Single Wash Research Articles

One-time low concentration betadine eye wash: A novel treatment for epidemic viral conjunctivitis for accelerated recovery.

This study aims to renew the management of viral epidemic conjunctivitis by introducing a one-time, low-concentration ocular surface povidone-iodine (LOS-pI) wash. Among the 3,002 patients screened, 1,328 with acute conjunctivitis were categorized into two groups. Group A (664 patients) underwent a 1% betadine wash in addition to the standard treatment protocol (Eye Lubricant + Moxifloxacin 0.5% eyedrops), while Group B (664 patients) followed the standard protocol alone. In cases of membranous conjunctivitis, manual membrane removal was performed. Treatment responses were observed daily for three days, followed by weekly assessments for two additional weeks. Co-infection of adenovirus with enterovirus was found to be the main cause, often accompanied by staphylococcal superinfection. Group A showed complete resolution of conjunctival inflammation, with a remarkable 76.05% of patients experiencing improvement within an average of 2.6±0.51 days, in contrast to Group B's average of 7.5±1.1 days (p <0.05). Additionally, 13% of Group B patients with recalcitrant conjunctivitis significantly recovered following the 1% betadine wash. Complications (subconjunctival hemorrhage: 34.04%, superficial punctate keratitis: 6.02%) were more prevalent in Group B. The authors hypothesized that a single wash with betadine is sufficient to reduce disease duration and prevent secondary infections and complications. The core strength of our study lies in its substantial sample size. To our knowledge, no similar previous research has been conducted, on such a larger scale. Viral conjunctivitis brings discomfort, work absenteeism, and financial burden. A single low-concentration betadine wash expedites recovery and reduces complications in acute infective conjunctivitis. This approach significantly enhances patient outcomes and alleviates the socioeconomic impact of the condition.

Reduced bacterial load in stallion semen by modified single layer centrifugation or sperm washing

The presence of bacteria poses a significant challenge to the quality of stallion semen used in artificial insemination. The bacterial content of insemination doses arises from various sources, such as the healthy stallion, environment, and collection equipment, and is implicated in fertility problems as well as reduced sperm quality during storage. The conventional approach of adding antibiotics to semen extenders raises concerns about antimicrobial resistance and potential negative effects on sperm characteristics, and may not be effective in inhibiting all bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine whether an innovative alternative to antibiotic usage – centrifugation through a single layer of a low density colloid (SLC) – could reduce the bacterial load in stallion semen, and to compare sperm characteristics in samples arising from this procedure, or simple extension of the ejaculate in semen extender, or from sperm washing, i.e. adding extender and then centrifuging the sample to allow the removal of most of the seminal plasma and extender. Eighteen semen samples were collected from six stallions. The semen samples were split and extended prior to washing or SLC, or received no further treatment other than extension. After preparation aliquots from each type of sample were sent for bacteriological examination; the remaining samples were stored for up to 72 h, with daily checks on sperm quality. The low density colloid SLC outperformed sperm washing or extension for bacterial reduction, effectively removing several bacterial species. The bacterial load in the samples was as follows: extended semen, 16 ± 6.7 × 105; washed, 5.8 ± 2.0 × 105; SLC, 2.3 ± 0.88 × 105, p < 0.0001. In addition, SLC completely removed some bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus xylosus. Although there is no selection for robust spermatozoa with the low density colloid, sperm motility, membrane integrity, and DNA fragmentation were not different to washed sperm samples. These findings suggest that SLC with a low density colloid offers a promising method for reducing bacterial contamination in stallion semen without resorting to antibiotics.

Titanium dioxide release behavior during wash of UV-protective garments by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

The increasing worldwide use of different kinds of clothes with ultraviolet protection in recent years, in particular employing titanium dioxide nanoparticles, is driving the researchers’ attention to the possible environmental problems due to titanium release. This study aims at determining the amount of titanium released from seven ultraviolet-protective garments into the wash water employing total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. For this, a wash protocol was designed based on the international standard ISO 105-C06:2010 and the literature. Pieces (4 cm × 10 cm) of textile were sampled from the garments and submitted 30 times to the wash protocol. The wash water produced in each wash was then prepared for total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis. Results showed that the titanium released in 30 washes was between 8.6 ± 1.3 µg/L and 168 ± 3 µg/L. Every sample released titanium in the first to third wash, except sample 1, which first released titanium in the 18th wash. The greatest titanium release in one single wash was also the 18th wash of sample 1, which released 77 ± 2 µg/L. These results showed the good performance of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in quantifying low titanium amounts in wash water, which is a hard task even for well-established analytical methods.

A Review on Topical GEL Formulation for Psoriasis Treatment

According to the research Psoriasis disease is widely show in human at recent now, this is a long term disease it is triggered by the genetic issue, bed habit such as smoking, drinking, drug addiction etc. and some long term medication, insect bite etc. it can be affecting adult, child or old age people also. Now days latest research we have lot of option in drug or dosage form. In the topical dosage form GEL dosage form is the best option because of their application or improves patient compliance. It is big option for those drugs who had a problem with solubility with the dosage form. In the gel any drug can be easily incorporated. GEL can be easily applied or removed form skin by the single wash, their no extra afford need to rubbed on skin as compare other dosage form only just make single thin layer of skin. It also the problem with children dosing. Drug can be shows better effect on penetration on skin, and also increase bioavailability of drug. There is no adverse effect or using humectant cool the skin and relief form pain and itchy dry skin.

Single Ultrasonic-Assisted Washing for Eco-Efficient Production of Mackerel (Auxis thazard) Surimi.

This study highlights a promising single washing method for producing dark-fleshed mackerel surimi aided by ultrasonication in conjunction with cold carbonated water containing 0.6% NaCl and mixed antioxidants (0.5% EDTA/0.2% sodium erythorbate/0.2% sodium tripolyphosphate) (CSA). Different washing periods (5, 10, and 15 min) with and without ultrasound were tested. Unwashed mince (A1) and conventional water-washed surimi (10 min/cycle, 3 cycles) (A2) were used as controls. A3, A4, and A5 were subjected to ultrasound-assisted washing for 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively, whereas A6, A7, and A8 had non-ultrasound-assisted washing for 5, 10, and 15 min. Results showed that the surimi yield decreased as the ultrasonic treatment time increased from 5 to 15 min (p < 0.05). Increased ultrasonic time resulted in greater protein denaturation, protein oxidation, myoglobin removal, and lipid oxidation in surimi (p < 0.05). Surimi produced by CSA ultrasonication for 5 min (A3), on the other hand, had a comparable overall quality to A2 surimi (p > 0.05). The correspondence gel (A3) outperformed the control gel (A2) in terms of gel strength, whiteness, and water-holding capacity (p < 0.05). The formation of regularly continuous, more organized, and smooth network structures in surimi gel was observed in A2 and A3 gels, whereas sparse and larger pore sizes were noticed in surimi gels produced by longer ultrasonic treatment. All of the surimi gels had identical FTIR spectra, indicating that the functional groups of the protein gel were consistent throughout. As a result, a single 5 min CSA-ultrasonic washing could potentially yield surimi of comparable quality to conventional washing. This could pave the way for the development of dark-fleshed fish surimi, which would require less washing time and produce less waste water.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted EDTA and citric acid washing on heavy metal removal, residual heavy metal mobility, and sewage sludge quality.

We investigated the effects of ultrasound-assisted ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) washing on heavy metal (HM) removal, residual HM mobility, and sewage sludge quality. EDTA and CA washing of sewage sludge successfully reduced the total concentration of HMs after one round of washing, but the mobility of residual HMs increased significantly. The eluate had a high concentration of HMs and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and total organic carbon), although the nutritional content of the sludge remained high. The three-phase ratio of the sludge after six rounds of washing by CA was closest to the ideal three-phase ratio, and the degree of influence on the physical structure of the soil after a land application was reduced, according to the fluctuation of generalized soil structure index (GSSI) and soil three-phase structure distance (STPSD) values. The results indicate that CA as an environmental-friendly washing agent can be the superior choice for sludge HM washing; single washing of sewage sludge may increase the mobility of residual HMs, so multiple washings should be considered for land application of sludge.

Enhancing Soil Remediation of Copper-Contaminated Soil through Washing with a Soluble Humic Substance and Chemical Reductant

The bioavailability and mobility of copper (Cu) in soil play a crucial role in its toxicity and impact on soil organisms. Humic substances, with their abundant functional groups and unique pore structure, have demonstrated the ability to effectively mitigate the toxic effects of heavy metals in soil. This study explores the potential of a soluble humic substance (HS) derived from leonardite for Cu removal from contaminated soils. The effects of various washing conditions, such as concentration and washing cycles, on removal efficiency were assessed. The results showed that a single washing with HS solution achieved an optimal removal efficiency of 37.5% for Cu in soil, with a subsequent reuse achieving a removal efficiency of over 30.5%. To further enhance Cu removal efficiency, a two-step soil washing approach using a chemical reductant NH2OH·HCl coupled with an HS solution (NH2OH·HCl + HS) was employed, resulting in an increased removal efficiency to 53.0%. Furthermore, this approach significantly reduced the plant availability and bioaccessibility of Cu by 13.6% and 11.4%, respectively. Compared to a single washing with NH2OH·HCl, both HS and NH2OH·HCl + HS increased the soil pH and organic matter content. These findings suggest that the two-step soil-washing approach using NH2OH·HCl + HS effectively removed Cu from polluted soil. This study demonstrates the potential of humic substances as environmentally friendly materials for remediating heavy metal-polluted soil, promoting green and sustainable applications in soil remediation practices.

10-year-old case report of pediculosis with severe anaemia

Excessive consumption of cow milk and menorrhagia are the two most common causes of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in children. However, there have been reported cases of parasitic infestation causing IDA. Pediculus humanus survives on human blood, and prolonged blood loss causes anaemic symptoms. In the current case report, a 10-year-old girl complained of pallor and dizziness. During her physical examination, a head lice infestation was discovered. The patient had no history of chronic illness and used to eat a normal diet that was high in iron. Her haemoglobin level was measured to be 4 g/dl. Doctors determined that the severe iron deficiency was caused due to the head lice infestation. To reach the required haemoglobin level, she was admitted to the hospital and given a blood transfusion. Her head was washed with permethrin 1% shampoo, which removed over 60% of the lice in a single wash. She was instructed to wash her hair with the shampoo again after seven days.

Coupling soil washing with chelator and cathodic reduction treatment for a multi-metal contaminated soil: Effect of pH controlling

Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a significant environmental issue worldwide. In previous studies, a technology that couped EDTA-washing and cathodic reduction technology was developed to further remove heavy metals from soil contaminated with electroplating waste compared with single soil washing technology. Although the method showed a synergistic effect in previous studies, the effect of soil suspension alkalization and the mechanism behind it remain unclear. High soil pH will have an impact on target metal removal, energy consumption and further utilization of soil. In this experimental research, we investigated the efficacy of pH control on coupling soil washing and cathodic reduction to remove multiple heavy metals from soil under various current densities. To alleviate the OH− ions generated by the cathode and improve the reduction efficiency of metals, an automatic pH controller was used, resulting in a significant increase in the removal rate of target metals. The experimental results show that controlling the pH of soil suspension can increase the total removal rate of target metals by 3-6 times. Additionally, the removal efficiency of residual Pb in the soil is increased by about 30%. In terms of ecological risk, pH control could reduce the solubility and mobility of metals by 50%, and the ecological risk was greatly reduced, especially for Zn, from about 90 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. Further research is needed to explore the mechanism of the synergistic effect and improve the efficiency of this technology for the subsequent development of coupling EDTA-washing and cathodic reduction.

Enhanced removal of arsenic and cadmium from contaminated soils using a soluble humic substance coupled with chemical reductant

Soil washing is an efficient, economical, and green remediation technology for removing several heavy metal (loid)s from contaminated industrial sites. The extraction of green and efficient washing agents from low-cost feedback is crucially important. In this study, a soluble humic substance (HS) extracted from leonardite was first tested to wash soils (red soil, fluvo-aquic soil, and black soil) heavily contaminated with arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd). A D-optimal mixture design was investigated to optimize the washing parameters. The optimum removal efficiencies of As and Cd by single HS washing were found to be 52.58%–60.20% and 58.52%–86.69%, respectively. Furthermore, a two-step sequential washing with chemical reductant NH2OH•HCl coupled with HS (NH2OH•HCl + HS) was performed to improve the removal efficiency of As and Cd. The two-step sequential washing significantly enhanced the removal of As and Cd to 75.25%–81.53% and 64.53%–97.64%, which makes the residual As and Cd in soil below the risk control standards for construction land. The two-step sequential washing also effectively controlled the mobility and bioavailability of residual As and Cd. However, the activities of soil catalase and urease significantly decreased after the NH2OH•HCl + HS washing. Follow-up measures such as soil neutralization could be applied to relieve and restore the soil enzyme activity. In general, the two-step sequential soil washing with NH2OH•HCl + HS is a fast and efficient method for simultaneously removing high content of As and Cd from contaminated soils.

Sustainable development of manganese sulfoselenide nanoparticles anchored graphene oxide nanocomposite for high-performance supercapacitor and lithium-ion battery applications

Transition metal chalcogenides have been described as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their low electronegativity, suitable electrical conductivity, comparatively higher specific capacitance, and favorable electrochemical redox regions. However, the poor electrical conductivity and substantial volume fluctuations provide a significant obstacle to industrial use. A new method to develop metal incorporated GO at the time of GO synthesis and subsequent conversion to metal sulfoselenides is proposed and demonstrated here. This novel process incorporates the advantages of both GO and the metal sulfoselenides for electrochemical energy storage applications. The average size of the nanoclusters was 52 nm as identified by Transmission electron microscopy. As pseudocapacitive electrode GO-MnSSe delivered a specific capacitance of 603 F/g at 0.1 A/g in 1 M KCl of aqueous electrolyte, because of their distinct and stable form. The fabricated 2-electrode device showed a specific capacitance of 98.5 mF/cm2 at 80 µA/cm2, showing good retention of 67 % at the end of the 9000 cycles. As Li-ion battery half-cells, at specific currents of 50, 100, 250, and 500 mA/g, GO-MnS delivered a capacity of 587, 378, 273, and 211 mA h/g respectively, reflecting a retention rate of 64 %, while the specific current was increased 10 times. The initial capacity of GO-MnS and GO-MnSSe at 100 mA/g was 494 and 495 mAh/g respectively, and for GO-MnS and GO-MnSSe at 250 mA/g the delivered capacity values were 376 and 363 mA h/g respectively. Coulombic efficiency (CE) for GO, GO-SW (single wash), GO-MnS, and GO-MnSSe were 99.52 %, 99.6 %, 98.7 %, and 99 % respectively at the end of the 100 cycles. Moreover, GO-MnS were cycled at a higher rate of 500 mA/g for 500 cycles which showed a decay initially nevertheless it stabilized after few cycles and showed a retention of 88 % at the end of 500 cycles from 20th cycle. The ex-situ morphological analysis of GO-MnS were conducted as well as the kinetic of the electrode were studied by before and after cycling EIS measurement. As part of this, as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, high Li-ion storage capacity and cyclic stability were observed.

Remediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Using Saponin Derived from Sapindus Mukorossi

Lead (Pb) contamination in soils is a major global concern for both humans and the environment. Saponin, a plant-based based and environment-friendly surfactant was used for remediation of Pb-spiked garden soil to test its effectiveness and suitability for Pb removal. A Box-Behnken design was designed to optimise the washing conditions using the following variables: soil type (100% topsoil; 50% topsoil/50% sand; 20% topsoil/ 80% sand); pH of the washing solution (2; 3.5; 5); and saponin concentration (1%; 3%; 5%). The results showed that optimum removal efficiency of 58.69% was achieved with saponin, while distilled water removed 3.92% Pb in a single wash. Saponin was found to be statistically more effective than distilled water (P&lt; 0.05); an optimum pH of 3.5 significantly increased Pb removal efficiency (P&lt;0.05). The washing process was found to cause slight surface erosion and weathering of the soil grains.

Preparation of YAG nanopowders and ceramics via coprecipitation: Effects of treatment modes of precipitates

Effects of treatment modes of precipitates in the coprecipitation method on the resulting YAG nanopowders and ceramics are investigated. Three treatment modes for precipitates, namely, single water washing, water–ethanol washing, and water washing–ethanol immersion, are conducted to prepare the YAG nanopowders. The average particle size (∼62 nm) and distribution (mainly ranging from 30 to 110 nm) of the powders obtained by the three modes are similar. However, the dispersity of the three powders shows large differences. The nanopowder obtained via water washing–ethanol immersion possesses optimal dispersity without any agglomeration, whereas that obtained via single water washing comprises substantially hard agglomerations. The relative density, Vickers hardness, and optical in-line transmittance of the ceramics prepared via water washing–ethanol immersion, respectively, reach 99.85%, 14.1 ± .4 GPa, and 77.8% at 1064-nm wavelengths after spark plasma sintering. These results are markedly superior to those of the ceramics prepared using the two other modes (97.43%, 6.8 ± .7 GPa, and 17.2% at 1064-nm wavelengths and 98.97%, 10.2 ± .5 GPa, and 47.8% at 1064-nm wavelengths, correspondingly). Therefore, water washing–ethanol immersion is a sensible and advisable treatment mode of precipitates for preparing YAG nanopowder and ceramics via coprecipitation.

An Attempt to Develop Antibacterial Fabric for Foodborne Bacteria

Abstract A dishcloth made up of cotton was taken in this research. The dishcloth was treated with a safe natural antibacterial agent, “Withania somnifera” (Ashwagandha). This applied finish is to overcome the growth of bacteria on cloth in vegetarian and nonvegetarian Indian kitchen environments, which would in turn prevent the diseases caused by them. The dishcloth exposed to the kitchen place supports extensively in the multiplication growth of foodborne bacteria genuses, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus species, Enterococcus species, and Streptococcus species. Ashwagandha plant extract obtained through Solvent extraction technique was used as a finish agent on the cotton cloth, using two finish concentrations, 3 % and 5 % on the weight of the material, both the concentrations with and without citric acid, with pad-dry-cure technique. Antibacterial tests carried out following AATCC 147 (2004), Assessment of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak Method, (disc diffusion method) on the developed (unwashed) cotton fabric samples, which signifies the Ashwagandha plant extract as a good antibacterial agent for dishcloth. The zone of inhibition has been obtained in this research varying from 1.5 to 8.5 mm against all the 13 bacteria for the lower and higher concentrations of the herbal extract. The finish retention, namely the durability test, was carried out using ISO 6330-1984E, Textiles—Domestic Washing and Drying Procedures for Textile Testing, on the treated samples and reveals that the antibacterial treatment carried out in the presence of citric acid could show up activity even after four washing cycles varying from 0.5 to 4 mm, whereas the samples treated in the absence of the acid could not withstand even a single wash.

Quantifying shedding of microplastic fibers from textile washing

Fiber fragments from synthetic textile materials are a subgroup of microplastics, and the presence of this debris in the environment may have its origin from some different sources. In order to investigate the formation of these residues during domestic washing, washings were simulated on samples of textile articles consisting of three different synthetic materials (polyamide, acrylic, and polyester). The effluent generated was collected and filtered, retaining the microplastic fibers shed. Through a gravimetric process, the mass of particles adhered to the filters was determined, and with the use of a fluorescent dye (Nile Red), these particles were quantified under a fluorescence microscope. This study concluded that the different textile compositions shed microplastic fibers during five washing cycles. Acrylic samples shed the highest mass value (40.9 mg) and polyamide samples shed the lowest value (7.5 mg). It has been estimated that an acrylic blouse can shed 726 mg of microplastic fibers in a single washing. Regarding the size of these particles, dimensions ranging from 11µm to 3mm were observed. Visualization in a 1.2μm filter also suggests the existence of particles in nano-dimensions. In general, it was possible to establish that the domestic washing of textile articles highly contributes to the insertion of these pollutants into the water environment. From a national perspective, approximately 13,800 tons of synthetic fibers can be released into water resources annually from washing clothes.

A Single Soil Washing with Humic Substance Can Achieve the Risk-Based Remedial Target for Nickel Contaminated Soil.

Risk-based soil remediation and management have become a global environmental issue. Here, a nickel (Ni)-contaminated site was selected to conduct the risk-based remediation strategy. The Health and Environment Risk Assessment Software was used to calculate the human health risk and the remedial target value (RTV) of Ni. Soil highly contaminated with Ni (424.30mgkg-1) could cause an unacceptable carcinogenic risk (1.41 × 10-6), which needs further remediation. Hence, a soluble humic substance (HS) was used as the washing agent to remove Ni. After a single wash at pH 4 and 8, the Ni concentrations in soil were reduced to 278.05 and 288.27mgkg-1, both below the RTV (300mgkg-1). Furthermore, sequential extraction analysis revealed that the residual Ni was maintained stably in the soil after HS washing. These findings suggested that HS is a promising washing agent for Ni-contaminated soil remediation under the guidance of risk control.

A greener approach to impart multiple functionalities on polyester fabric using Schiff base of vanillin and benzyl amine

Schiff base (SB) of vanillin with benzyl amine has been prepared by a simple route by reducing the organic solvents and making the process greener resulting in significant amount of yield. The vanillin itself and its synthesized SB have been integrated into polyester (PET) fabric using high temperature high pressure (HT-HP) dyeing machine at 120 °C using infra-red (IR) heating system to impart multiple functionalities on to the fabric. PET fabric treated with SB has shown antimicrobial activity of more than 90% against E coli (Gram-negative) bacteria; registered good ultra-violet protection factor (UPF) as well as imparted attractive color with increased antioxidant activity. Thus, the study has successfully demonstrated SB as a novel green finishing agent to PET textiles to impart antimicrobial and UPF activity along with certain coloring effect with good fastness. Although vanillin itself integrated on PET textiles has shown antimicrobial effect but after single wash its properties diminishes very quickly which makes it not much useful and the material needs further tweaking to make it a fit for durable finishing agent on PET. The study exactly demonstrated the same wherein it has been proven that SB can potentially replace other hazardous chemicals used in the industry to create functionalities on textiles. Cytotoxicity analysis of the treated fabric also reveals that the compound is biocompatible and completely safe for use.

Reuse of Water in Laundry Applications with Micro- and Ultrafiltration Ceramic Membrane.

This study compares the performance of a microfiltration membrane, made by silicon carbide (SiC) and an ultrafiltration membrane, made by zirconia (ZrO2), in the treatment of wastewater from a washing machine designed to clean industrial tents. The filtration of deionized water, containing model microplastics (i.e., nylon fiber), was performed. This was followed by the filtration of real wastewater from a single washing cycle of industrial tents, made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) textile. The filtration parameters of the membranes and physical-chemical parameters of the wastewater, including the concentration of microplastics in the shape of tent fibers (PVC), were calculated before and after filtration. The microfiltration membrane manifested a greater decrease in permeability (95%) compared to the ultrafiltration membrane (37%). The resulting water quality in terms of Total Solids, turbidity, and microplastics concentration was better for the ultrafiltration. This is evident from 99.2% versus 98.55% removal efficiency of microplastics from the laundering wastewater, respectively.

STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INSOLUTE RESIDUES ISOLATED FROM NITROPHOSPHORIC ACID SUSPENSIONS

The main chemical composition of the insoluble residue from nitric phosphoric acid suspensions, which is formed during the decomposition of the mineralized mass (MM) with nitric acid. The optimal MM:H2O ratio was established for a single washing. The optimal MM:H2O ratio for washing insoluble residue is 1.0:0.6 at 80 and 90°C. In this case, insoluble residues are obtained with the following composition (wt., %): Р2О5tot. — 5.94-6.20; CaOgen. — 14.31-14.94; CaOv.r. — 2.88-3.01; N- 3.31-3.46; SiO2 — 45.07-47.06; Al2O3 — 4.98-5.20; Fe2O3- 4.18-4.36 and SO3- 6.20-7.20.

Effect of washing units of canine red blood cells on storage lesions.

BackgroundIn humans, washing stored blood products before transfusion reduces storage lesions and incidence of transfusion reactions, but the effectiveness of washing canine blood is unknown.ObjectivesThe objective was to determine if manually washing units of stored blood would reduce storage lesions without adversely affecting erythrocytes. We hypothesized that washing stored units would reduce concentrations of storage lesions and cause minimal erythrocyte damage.AnimalsEight healthy research dogs.MethodsRepeated measure cohort study. Units of whole blood were stored for 28 days and washed 3 times with 0.9% NaCl. Blood samples were collected before and after storage, after each wash, and after being held at a simulated transfusion temperature. Variables measured included CBC variables, blood gas analysis, erythrocyte morphology, mean corpuscular fragility (MCF), and eicosanoid concentrations. A Friedman's test was used to evaluate changes in variables (P < .05 was considered significant).ResultsAfter the first wash, compared to values after storage, there was a significant decrease in potassium (4.3 mmol/L [4.0‐4.7] to 1.2 mmol/L [1‐1.6]; P < .0001, median [range]), lactate (1.45 mmol/L [1.07‐1.79] to 0.69 mmol/L [0.39‐0.93]; P = .002), and partial pressure carbon dioxide (102 mm Hg [80.2‐119.2] to 33.7 mm Hg [24.5‐44.5]; P < .0001), and increase in MCV (69.3 fL [65.7‐72.3] to 74 fL [69.6‐79.5]; P = .0003), and MCF (0.444 fL [0.279‐0.527] to 0.491 fL [0.43‐0.616]; P = .0006).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA single wash of stored whole blood significantly reduces most extracellular storage lesions, and additional washing might cause hemolysis.