, and fractured sedimentary rocks that obscure the presence of potential metallic mineral deposits. Notably, zone exhibiting low resistivity (0–40 Ωm) and high chargeability (>240 ms) suggest the presence of mineralization at depths ranging from 5 to 20 meters, particularly along Line 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. The northwest region, identified as suitable for tailing ponds, mine facilities, and stable terrain near Line 1 and 3 is recommended for stockpiling while demonstrating an integrated approach for exploration and sustainable site planning. This research underscores the transformative potential of ERI in both location subsurface mineral resources and stating the design efficiency for environmentally responsible mining operations.

This study explores the application of carbon neutrality principles in architectural landscape design to address global climate change challenges. Through analysis of the correlation between architectural landscape design and carbon emissions, including the impacts in aspects such as material selection, energy consumption, and construction techniques, this paper proposes architectural landscape design strategies based on the concept of carbon neutrality. These strategies encompass site planning, plant configuration, material application, and water resource management to reduce lifecycle carbon emissions in building landscapes. The research also addresses challenges such as cost, technology, and public awareness in implementing carbon neutrality concepts, proposing corresponding solutions. The findings hold significant implications for achieving sustainable development in architectural landscape design, providing theoretical and practical references for the industry's low-carbon transition.

Despite a growing emphasis on sustainability in construction, few studies have explored how traditional Malay houses align with contemporary green building standards, creating a significant research gap. Consequently, this study examines the adaptation of traditional Malay houses to modern green building standards, utilising the Green Building Index (GBI) as a benchmark. Here, Rumah Dato' Raja Diwangsa, a traditional house from Negeri Sembilan, was chosen as a case study to assess how well it satisfies GBI standards for indoor Environmental Quality (EQ), Water Efficiency (WE) and Energy Efficiency (EE), sustainable site planning, materials, and innovation. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research combines site observations and literature reviews to identify alignments and gaps between traditional design and contemporary sustainability standards. The findings reveal that traditional Malay houses incorporate sustainable features like passive cooling, natural ventilation, and locally sourced materials, aligning with several GBI criteria, particularly indoor EQ and innovation. However, the reliance on newer design requirements limits its performance in areas like advanced energy systems and recycled materials. This study highlights the potential for adapting traditional architectural elements to improve modern green building practices and suggests revising GBI guidelines to accommodate traditional houses. By bridging the gap between heritage preservation and sustainable construction, this research contributes insights for future developments in tropical climates. Future studies should expand this analysis to other traditional houses and incorporate quantitative performance metrics for a more comprehensive evaluation.

Every region in the world has distinctive architecture that serves as an iconic representation of its architectural identity. In Malaysia. Negeri Sembilan is renowned for the identity of Bumbung Panjang with the modest curve of the roof ridge. This identity is found in most of the Negeri Sembilan traditional houses and old palace designs. To sustain this traditional architectural uniqueness, there is a dire need to investigate how this design can be adapted into modern buildings. This research aims to investigate how the Negeri Sembilan traditional architectural elements are being adapted into modern buildings, referring to its two iconic buildings, namely Istana Lama Seri Menanti and Seremban District Office. The research methodology includes archival analysis of ILMS and SDO drawings and field observations. This research demonstrates that traditional architecture can be adapted into modern buildings by integrating seven key traditional architectural elements, which are site plan typologies, layout plan, space function, façade design, roof shape, interior design, and material/technology used. It also provides practical guidelines for the architect and local authority in sustaining the past for future design.

Multi-decadal village-scale assessment of riverbank erosion-accretion and restoration priorities in the Lower Ganga.

Biosphere Reserves can be incubators for innovative approaches that foster sustainable tourism and destination resilience. Yet, research focusing on management and planning at Biospheres Reserves is limited and fragmented. In particular, it fails to address how the overarching Biosphere Reserve programme and the UN-SDGs framing influence Biosphere Reserve at the site level. The aim of this study is to analyse tourism-relevant policies and regulations implemented at Biosphere Reserves and the currently overlooked nexus between the Biosphere Reserve programme and the UN-SDGs. Two Biosphere Reserves sites were chosen for this study: the Archipelago Sea Area Biosphere Reserve in Finland and the Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere in the United Kingdom. A metagovernance appraisal was adopted to analyse context and processes, governance archetypes, limitations and metagovernance alternatives. The findings indicate that there are different political and institutional governance framings at the two reserves leading to diverging approaches to sustainable tourism. Additionally, sites resort to metagovernance alternatives to address governance shortcomings and foster policy coherency. This study contributes to a greater understanding of governance practices within the context of Biosphere Reserves and provides a timely appraisal of site planning and metagovernance from a public policy and tourism perspectives.

There is growing recognition that societies without prominent hierarchies could build large constructions. Scholars are debating what motivated many people to participate in these construction projects. We investigated the site of Aguada Fénix, Mexico, which features the oldest and largest monumental architecture in the Maya area. Using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and excavations, we documented a site plan composed of nested cross forms built between 1050 and 700 BCE. Its center was marked by a large cruciform cache containing the earliest known directional color symbols in Mesoamerica. The overall pattern consisted of 9- and 7.5-kilometer-long axes delineated by canals and corridors. The builders constructed canals, measuring up to 35 meters wide and 5 meters deep, and a dam to supply them with lake water. Although the canals appear unfinished, this site plan exceeded or rivaled the extents of later Mesoamerican cities. Aguada Fénix was probably designed as a cosmogram, which likely attracted people from a broad area.

Indonesia, particularly Bandung Regency, faces significant flood risks that disrupt livelihoods and damage infrastructure. This study identifies the optimal locations and number of evacuation centers using the Set Covering Problem (SCP) model, integrating geographic data, population density, accessibility, and infrastructure capacity. The study applied constraints including a 1,000-meter maximum service distance, minimum road width of 6 meters for Class IIIB and IIIC access, shelter capacity limits, and full coverage of demand points. Using ArcGIS 10.2.1, candidate locations were evaluated by overlaying flood vulnerability maps with accessibility and facility data. Environmental sustainability was addressed by selecting sites with minimal ecological disruption, avoiding sensitive zones, and reusing existing structures to reduce land conversion. Results show that five centralized shelters in high-density, well-connected areas can cut evacuation travel time by up to 20% compared to dispersed locations. This integrated approach improves response efficiency, ensures access for vulnerable populations, and supports sustainable site planning. The findings contribute to disaster logistics theory and offer practical, replicable guidance for policy in other flood-prone regions.

Abstract An environmental study was carried out to design action plans for rehabilitating the area of the tourism site to be Pejarakan Beach. The study was conducted in December 2022 (mangrove planting), September 2023 (mangrove growth), January 2024 (mangrove growth and health, environmental quality, and community perceptions on mangrove conservation and ecotourism), and November 2024 (mangrove growth), and January 2025 (mangrove growth), aims to estimate mangrove growth, and design strategy for ecotourism development in the Pejarakan mangrove area, Buleleng, Bali. Based on the observation, the mangrove growth was around 14.8 cm/year (average total height). While, based on the community perception and rehabilitation matrix, different action plans were obtained for each category. To develop mangrove ecotourism in this area, some of the strategies (action plans) needed are to consider the types of mangroves that are suitable for planting in this area and replanting activities using spaced clump planting techniques. The types of mangroves suitable for replantation in this area were Rhizophora mucronata and R. apiculata . The site plan was made based on the previous study on ecotourism development in the area.

Existing methods plan the distribution network and sub-transmission network separately. This paper proposes a collaborative renewable energy resource siting and sizing planning method for distribution and sub-transmission networks to increase the renewable energy ratio in high-load density industrial parks and promote the hosting capacity of the power grid. First, to accurately measure planning effectiveness, a renewable energy ratio calculation method is proposed, which comprehensively considers the contributions of green electricity from the power grid and renewable energy generation inside and outside the industrial park. Second, a collaborative planning model is proposed, which optimizes access points and access capacity in the distribution and sub-transmission networks for renewable energy around the park. The net load is better matched with the output of renewable energy outside the park through demand response, thereby maximizing the utilization of the park load to host more renewable energy. Finally, the proposed method is verified in a real industrial park. The method outperforms traditional planning methods in terms of renewable energy ratio in the park and renewable energy hosting capacity outside the park.

In this interview, Liam Young reflects on speculative futures as a practice of imagining and testing possible worlds through a critical lens on the present. Moving beyond the building as a physical object and the site plan as a tool of representation, Young engages with concepts such as worldbuilding, planetary scale, and geological time to broaden the scope of architectural practice in an era marked by technological transformation and global crisis. The conversation further examines how interdisciplinary collaboration and narrative strategies serve as resources to intervene in the present, anticipate the implications of emerging technologies, and construct more inclusive imaginaries.

PT X is a company that runs in the business of industry and trade in pharmaceutical products, as well as laboratory testing services in the animal feed sector. In the future, PT X plans to open laboratory testing services in the animal feed sector, so the condition of PT X's B3 Waste Temporary Storage Site (TPS) needs to be redesigned to comply with applicable regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to redesign the company's B3 Waste TPS building to comply with PP No. 22 of 2021 and PermenLHK No. 6 of 2021. This journal is aimed at redesigning PT X’s B3 waste temporary storage site so that it meets the established regulations and improves B3 waste storage activities at PT X. This research journal begins with collecting data, type, and characteristics of hazardous waste. Based on data on the amount of B3 Waste output, the storage capacity of the B3 Waste TPS at PT X can be said to still not be in accordance with applicable regulations. The results of the journal, PT X’s TPS able to store the planned waste and in accordance with established regulations.

Enhancing quality assurance in external radiation therapy: A study on the use of EPID ASi1200 and ArcCHECK® phantom in VMAT plans.

This video presents a case involving complex inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with fistulation of the terminal ileum and sigmoid colon. We aim to discuss an overview of the decision-making involved in the pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative stages, while highlighting the benefits of utilising a robotic platform. A 29-year-old patient with Crohn's disease underwent a robotic ileo-colic resection without anastomosis and double barrel ileostomy formation. A multidisciplinary approach was taken with regard to surgical planning. Pre-operative dietician and gastroenterology input optimised nutritional status and continued biologic therapy. Involvement with radiology was key; an MRI for surgical planning was reviewed in combination with the radiologist to determine the nature of the disease. The intra-operative video discusses factors pertaining to robotic surgery, including port placement and extraction site planning. The salient intra-operative stages are highlighted, and nuances of IBD-specific robotic techniques are discussed. The importance of pre- and intra-operative factors in IBD surgery is explored; biologic and steroid use, nutritional status, exclusive enteral nutrition, consideration for fistulating disease and adapting ports to stoma and extraction sites. Post-operative surveillance is discussed, including current practice with tattooing and severity scores, in addition to ongoing research utilising artificial intelligence to improve the ability to detect recurrence. This video presents a case of an ileo-sigmoid fistula related to Crohn's disease. Optimisation strategies for the pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative phases are discussed. The benefits of a robotic platform with respect to the challenges of IBD surgery are demonstrated.

ABSTRACTWith the increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into urban energy systems, the strong coupling among the stochastic nature of EV charging behaviours, the dynamic operation of power grids, and the variability of transportation networks poses significant challenges to urban infrastructure planning. To address this issue, this paper proposes a charging station planning method incorporating dynamic traffic load forecasting. First, a charging demand prediction model is developed by integrating the urban traffic network structure with EV travel behaviour characteristics. Then, an optimisation model for charging station siting and capacity planning is formulated with the objective of minimising the total integrated cost, while considering the coupling constraints between the transportation network and the distribution system. The model is solved using an improved particle swarm optimisation (IPSO) algorithm. Finally, case studies based on the IEEE 33‐bus distribution system and a 25‐node transportation network are conducted. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively accommodate the dynamic charging demands of EVs, achieve rapid convergence, and reduce the overall cost of coordinated operation between charging stations and the distribution system by more than 10% compared with traditional methods, thereby enhancing overall operational efficiency.

The aim of this study was to gather practical insights into the social aspects of waste disposal following environmental decontamination after a nuclear accident. By comparing decontamination waste with high-level radioactive waste and industrial waste, we gained a clearer understanding of the public's perceptions. In March 2024, an online survey was conducted targeting people aged 20-69 in the Kanto region of Japan, with 1500 respondents assigned to each of three categories (decontamination waste, high-level radioactive waste and industrial waste), totalling 4500 participants. The survey measured the acceptability of a proposed disposal site, emotional valence, risk perception, benefit perception, stigma and trust in the relevant authorities using open-ended questions on impressions of a waste-disposal siting plan. Differences in psychological factors were analysed using structural equation modelling, and impressions were evaluated through text analysis. The survey results showed that public impressions and the impact of emotion on the acceptability of decontamination waste disposal sites were similar to high-level radioactive waste. In contrast, emotions, risk perception and acceptability of decontamination waste disposal sites were similar to those for industrial waste or positioned between industrial waste and high-level radioactive waste disposal sites. These findings suggest that winning the public's acceptance of disposal sites for decontamination waste may be less challenging than for high-level radioactive waste. However, the results also emphasise that authorities must be cautious of the public's strong aversion to nuclear issues and negative images when communicating with stakeholders and making decisions. This requires communication grounded in common language and values, along with structural support for partnerships between host and surrounding communities.

The clean energy transition has elevated renewable hydrogen as a key energy vector, yet challenges in cost-competitiveness and infrastructure planning persist. This study conducts a PRISMA-based systematic review of recent geospatial applications across the hydrogen value chain—production, storage, transport, and end-use. Bibliometric analysis reveals a strong focus on production (48%), with less attention to storage (12%) and end-uses (18%). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) dominate (80%), primarily for siting, potential assessment, and infrastructure planning, while other techniques such as geophysics and real-time monitoring are emerging. Identified research gaps include fragmented and low-resolution data, lack of harmonization, and high computational demands, which are independent from the phase in the hydrogen value chain. Promising areas for future research include hydrological resource mapping for electrolysis, offshore infrastructure clustering, and spatialized levelized cost modeling. The review concludes with a call for high-resolution, AI-enabled geospatial frameworks to support automated, location-specific decision-making and scalable renewable hydrogen deployment.