Single Oil Research Articles

Possibilities and pitfalls in analyzing (upgraded) pyrolysis oil by size exclusion chromatography (SEC)

The applicability of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to analyze (upgraded) pyrolysis oil samples has been studied using model compounds, pyrolysis oils and hydrodeoxygenated pyrolysis oils. The assumptions needed for the conversion of the chromatogram to the M w -distribution were validated. It was shown that the conversion of elution volume to molecular weight (based on polystyrene calibration curves) can introduce substantial errors in the prediction of the molecular weight. The conversion of RID response to W(log M) (as plotted on the y-axis of the M w -distribution) is based on the assumption of a compound independent RID response factor and linear response to concentration. While the latter was shown to be true within the concentration range studied, the former was not true: the RID response factor depends on the type of (upgraded) pyrolysis oil. It was shown that within a single pyrolysis oil sample, the RID response for the low molecular weight fraction was a factor 3 lower than the high molecular weight fraction. Furthermore long term column fouling can influence SEC results that cannot be corrected with regular polystyrene recalibrations. Based on the results we recommend SEC not to be used as a quantitative method for characterization (upgraded) pyrolysis oil samples, but as a tool to compare (upgraded) pyrolysis oil samples, preferably prepared using incremental operating conditions and expected to have similar molecular composition. This work has further shown that (i) the ∫UVD dv/∫RID dv ratio can be used as an indication of the sum of the relative aromaticity and conjugated double bond content for (upgraded) pyrolysis oil, and (ii) the negative peak area appearing in the low molecular weight part of the chromatogram can be used to estimate the water content of (upgraded) oil samples.

Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Essential Oils Against Dermatophyte Infections

The antifungal potential of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) essential oils alone and in combinations, against common causes of tinea infections in humans was investigated via in vitro investigations, in order to determine a suitable dosage for use in clinical trials. Turmeric oil showed good antifungal activity (68 mm, MIC 1.6 μl/ml against Trichophyton rubrum and 5 6mm, MIC 1.4 μl/ml against Microsporum gypseum) while ginger oil had strong antifungal activity (72 mm, 0.05 μl/ml against T. rubrum and 69 mm, MIC 0.06 μl/ml against M. gypseum) and their mixture showed excellent antifungal activity (82 mm, MIC 0.02 μl/ml against T. rubrum and 79 mm, MIC 0.04 μl/ml against M. gypseum).The antifungal activity of oils was screened against T. rubrum and M. gypseum by using disc diffusion method and microdilution method. The inhibition zone of mixture of oils (turmeric and ginger) is higher than single oils and reference antibiotics i.e Clotrimazole (36 mm against T. rubrum, 41 mm against M. gypseum) and Ketoconazole (60 mm against T. rubrum, 26 mm against M. gypseum). From our findings, the results provide a scientific validation for the use of these essential oils in the treatment of dermatophytic infections and could be used in future for the development of anti-skin disease agents.

CFD Study of Huge Oil Depot Fires - Generation of Fire Merging and Fire Whirl in (7 x 7) Arrayed Oil Tanks

One of the largest disasters on industrial fires may exist in oil tank depots which store much amount of oil. Many previous studies on the fire safety of oil tank depots have been related to the fire propagation from one single oil tank fire to the adjacent tank via radiation. However, single oil tank fire may cause a fire whirl in windy conditions, entraining much more ambient air and enhancing flame radiation, which may increase the possibility of fire propagation toward the neighbors. In addition, when an oil depot storing large amount of oil in tanks is subject to destructive earthquakes, merging fires and fire whirls may be generated, leading to disastrous consequences. In this work, the authors examined the fire merging and fire whirl behaviors in multiple huge oil tank fires by CFD simulations, by FDS-4. The constant heat release rate model was employed and the effects of tank-to-tank distance, wind speed and heat release rate were examined. It was found that these parameters are important to cause the fire merging and fire whirls, and at the same time, the conditions to cause fire merging and fire whirls lie in a limiting range. Some relevant correlations were established. The results are expected to be useful for mitigating the disasters due to fire merging and fire whirls.

单个油气包裹体的紫外可见显微荧光光谱及色度研究

单个油气包裹体的紫外可见显微荧光光谱及色度研究

单个油气包裹体的紫外可见显微荧光光谱及色度研究

单个油气包裹体的紫外可见显微荧光光谱及色度研究

Heat transfer performance of an oil jet impinging on a downward-facing stainless steel plate

An experimental study is carried out for the quenching of a stainless steel plate using a single oil jet impinging on the bottom surface of the plate. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the oil jet flow operating conditions onto the heat transfer effectiveness when the plate is heated to temperatures ranging from around 115 to 630?C, and the oil is heated to temperatures ranging from 60 to 75?C. Tests are conducted on the oil at various temperatures to determine its viscosity. Experiments are conducted for nozzle exit flow rates ranging from 113 to 381 ml/min, oil jet pressures from 3.1 to 12 psi, and nozzle-to-plate surface distances of 0.6 and 1 cm. The variation of the oil heat flux and heat transfer coefficient with the surface temperature for the different quenching parameters is calculated from the acquired temperature data. Tests results show the oil heat transfer effectiveness keeps increasing for increasing plate temperature. Oil jet pressure is shown to have a considerable effect on the oil heat transfer, while the nozzle-to-plate surface distance is shown to have a lesser effect. The results of this study shall lead to a better understanding of the parameters that play an important role in oil quenching for applications that are of interest to the metal process industry.

单个油气包裹体的紫外可见显微荧光光谱及色度研究

单个油气包裹体的紫外可见显微荧光光谱及色度研究

Inhalation aromatherapy in children and adolescents undergoing stem cell infusion: results of a placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial

Though often lifesaving, stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a period of great distress for both child and parent. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study evaluating the effect of the respiratory administration of bergamot essential oil on the anxiety, nausea, and pain of 37 pediatric patients with malignant and non-malignant disorders undergoing stem cell infusion and their parents. Patients were assessed at the time of recruitment, prior to infusion, upon infusion completion, and one hour post-infusion using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for parents and the STAIC, Children's Behavioral Style Scale (CBSS), visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and nausea, and the Emotionality Activity Sociability and Impulsivity instrument (EASI) for children. Children and adolescents in the treatment group experienced greater anxiety (p = 0.05) and nausea (p = 0.03) one hour post-infusion. Reported pain in both groups was no longer significant one hour post-infusion. Parental anxiety declined in both groups but did not reach statistical significance. Child's monitoring coping style was significantly predictive of transitory anxiety post-infusion (p = 0.01). Although this trial did not report a benefit of inhalation aromatherapy for reducing anxiety, nausea, or pain when added to standard supportive care, it provides the first experimental rather than descriptive report on testing a single therapeutic essential oil among children and adolescents undergoing stem cell infusion. Future research may consider exploring the cutaneous application of essential oil through massage or other psychoeducational counseling interventions among parents with elevated anxiety and patients with greater information seeking coping styles during SCT.

Injectability of silicone oil-based tamponade agents

Background/aimsHigh viscosity silicone oils are used as tamponade agents to increase the resistance to emulsification; however, this makes the oils more difficult to inject. Increasing the extensional viscosity is one...

An Experimental Study on Wax Deposition of Water in Waxy Crude Oil Emulsions

The key factors affecting wax deposition of water-in-oil emulsion were studied experimentally using a cold finger device. Wax deposition characteristics of emulsions were obtained. The results showed that the wax deposition profile of emulsions as a function of temperature parameters was similar to that of single oil. However, the effect of the extent of water cut on wax deposition was obviously different at different temperatures. Furthermore, the relative mass of deposit was proposed and found independent of water cut, from which wax deposition rate at different water cuts could be predicted and the predicted values were in good agreement with experimental data.

Oil Recovery by Sequential Waterflooding of Mixed-Wet Sandstone and Limestone

Duplicate tests on mixed-wet sandstone cores have been shown to give closely reproducible results. For studies with reservoir cores, duplicate tests are often precluded because of the limited availability of cores and their heterogeneity. In repeat flooding tests for recovery of crude oil, it has been found that each test affects the outcome of a subsequent test. Some consistent trends of increase in recovery have been observed. In this paper, results are presented for up to four cycles of flooding between initial water saturation and residual oil for reservoir sandstone, outcrop sandstone, and outcrop oolitic limestone. A single crude oil was used for most of the tests. Sequential flooding was also tested for low- and high-viscosity mineral oils. The brine was synthetic seawater for all but one of the floods. Each consecutive flood for the sandstones resulted in a systematic increase in the recovery of crude oil. Crude oil was sometimes produced as an emulsion of about 2% water. Trends for carbonate cores were comparable except that, for one of four of the tested cores, reduced recovery was observed for the second cycle. Implications for establishing baseline results for assessment of processes, such as low-salinity water flooding, are discussed.

Absorption enhancement of adefovir dipivoxil by incorporating MCT and ethyl oleate complex oil phase in emulsion

To improve the oral absorption of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) by employing MCT and the esterase inhibitor ethyl oleate (EO) as a complex oil phase in emulsion. EO was used as the esterase inhibitor, and its inhibitory effect on esterase activity was assessed in rat intestinal homogenates. ADV emulsions with or without EO were prepared. The emulsions' protective effect against intestinal metabolism was evaluated in rat luminal contents, ex vivo, as well as in vivo. The IC(50) of EO in intestinal mucosal homogenates was 2.2 mg/mL. The emulsions exhibited significant protective effects in rat luminal contents compared to a simple suspension (98.7%, 96.3%, 95.7% vs 74.7%, P<0.01). The permeability calculated from the emulsion containing EO was significantly different (11.4 x 10(-6) vs 7.4/8.0 x 10(-6), P<0.05) from the simple suspension or the emulsion without EO in an ex vivo assay. A bioavailability study in vivo revealed that emulsions containing both EO and MCT as a complex oil phase demonstrated 1.6- and 1.5-fold enhancements in area under the curve (AUC(0-12)) values (5358 vs 3386/3618, P<0.05), respectively, when compared with emulsions containing EO or MCT as a single oil phase. Heterotic lipid formulations (emulsions) with an esterase inhibitor (ie, EO) may be useful in protecting ester prodrugs from intestinal metabolism and increasing their oral bioavailability.

Solubilization of dibutyltin dichloride with surfactant solutions in single and mixed oil systems

The harmful effects of organometallic compounds and their metabolites on the environment and human health require the development of more effective remediation methods. Surfactant enhanced remediation has been considered as a potential method for the removal of organometallic compounds; however, additional understanding is needed about the solubilization processes of these compounds. The surfactant enhanced solubilization of dibutyltin dichloride (DBT), an organometallic compound, was the focus of this research. In addition, the synergistic effects of DBT solubilization in perchloroethylene (PCE) and decane mixtures were evaluated. The results indicate that PCE and decane were solubilized into the core of these surfactant micelles in both single and mixed oil systems. DBT solubilization was limited when DBT alone was present (single oil system), and the nature of the solubilization isotherm suggests that DBT solubilization tended to occur near the micelle surface in a single oil system. DBT solubilization was found to increase when present in the PCE and decane oil mixture. PCE and decane may have facilitated the solubilization of DBT because they were solubilized in the micelle core. From this study, it may be concluded that the DBT behaves like polar oil such as dodecanol, having properties of a polar organic compound.

Estructura y la ultraestructura del ovario de Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

The study of the normal development, differentiation, structure and function of various components of developing follicles in the ovaries of numerous fish species have been a consistent focus of comparative reproduction. The structural and ultrastructural features of gonads from Cichlasoma urophthalmus have received scarce attention. In this work, we realized a descriptive study of female gonads of Cichlasoma urophthalmus. A total of 40 samples were collected in the Veracruz Alvarado Lagoon, Mexico in 2007-2008 period including the windy, dry and rainy seasons. Female gonads were extracted and a portion was fixed in 4% formaldehyde for treatment for routine histology hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and another part was processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The gonads were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and 2% osmium tetroxide, followed by dehydrated in ethanol 50%, 70%, 80%, 95% and 100% for inclusion in Epon, thin sections were then prepared and were contrasted with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. The process of oocyte development can be divided into five distinct stages (formation of oocytes from oogonia, primary growth, lipid stage, vitellogenesis and maturation). In this work, we found that the primary growth stage is characterized by intense RNA synthesis and the differentiation of the vitelline envelope. Secondary growth starts with the accumulation of lipid droplets in the oocyte cytoplasm (lipid stage), which is then followed by massive uptake and processing of proteins into yolk platelets (vitellogenic stage). During the maturation stage, the lipid inclusions coalesce into a single oil droplet, and hydrolysis of the yolk platelets leads to the formation of a homogeneous mass of fluid yolk in mature eggs. In conclusion, further studies should elucidate structure and ultrastructural changes in the ovarian follicular components, in C. urophthalmus during different stages of oocyte growth.

Heavy Petroleum Composition. 2. Progression of the Boduszynski Model to the Limit of Distillation by Ultrahigh-Resolution FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry

Heavy petroleum fractions are structurally and compositionally complex mixtures that defy characterization by many traditional analytical techniques. Here, we present the detailed characterization of a Middle Eastern heavy crude oil distillation series, in further support of the Boduszynski model, which proposes that petroleum is a continuum with regard to composition, molecular weight, aromaticity, and heteroatom content as a function of the boiling point. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) provides ultrahigh resolving power and mass accuracy and thereby allows for elemental assignment for each of the tens of thousands of peaks in a single crude oil sample. Part 1 of our five-part series established the validity of the Boduszynski model for the heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) distillation series. Here, we extend our analysis to fractions from a Middle Eastern heavy crude with cut temperatures including and beyond the middle distillate range. Collectively, the detailed com...

Contribution of TRPV1-TRPA1 Interaction to the Single Channel Properties of the TRPA1 Channel

Several lines of evidence suggest that TRPA1 and TRPV1 mutually control the transduction of inflammation-induced noxious stimuli in sensory neurons. It was recently shown that certain TRPA1 properties are modulated by TRPV1. However, direct interaction between TRPA1 and TRPV1 as well as regulation of TRPA1 intrinsic characteristics by the TRPV1 channel have not been examined. To address these questions, we have studied a complex formation between TRPA1 and TRPV1 and characterized the influence of TRPV1 on single channel TRPA1-mediated currents. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed direct interactions between TRPA1 and TRPV1 in an expression system as well as in sensory neurons. Data generated with total internal reflection fluorescence-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer indicate that a TRPA1-TRPV1 complex can be formed on the plasma membrane. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer interaction between TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels is as effective as for TRPV1 or TRPA1 homomers. Single channel analysis in a heterologous expression system and in sensory neurons of wild type and TRPV1 knock-out mice demonstrated that co-expression of TRPV1 with TRPA1 results in outward rectification of single channel mustard oil (I(MO)) current-voltage relationships (I-V) and substantial modulation of the open probability at negative holding potentials. TRPV1 also does not influence the characteristics of single channel I(MO) in Ca(2+)-free extracellular solution. However, association of TRPA1 with TRPV1 was not affected in Ca(2+)-free media. To assess a role of intracellular Ca(2+) in TRPV1-dependent modulation of TRPA1 modulation, the TRPA1-mediated single channel WIN55,212-2-gated current (I(WIN)) was recorded in inside-out configuration. Our data indicate that single channel properties of TRPA1 are regulated by TRPV1 independently of intracellular Ca(2+). In summary, our results support the hypothesis that TRPV1 and TRPA1 form a complex and that TRPV1 influences intrinsic characteristics of the TRPA1 channel.

Scheduling multi-product tree-structure pipelines

The problem discussed in this paper is short-term scheduling of distribution of petroleum derivatives from a single oil refinery to a number of depots through a tree-structure pipeline. Scheduling product batches in pipelines is a very complex task with many constraints to be considered. Batches of refined products and grades are pumped back-to-back in the pipeline, often with no separation device between batches. In this work a continuous-time, MILP problem representation for tree-structure pipelines is proposed. The approach is successfully applied to a number of pipeline scheduling problems, including a real-world problem. The data and experimental results are reported.

Miscible Interaction Between Matrix and Fracture: A Visualization and Simulation Study

Summary CO2 injection has been applied in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) for the purpose of enhanced oil recovery (i.e., the Wey-burn and Midale fields, Canada; the Wasson and Slaughter fields, USA; and the Bati Raman field, Turkey). The matrix part of these types of reservoirs could potentially be a good storage medium as well. Understanding the matrix/fracture interaction during this process and the dynamics of the flow in this dual-porosity system requires visual analyses. We mimicked fully miscible CO2 injection in NFRs using 2D models with a single fracture and oil (solute)/hydrocarbon solvent pairs. The focus was on the visual pore-scale analysis of miscibility interaction, breakthrough of solvent through fracture, transfer between matrix and fracture, and the dynamics of miscible displacement inside the matrix. First, matrix/fracture interaction was studied intensively using 2D glass-bead models experimentally. The model was prepared using acrylic sheets and glass beads saturated with oil as a porous medium while a narrow gap of 1-mm size containing filter paper served as a fracture. The first contact miscible solvent (pentane) was injected into the fracture, and the flow distribution was monitored using an image-acquisition and -processing system. The produced solvent and solute were continuously analyzed for compositional study. The effects of several parameters, such as flow rate, viscosity ratio (oil/solvent), and gravity, were studied. Next, the process was modeled numerically using a commercial compositional simulator, and the saturation distribution in the matrix was matched to experimental data. The key parameters in the matching process were the effective diffusion coefficients and the longitudinal and the transverse dispersivities. The diffusion coefficients were specified for each fluid, and dispersivities were assigned into gridblocks separately for the fracture and the matrix.

Pelagic eggs and larvae of Coelorinchus kishinouyei (Gadiformes: Macrouridae) collected from Suruga Bay, Japan

Pelagic eggs and larvae of the macrourid fish Coelorinchus kishinouyei, collected from Suruga Bay, southern Japan and subsequently identified by 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences, are described. The spherical eggs, 1.18-1.31 mm in diameter, contained a single oil globule, 0.28-0.33 mm in diameter, and had hexagonally patterned ornamentation on the chorion, 0.017-0.022 mm in width. Melanophores were present on the embryo, yolk and oil globule after the blastopore had closed. Within 1 day after hatching, the body axis of the yolk-sac larvae was bent slightly at the anterior trunk region. During this stage many melanophores formed on the head, trunk, tail, yolk and oil globule, along with small irregular wrinkles on the dorsal and ventral finfolds. Pelagic eggs (after the caudal end of the embryo had detached from the yolk) and yolk-sac larvae also developed xanthophores on the embryo and yolk, and head, trunk, dorsal and ventral fin- folds just before tail tip, and yolk, respectively. The pelagic larvae had a short tail, stalked pectoral-fin base and no elongate first dorsal and pelvic-fin rays. Three clusters of melanophores were present on the tail (anterior two embedded to muscle and one just before tail tip subse- quently lost with development) and a cluster around the anus (beyond 3.9 mm head length). Nucleotide sequence analyses of comparative adult specimens appeared to confirm a previous proposal that C. productus is a junior synonym of C. anatirostris.

Evaluation of the Oil Spill Accident in Bohai Sea, China

In 2006, floating oil slicks as well as discrete patches of oil contamination were found on several islands and mainland beaches in Bohai Sea, China. Potential sources of spilled oil included nearby offshore oil platforms and oil tankers transporting crude oil. In response to this specific site investigation need, hundreds of crude oil samples from nearby platforms were obtained and a tiered analytical approach using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) was applied. Based on the evaluation of a variety of diagnostic ratios of “source-specific marker” compounds, this research established that a single oil spill accident was most probably responsible for the observed oil contamination. Further investigation linked the spilled oil to an oil tanker transporting crude oil from a remote oil platform in South China Sea rather than crude oil from any of the production platforms in Bohai Sea.