Single-storey Industrial Building Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR PRODUCTION AND WAREHOUSE BUILDINGS IN POLAND

Data on fires in production and storage buildings in Poland points to a significant problem oflarge and very large fires in these buildings and the successively increasing fire losses as well aspublic resources used to fight large-scale fires. The following question becomes relevant: how doPolish rules for the protection of production and storage buildings compare to those applied inother countries, particularly in Europe? Can the rules applied in Poland be the cause of increasingfire losses? If so, what solutions can be taken? In order to answer these questions, analysis reviewwas carried out of the fire protection requirements for single-storey industrial buildings appliedin a number of European countries against the Polish requirements. Results confirm that Polishregulations are very liberal and permit bigger fire risks to be taken by the building owners.Solutions and modifications to key regulations are proposed to address this issue.

Reliability analysis of single-story industrial buildings under wind load based on Monte Carlo simulation

Uncertain disasters such as typhoons can affect buildings. Single-storey industrial building is an important type of factory building. In this paper, the reliability of a single storey industrial building under wind load is studied by taking one typical factory in Hunan, China as an example. Firstly, finite element method is used to analyse the structure in the range of linear elasticity. Then, based on Monte Carlo simulation, the probability of failure of the structure under wind load is obtained. The results show that the probability of damage is relatively small, which is also in line with the fact that inland areas are not easily affected by typhoons. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of its reliability, the structural fragility curve considering the variability of steel strength is also studied. The results showed that the smaller the variability of the steel, the more beneficial it is for the reliability of the structure.

Seismic performance of RC bent columns: Experimental, numerical and life-cycle cost analysis

Reinforced concrete (RC) bent structures are widely used in single-story industrial buildings, with a considerable portion of them located in high-intensity seismic areas. Therefore, it is significant to study the seismic performance of the RC bent column while keeping construction costs in mind. To evaluate the seismic performance of the RC bent column from an economic perspective, pseudo-static tests combined with construction cost analysis were first carried out on three RC bent columns designed according to different versions of Chinese codes. A numerical simulation method based on the extended finite element method (XFEM) for the RC bent column was then established and verified. Subsequently, the relationship between the local damage index related to the apparent damage characteristics and the overall damage index was established by conducting numerical analysis on RC bent columns with different design parameters. Based on the established relationship between the local and overall damage indexes, a calculation method for the residual bearing capacity based on apparent damage was developed. The results show that, when compared to the constructional requirements in the Chinese code for seismic design of industrial and civil buildings published in 1978 (TJ11–78), the constructional requirements in the Chinese code for seismic design of buildings published in 1989 (GBJ11–89) can effectively reduce the stress concentration at the column bottom and delay the formation of the plastic hinge with minimal cost increase, while the constructional requirements in the Chinese code for seismic design of buildings published in 2016 (GB50011–2010) can further effectively reduce the damage to the upper column. Besides, the constructional requirements in GBJ11–89 and GB50011–2010 can improve the energy dissipation and maximum bearing capacity of the RC bent column while decrease the cost/ductility coefficient by more than 5.0 %. The proposed calculation method can effectively predict the residual bearing capacity of earthquake-damaged RC bent columns by comparing the calculation results to the test results.

Implementation of Information Modelling Technology in Design of Structures of a Single-Storey Industrial Building

Currently, much attention is paid to the structural reliability and safety of buildings and structures, as well as the speed and quality of design and construction. The increase in these indicators is facilitated by the expansion of the use of information modelling technology through the integration of new calculation methods into the digital building model.The paper considers the design of structures of a single-storey frame industrial building using information modeling technology. The order of work in the programs “Tekla Structures” and “Crystal” is presented on specific examples. Conclusions are given about the advantages of using BIM technologies in the construction industry.

Application of variable-height beams with wooden sub-rafter elements in the roof structures of industrial buildings

The investigation pertains to the coating utilized in single-story industrial buildings. Frame constructions with spans of 24, 30, and 36 meters are examined, employing wood-based elements as rafter structures. The reinforced concrete rafter structures exhibit a pitch of 2-3 meters and are configured in the shape of an I-beam. The truss structures along their length are subdivided into seven sections, featuring variable lengths, flange widths, rib thicknesses, and cross-section heights. Deflection calculations consider the nonlinearity of concrete and reinforcement deformations, adhering to prevailing building codes. The elastic solutions method is employed in conjunction with the finite difference method. The proposed coating designs are distinguished by their ease of manufacturing, transportation, and element installation. The wood-composite rafter structure boasts a lower mass compared to reinforced concrete elements, facilitating installation with a lightweight crane and overall diminishing the coating's weight without compromising its structural integrity. Several beam characteristics for spans of 24, 30, and 36 meters include respective mid-span heights of 1.2 meters, 1.4 meters, and 1.5 meters; volumes of 8.23 cubic meters, 9.25 cubic meters, and 10.6 cubic meters; and weights of 19.8 tons, 22.2 tons, and 25.4 tons. The proposed solution allows for the integration of bending moment and stiffness diagrams for the rafter beam configuration.

Modeling of joint work of steel beam constructions with reinforced concrete ribbed floor slabs

Traditional methods of calculation of beam constructions of floors and coverings of industrial buildings assume their consideration when calculating separately from the frame structures, in particular, reinforced concrete slabs, without taking into account their joint work, which leads to a significant margin of safety. Today in Ukraine there is a significant number of industrial buildings and structures that need strengthening and reconstruction.
 In this regard, of particular importance are studies of the actual load-bearing capacity of the frames of single-storey and multi-storey industrial buildings, and both in the reconstruction and in new construction, the results of which will significantly reduce costs and more rationally design structures.
 At the same time, one of the most relevant areas is the study of the joint work of metal load-bearing structures with prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of rigid disks of coatings and floors in their calculation.
 
 
 
 
 
 Moreover, in the national building codes, as well as in the educational and methodological literature, the calculation methods of taking into account the joint work of such constructions are not fully covered.
 The purpose of this work is to estimate the reduction of mass of the metal beam structure in its calculation in bending, taking into account the joint work with the rigid disk of the floor consist of precast concrete.
 As part of the study, the calculation of the floor beam according to the traditional calculation scheme - without taking into account the joint work with the floor slab, the calculation of its cross-section taking into account the joint work with floor slabs and experimental numerical study of the floor by the finite element method. Modeling of the floor fragment was performed in the software packages "SCAD Office" and "LIRA CAD 2019".
 Numerical research is aimed at verifying the feasibility of using the calculation methodology of DBN B.2.6-98-2009 to determine the effective width of the shelf when calculating the T-sections for prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, which are included in the joint work with the floor beams.
 A comparative analysis of the obtained cross-section of the beam with the beam which was previously calculated by the traditional method of calculation in stresses in the most dangerous cross section and the total mass of the beams.
 According to the results of the analysis, the correctness of the application of the above normative method for determining the effective width of the shelf of T-bending reinforced concrete elements was confirmed.

Installation and construction technology of steel column under cup foundation of industrial plant

This article introduces the installation process of the steel structure column of a single-storey industrial factory building on a cup-shaped foundation, through the use of column bottom angle steel welding treatment, steel wedges, jacks, and the coordinated use of cable wind ropes, the steel column elevation adjustment measures are finally determined, which solves the elevation deviation caused by the cup-shaped steel column installation and the difficulty in the steel column hoisting process Controlled construction technology issues.

Thermal management of metal roof building using phase change material (PCM)

The energy consumption of the buildings for cooling, especially during the days of high solar exposure is large due to the increased indoor temperature. The roof of the building contributes more for this cause by allowing a large quantity of heat during day hours. Further, the single storey buildings with the metal roof would help to penetrate a greater quantity of heat and increase the total heat gain of the building. In this way, they could increase the cooling load to attain the human comfort. In this current work, an experimental investigation was carried-out to reduce the indoor temperature of the metal roof single storey industrial building with the help of paraffin based phase changing material (PCM). In this fashion, an attempt was made to reduce the total cooling load of the building which can diminish a greater quantity of conventional power requirement. A scale model of the proposed building was fabricated and tested for the analysis. The experiments conducted in two modes such as the first case without any PCM in the roof (Plain Roof) and next case with encapsulated paraffin as PCM within the roof (PCM Roof). The test results proved that the encapsulation of PCM within the metal roof of the single storey building reduced the temperature of the outer roof, inner roof and consequently the indoor temperature of the building space to a vast extent. Quantitatively, the daily average indoor temperature was dropped by 5 °C and peak indoor temperature was reduced by 9.5 °C with the help of PCM.

Operational Reliability of Industrial Buildings in Seismically Dangerous Areas

The solution of a single-storey industrial building, of working with significant horizontal seismic vibrations. Earthquake building carried out by separating the sole-plate foundation resting on the ground, from the rest of the multi-stage foundation for the frame column. The gap formed by constructive in the individual cells are arranged point-balls bearings, have freedom of movement in the horizontal plane. Under horizontal vibrations of the earth and the sole-plate the rest of the basement and the building itself remain at rest. It noted an interesting fact: the performance and reliability of the proposed solutions of seismic stability of buildings received unexpected confirmation, that one of the buildings in the Chilean capital of Santiago, built in the sixteenth century, survived dozens of earthquakes, is the oldest building and it became clear that its ancient walls are mounted on ball-shaped stones.

The improvement of protection methods from the progressive collapse of one-storey industrial buildings

The article deals with the main calculation methods of load-bearing systems for protection from the progressive collapse used both in Russia and in foreign countries. On the basis of the existing experience the recommended engineering decisions help to protect single-storey industrial buildings made of precast concrete structures from the progressive collapse. There are significant heights, rare step of columns and large spans of roof structures in this type of buildings. In the case of reinforced concrete buildings they also have significant loads from their own weight so it is a difficult to design the protection from the progressive collapse especially in the case of narrow conditions and in the reconstructed construction sites. The authors suppose that the use of the recommended engineering decisions help to perform effectively the protection from progressive collapse and to reduce time and financial costs.

Program implementation of methodology for calculating and estimating residual life of frame of single-storey industrial building

The paper presents a description of the software and calculation complex that allows evaluatng the reliability, strength and stability of load-bearing structures of industrial buildings equipped with overhead cranes. It is built on the implementation of a consolidated algorithm aimed at the numerical solution of successively direct, inverse, and predictive problems of structural mechanics in a probabilistic formulation. The advantage of the complex is the possibility of forming for each design situation a large number of downloads, as well as the implementation and analysis of various schemes for their application with simultaneous action of components of the generalized load. The developed software and calculation complex acts as a tool for solving problems of computer processing of data obtained during a series of full-scale surveys of an industrial building equipped with bridge cranes aimed at determining the amount of residual life and the period of its trouble-free operation. Automating the calculation of indicators of reliability and durability in the dynamics of changes in their values, including in subsequent periods of operation of the facility, it becomes possible to predict emergencies and take timely measures to prevent them.

Effects of vertical seismic actions on the responses of single-storey industrial steel building frames

Single-storey industrial steel frames with crances are considered as being vertically irregular in structural configuration and load distribution under strong earthquake excitations. In this paper, various analytical frames with their spans of 20, 26, 32 and 38 m and locations built in Ha Noi and Son La regions were designed to resist dead, roof live, crane and wind loads. The equivalent horizontal and vertical static earthquake loads applied on the frames were determined. Next, by using linear elastic analyses of structures, the effects of vertical seismic actions on the responses of the frames were evaluated in terms of the ratios K1 and K2 at the bottom and top of the columns corresponding to different combinations of dead loads and static earthquake loads, as denoted by CE1, CE2 and CE3. The effects of seismic actions compared with those of wind actions were also evaluated in terms of the ratios K3 and K4. As a result, the effects of vertical seismic actions were significant and increased with the span lengths of the frames. In addition, by using nonlinear inelastic analyses of structures, the levels of the static earthquake loads were determined corresponding to the first yielding and maximum resistances of the frames.
 Keywords: 
 single-storey industrial buildings; steel frames; span lengths; irregularity; vertical seismic actions; earthquake levels; wind loads

Design of one-storey industrial buildings from precast concrete

The widespread use of one-storey frame buildings and the absence of a normative document reflecting the specifics of designing precast concrete structures of these buildings necessitated the development of provisions for the design of the frame, as well as its individual structural elements such as foundations, foundation beams, columns, roof trusses, roof beams , slabs, crane girders and external enclosing structures. These provisions are reflected in the Code of rules 355.1325800.2017 "Frame constructions, prefabricated reinforced concrete, of one-storey industrial buildings. Design rules». The Code of rules developed by the authors' team of JSC TsNIIPromzdaniy consists of 7 sections and 4 annexes. There is a classification of buildings by space-planning solutions, equipment lifting and transport equipment, type of lighting, air exchange system and the presence of heating systems. The requirements of the Code of rules apply to the design of precast reinforced concrete frames of single-storey industrial buildings of mass use for all natural and climatic zones of the Russian Federation, except for sites with seismicity of 7 or more points and zones with permafrost. The considered document is intended for designers, developers of software systems, teachers, etc.

Prerequisites and Substantiations of Possible Efficiency of Using Helicopters for Replacement of Roof Structures of Single-Storey Industrial Buildings

This paper analyzes the issue of assessing the efficiency and possibility to use helicopters when designing and implementing the projects of reconstructing single-storey industrial buildings by replacing the structure of their roof. It demonstrates the expediency and possibility to use helicopters for these purposes as well as the way of finding rational areas of use thereof in connection with determining factors of external and internal constraints of the facility, as well as its technical state. In this paper we formulate the tasks and present the obtained research results that increase the efficiency of organizational and technological solutions in reconstruction projects of specific single-storey industrial buildings. Here we also outline the ways of further development of design methodologies in regard of technology and arrangement of reconstruction works based on studies and use of quantitative relationships of time and cost indicators with the selected properties of facilities to be reconstructed.

Analysis of seismic non-structural damage in single-storey industrial steel buildings

This study illustrates an approach that allows evaluating the intensity and extent of non-structural damage in steel buildings. Different levels of cladding panel damage are introduced and a specific cladding panel hysteretic model is included in the structural model and calibrated on available data from experimental tests. Numerical results from nonlinear dynamic analyses are elaborated in the form of fragility curves for the damage limit state and used to compare the consequences of different cladding behaviours on prototype single-storey industrial steel buildings used as case studies. The outcomes are also compared to a damage limit state derived from structural analysis adopting bare-frame models and conventional drift-based damage criteria.

Evaluation of the deflected mode of the monolithic span pieces and preassembled slabs combined action

In single-story industrial buildings, the cost of roof covering comprises 40-55% of the total cost of the buildings. Therefore, research, development and application of new structural forms of reinforced concrete rafter structures, that allow to reduce material consumption and reduce the sub-assembly weight of structures, are the main tasks in the field of improving the existing generic solutions. The article suggests a method for estimating the relieving effect in the rafter structure as the result of combined deformation of the roof slabs with the end arrises. Calculated and experimental method for determining the stress and strain state of the rafter structure upper belt and the roof slabs with regard to their rigid connection has been proposed. A model of a highly effective roof structure providing a significant reduction in the construction height of the roofing and the cubic content of the building at the same time allowing to include the end arrises and a part of the slabs shelves with the help of the monolithic concrete has been proposed. The proposed prefabricated monolithic concrete rafter structure and its rigid connection with ribbed slabs allows to reduce the consumption of the prestressed slabs reinforcement by 50%.

Design of lightweight mansard portal frames

Single-storey industrial buildings are one of the most often type of structures built among various skeletal framed steel constructions. These metallic buildings offer an exceptional opportunity to minimise the material employed, contributing to a more sustainable construction. In particular, the mansard portal frame is a typology made up of broken beams that involves different lengths and discontinuous slopes. This study aims the weight reduction of the standard mansard portal frame with design purposes by means of varying four parameters: the kink position, the eaves-apex slope, the span and the columns height. In this work, we suggest some guidelines that can improve the economical competitive capabilities of their structural design. In all the cases analysed, the joints of the portal frame are placed over the theoretical non-funicular shape to uniform loads. This allows reducing the bending moment and the shear force, but increasing the axial force. In addition, the performance of mansard and typical pitched portal frames submitted to the same boundary conditions is compared in terms of efficiency in the use of steel. In the large majority of the cases, mansard typologies are lighter than the common pitched frames and, hence, more economical.

EMBODIED CARBON EFFICIENT INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WITH OPTIMIZED LONG SPAN SANDWICH PANELS

A series of studies have been undertaken to quantify potential steelwork and embodied carbon savings in single-storey industrial buildings with long span sandwich panel roof cladding. It was found that trussed-roof frames with north lights offer the greatest potential steelwork saving (38%-60%) against traditional portal frame construction when used with long span panels. However, in order to achieve the necessary span between adjacent frames, the structural performance of the sandwich panels needed to be improved. A subsequent study was undertaken to develop revised specifications for long span roof sandwich panels to increase their spanning capability, while minimizing the increase in embodied carbon. The mechanical resistance of the panels was evaluated using a combination of theoretical analysis and structural testing and a Pareto-optimal set of solutions was found. Finally, the optimized structure-envelope assembly was reviewed holistically in terms of its embodied carbon. The results showed that savings of up to 7.3% may be achieved for the frame when compared against traditional portal frame construction.

OPTIMIZED LOW-EMBODIED AND OPERATIONAL CARBON SOLUTIONS FOR SINGLE-STORY INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Detailed studies have been performed with the aim of determining optimum low-carbon solutions for buildings, and investigating the complex issues involved in their delivery. The evidence presented below suggests that building envelope specification has reached the point where the embodied carbon of any additional insulation balances, and may even outweigh, the corresponding savings in operational carbon. However, the extra material in the envelope has an inherent strength and stiffness that could be utilized to reduce the embodied carbon in the structure if appropriately designed. An extensive series of analyses was undertaken to (a) quantify the aggregated operational and embodied carbon related to modern envelope systems, and (b) evaluate the opportunities for embodied carbon reduction of the frame through the exploitation of the envelope’s structural capability. Particular attention was given to the use of long-span composite panels to reduce the number of supporting structural members. It was found that a considerable saving in embodied carbon is possible compared to traditional construction solutions. The study also suggested the absolute significance of combining operational and embodied carbon analyses, in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of carbon reduction strategies and requirements to shift away from “operational carbon only” methods. The focus of the initial phase of the work has been single-story industrial buildings, but the conclusions are applicable more broadly.

FEATURES OF THE FRAME STRUCTURES EIGENMODES APPLIED ON ONE-STOREY MULTI-SPAN FRAMES

Spectrum features of own frequencies of continuous multispan single-storey frame construction designs (such constructions as bridges, crossovers, ramps, single-storey industrial building) are considered. Influence on frequency ranges (and also on some lowest frequencies and forms) construction arrangement, number of spans, loadings is investigated.