Single Oil Research Articles

Numerical Simulation of CO2-N2 Combination Flooding in Low Permeability-Ultra Low Permeability Homogeneous Reservoir

For low permeability, ultra-low permeability reservoir, the CO2 preslug + N2 flooding, using CMG numerical simulation software, the ideal homogeneous model which permeability is 3×10−3 μm2 has been established. The recovery of CO2 flooding under the 11 length-thickness ratios was calculated; the effects of 7 kinds of flooding slug combinations and 4 kinds of permeability on recovery with input-output ratio were analyzed; factors such as length-thickness ratio, permeability and injection slug combination affecting flooding effective were studied deeply. The result shows that: when the length-thickness ratio under the 100, as the increasing of the length-thickness ratio of the model, the oil recovery increased. When the length-thickness ratio reaches to 100, the oil recovery tends to be stabled, that is, when the single oil layer thickness less than 1% of the well spacing, it is more benefit to improve the oil recovery. As the permeability increases, the compound flooding recovery will decrease when the CO2 injection (PV) is a constant and the CO2 slug requires for the combination flooding to achieve the ultimate recovery increases, that is, the lower the permeability is, the more favorable it is for the CO2-N2 combination flooding. In actual oil reservoirs with a lengthen-thickness ratio of 30, the slug composition of CO2-N2 compound flooding should adopt the way of 0.3 PV CO2 slug + subsequent N2.

Studies on olive-and silicone-oils-based Janus macroemulsions containing ginger to manage primary dysmenorrheal pain

Ginger (GIN) powder-loaded oil-in-water (o/w) macroemulsions were prepared based on olive-and silicone-oils. The dispersed oil droplets with paired-beans structure were evident and thus the final emulsion can be termed as Janus macroemulsions. The objectives of the present study are (1) to identify the marker compound present in GIN powder via HPLC analysis, (2) to process the GIN powder via anti-solvent precipitation technique, (3) to see the solubility of GIN powder in various single oils or oil combination, (4) to optimize the GIN-loaded o/w macroemulsions using the central composite design (CCD) with respect to mean particle size of dispersed oil droplets and highest percentage drug entrapment efficiency values (DEE) and (5) to evaluate the pain reducing activity of optimized GIN-loaded macroemulsion via in vivo primary dysmenorrhea (PD) mice model. Both predicted and obtained values of percentage DEE (76.29 Vs.76.09) and mean particle size (245.99 Vs. 272.51 μm) were almost the same indicating the CCD statistical design applicability. The optimized Janus macroemulsion was stable at 4 °C for over a period of 90 days. Using the PD mice model, the counting of writhing reaction produced by the tested GIN-loaded macroemulsions at low and high doses did not reveal significant difference in comparison to the positive control (aspirin treated). Only the high dose of GIN-loaded macroemulsion was able to restore the uterine tissue's normal histomorphological structure after the H & E staining. Nevertheless, the paired beans structure should be tested for entrapping the plant-derived drugs having dissimilar physicochemical characteristics but similar therapeutic activity.

Dependence on energy in South Asia and the need for a regional solution

This paper examines the how the South Asian countries are addressing their energy deficiency as the capacity to refine imported crude oil is limited except India. India has developed substantial refining capacity (247.6 million tons per annum) compared to Pakistan (18.8 mtpa) and Bangladesh (1.5 mtpa). India’s refining capacity is being currently utilized nearly 100%. Having no local refining capacity, Nepal and Bhutan import refined petroleum products entirely mainly from India. The demand for refined petroleum products in Bangladesh outstripped the quantity produced by the country’s single aged oil refinery over 3 times. Similar problem is faced by Pakistan. This paper provides an analytical framework based on the data collected from the region and argues that a regional energy trade will create a mutually beneficial platform for effective utilisation of natural resources which will increase reliability of power supply, build economies of scale, enable mutual support during contingencies, transform sectors on a large scale and contribute to economic growth. This trading platform will promote market integration in energy (oil, gas coal) and energy-related goods and services.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and sensorial impacts of oregano and rosemary essential oils over broccoli florets

Combination of oregano and rosemary essential oils (EOs) was proposed to obtain a better antimicrobial and antioxidant effect on fresh-cut broccoli compared to the use of individual oils. In in vitro assays, EOs combinations (oregano + rosemary) were more effective to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Choleraesuis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus compared to individual EOs doses. Oregano EO showed a higher antioxidant power compared to rosemary tested by DPPH and TEAC methods. Moreover, oregano + rosemary EOs (concentrations of 0.24 + 0.91 mg/ml) added within pectin coatings reduced coliform counts by 1 log unit and yeasts and molds by 1.8 log of coated broccoli; meanwhile, individual application of EOs (oregano at 0.48 and rosemary at 1.82 mg/ml) was not as effective. It was demonstrated that a mixture of EOs offered antimicrobial protection to fresh-cut broccoli without negatively affecting its sensorial acceptability, even when no significant increment in its antioxidant capacity was observed. Practical applications Combination of essentials oils with different composition reduces the amount and costs of agents needed to inhibit bacterial growth and survival. The use of essential oils as oregano (Lippia graveolens) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) combined a diverse mixture of antibacterial compounds that could be a solution to avoid bacterial resistance developed for the treatment with single compounds. Additionally, the negative sensorial impact of higher single oils doses could be reduced when combined, creating a new range of flavors and odors.

Cariniana domestica fruit peels present topical anti-inflammatory efficacy in a mouse model of skin inflammation.

To investigate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract of Cariniana domestica fruit peels (CdE), its dichloromethane, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate (EtAc) fractions, and steroids (β-sitosterol, lupeol, and stigmasterol) isolated from the EtAc fraction in models of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) croton oil-induced in mice. We induced skin inflammation by single (acute; 1mg/ear) and multiple (chronic; 0.4mg/ear) croton oil application. We topically applied C. domestica (CdE, fractions, and gel formulations) and β-sitosterol, lupeol, and stigmasterol immediately after applying croton oil. HPLC-DAD chromatography of the EtAc fraction and stability of the gel formulations were verified. HPLC-DAD of the EtAc fraction revealed the stigmasterol, lupeol, and β-sitosterol presence. CdE and EtAc fraction gels showed no organoleptic or pH changes at room temperatures. CdE and dichloromethane, n-butanol, and EtAc (1mg/ear) fractions decreased the acute ear edema with maximum inhibition (Imax) of 97 ± 2, 86 ± 1, 81 ± 4, and 95 ± 2%, respectively. CdE and EtAc fraction gel presented similar effects, with respective Imax of 85 ± 6% (3%;15mg/ear) and 82 ± 2% (1%;15mg/ear). β-sitosterol (7.5μg/ear), lupeol (10μg/ear), and stigmasterol (5.7μg/ear) also reduced this parameter by 46 ± 8, 51 ± 7, and 62 ± 7%, respectively. All topical treatments reduced the inflammatory cells' infiltration in the acute ICD model. CdE reduced the ear edema by 77 ± 4% (1mg/ear) and the inflammatory cell infiltration in the chronic ICD model. CdE's anti-inflammatory effect was accompanied by a minimum development of adverse effects. C. domestica demonstrates a promising potential for the development of a topical anti-inflammatory agent. Graphical abstract Cariniana domestica, popularly known as jequitibá-roxo, presented topical anti-inflammatory activity in an acute and chronic irritant contact dermatitis croton oil-induced in mice. The crude extract (solutions and gel formulations) and different fractions obtained from fruit peels of C. domestica showed topical antiinflammatory activity on skin inflammation models with minimum adverse effects in preliminary toxicological studies (behavior and biochemical parameters). Moreover, the HPLC analysis revealed the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and lupeol, which also presented topical anti-inflammatory effect in the acute irritant contact dermatitis croton oil-induced. Our findings support the use of this species as a promising topical antiinflammatory agent.

Captive maturation, breeding and seed production of Pink ear emperor, Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepede, 1802) (Family: Lethrinidae) in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

Pink ear emperor, Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepede, 1802), belonging to the family Lethrinidae (oder: Perciformes) is an important food fish in India, Arabian Gulf and other South East Asian countries. The present communication gives detailed information on its captive broodstock maturation in RAS, natural spawning, larval rearing and seed production for the first time. Fertilized eggs (714.21 ± 11.91 μ) were transparent, pelagic, non-adhesive with single oil globule (146.63 ± 3.51 μ). Green water system was used for larval rearing. Size of hatchling ranged from 1355.1 μ to 1534.6 μ and mouth (110–148.2 μ) opened on 2nd dph. Larvae were reared using copepods, rotifer, artemia and micro diet. Squamation and intense pigmentation on the body began by 22 dph and by 25–30 dph larvae started moving from pelagic to benthic realm. Larvae became juvenile (length – 19.2 mm; weight – 0.096 g) after 35 dph resembling the adult fish colourations and by 46 dph, they attained an average body length of 27.83 mm and average body weight of 0.276 g. Fishes spawned throughout the year in RAS without any hormonal manipulation. Average percentage survival at seed stage was 2.85 ± 1.41.

The protective role of single bulb garlic ( Allium sativum L.) towards foam cells and vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (VCAM-1) on mice ( Mus musculus ) with high- fat diet

Atherosclerosis is initiated by inflammatory response characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the arteries, causing blockage of blood vessels. The excessive of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood is a major factor in endothelial dysfunction and results in an inflammatory process. The inflammatory process in atherosclerosis is due to the expression of adhesion molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (VCAM-1). This research aimed to evaluate the effect of single bulb garlic oil extract (SGBOE) against VCAM-1 expression in high-fat diet mice. Thirty male mice strain Balb/C were acclimatized for one week. Mice were divided into 6 groups (n=5): normal, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + simvastatin, and HFD + SBGOE 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW respectively. HFD was given for 45 days. The SGBOE was given for four weeks orally. The aortic VCAM-1 expression was assayed using the immunohistochemical-flouresencemethod. The result of One-Way ANOVA showed that the treatment influenced significantly (p<0.05). The foam cells increase in the high-fat diet group compared than normal mice. Dose 12,5 mg/kg BW reduces VCAM-1 expression near the normal group. Allicin and S-allyl cysteine (SAC) compounds in single bulb garlic are antioxidant compounds that act to prevent oxidative stress and prevention mechanisms against lipoprotein modification.

Assessment of soil contamination by oil-derived compounds in the Kielce agglomeration using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Soil contamination with petroleum-derived compounds is one of the most serious ecological problems. Their main source in urbanized areas is public transport. According to the Regulation of the Polish Minister of Environment about the assessment of earth’s surface contamination, hydrocarbon compounds are divided into: gasolines and oils, aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The subject of the research is the use of a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to assess the degree of soil contamination in the vicinity of the main communication routes of the Kielce agglomeration. This method is useful for the detection and identification of many organic compounds occurring in samples in very small quantities, which cannot be determined by common methods. For the purpose of this study, 14 soil samples were collected. After carrying out extraction with various methods, the ultrasonic solvent extraction method was chosen as the most effective way of extracting hydrocarbon impurities for the GC-MS studies. During single analysis, both oil fraction and PAHs quantities were determined.

The Potential of Single Garlic Oil in Inhibiting The Growth and Damaging The Membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria

Nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria is hard to be treated since the infection transmission is fast and it is resistance to the antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance in the bacteria can be treated with various natural ingredients from plants and one of the plants is single garlic. Single garlic contains organosulfur compounds in form of alliin, allicin, and ajoene. This research aimed to analyze the potential of single garlic oil (SGO) in inhibiting the growth and the damage of membrane of P. aeruginosa bacteria in in vitro with disc diffusion method by giving treatments of essential oil extract in concentration of 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml, and 1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as the negative control and Ceftazidimeof 30 µg/ml as the positive control. The damage of the bacterial cell membrane was observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with a magnification of 25000X. The result of the measurement of the zone of inhibition was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The research results indicate that SGO could inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa bacteria with strong criteria, which was in a concentration of 100 mg/ml.

Re-Os systematics in petroleum during water-oil interaction: The effects of oil chemistry

Abstract The Re-Os geochronometer can be applied to date petroleum, which is the end product of complex natural processes. Improved interpretation of natural Re-Os datasets requires identification of key controlling factors for Re-Os systematics and their isotopic imprint in oils. Here, we focus on the role of water in (re)setting the Re-Os geochronometer in oils, as formation waters and oils often coexist in basinal systems. To quantify Re-Os systematics during water-oil interaction, we performed a series of equilibration experiments between different oils and dilute aqueous solutions doped with Re and Os. The investigated parameters include the oil composition, water to oil ratio, interaction time and the initial Re-Os content in the aqueous solution. In experiments performed across a high concentration gradient, the oils fully homogenized with respect to their Os isotopic composition but had variable 187Re/188Os ratios. This indicates that the Re-Os geochronometer has been reset during water-oil interaction. However, in experiments investigating partial isotopic overprint, the crude oil and its maltene and asphaltene fractions preserved their isochron-derived age. Thus, the Re-Os radiometric clock of a single crude oil sample remains intact, even during partial equilibration of the 187Os/188Os ratio. These experimental findings provide a new foundation for interpretation of Re-Os systematics in natural water-hydrocarbon systems.

The effectiveness of vegetable oil formulations in reducing oviposition of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) in large red chili fruits

Chili peppers (Capsicum annuum), in their many varieties, constitute a culturally and economically important horticultural crop in a number of countries. The Indonesian cayenne large red chili (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) is used widely in Indonesia mainly in cooking. There have been reports of increased infestation of large red chili by insect pests, particularly fruit flies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of five edible vegetable oils (palm oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, and candlenut oil) and one non-edible vegetable oil (neem oil) in reducing landings, oviposition, and infestation by the Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) in large red chili fruits. This lab-based experiment entailed exposure of large red chili fruits to 20 mature B. dorsalis females (14–21 days old) inside a 15-l plastic container. Six separate containers each held 10 large red chili fruits with a single oil treatment in each. Prior to exposure, each of the treated and control large red chili fruits was punctured once with a needle in order to create an opening for oviposition. Results indicate that the coconut oil formulation was most effective in preventing damage from B. dorsalis females, and reducing fruit fly landings, oviposition, and infestation.

Air and Fuel Flow Interaction in Combustion for Various Injector Locations

Oil based fills assume a crucial part in fast consumption of regular vitality sources alongside expanding request and furthermore real donors of air poisons. Real segment of the present vitality request in India is being met with non-renewable energy sources. Consequently ample opportunity has already past that substitute powers for motors ought to be gotten from indigenous sources. As India is a rural nation, there is a wide extension for the generation of vegetable oils (both palatable and non-eatable) from various oil seeds. The present work concentrated just on non-palatable oils as fuel for motors, as the consumable oils are in awesome request and excessively costly. The past work uncovered that employments of vegetable oils for motors set up of diesel were researched. In spite of the fact that the concerned scientists suggested the utilization of vegetable oils in diesel motors, there was no proof of any down to earth vegetable oil source motors. The present examinations are arranged after an intensive audit of writing around there. Analyses are done in a more prevalent petter sort single barrel, water cooled motor. Significant issues related with vegetable oils are higher viscosities, bring down warming esteems, ascend in stoichiometric fuel air proportion and warm splitting. The creator has concentrated on use of five non-palatable oils, their mixes with diesel and individual Methyl esters in diesel motors. The perfect oil mixes with diesel were warmed before going into ignition chamber. The warming quality relies upon the expansion in level of flawless oils in blend to diminish the consistency of the fuel. The execution parameters of the test motor Viz. Brake warm productivity, Volumetric proficiency are diminished, Brake particular fuel utilization and Exhaust gas temperature are expanded for every slick oil contrasted with diesel. Emanation parameters of motor, for example, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Un-consumed hydrocarbons and Smoke are expanded, yet Nitrogen oxides are diminished for every single slick oil and their mixes contrasted with diesel. This variety is seen because of high thickness combined with bring down warming estimation of the powers. Every single flawless oil are changed over into their separate methyl esters through trans-desertification process. In this procedure, the execution parameters of motor, for example, Brake warm proficiency and volumetric productivity are marginally diminished, Brake particular fuel utilization and Exhaust gas temperature are expanded contrasted with diesel for all bio-diesels. Emanation parameters of motor, for example, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Un-consumed hydrocarbons and Smoke are decreased, however Nitrogen oxides expanded for all bio-diesels contrasted with diesel. This pattern is seen because of finish ignition of the bio-diesels, as the consistency is lessened. From the experimentation, it is watched that 25% of perfect oil blended with 75% of diesel is the most appropriate mix, without warming and with no alteration of the motor. Methyl ester of Linseed oil is the better performing fuel because of better execution and lower outflows contrasted with other picked methyl ester.

Changes in the Number and Species Variety of Bacteria in Oil-Polluted Soils

Herein we have assessed the state of soil bacterial communities at different levels of pollution with oil. The dependences of the change in the total abundance of non-spore-forming bacteria and bacilli in sodpodzolic soil and typical chernozem have been obtained. The species composition of microorganisms in polluted soils has been assessed. The dynamics of the changes in the structure of bacterial communities with time after single oil pollution has been traced. Several microbiological parameters which can be used as diagnostic tools in case of oil pollution of soil have been found.

Technical Application of Petroleum Logging Instruments in Marine Logging

Abstract To solve the problem of offshore oilfield development, based on the newly introduced pulsed neutron oxygen activation logging instrument, the application research of test design and interpretation method was carried out and applied to actual production. The structure, technical indicators and logging principles of pulsed neutron oxygen activation logging tools were introduced. The test design under different well conditions was studied, including general positive and negative injection, oil sleeve injection, single oil pipe configuration and multitubing configuration. A large amount of field test data was collected and analysed technically. A set of effective interpretation models was proposed. The corresponding interpretation software was developed. A set of test design methods and operating specifications for different well conditions were developed. Based on the conventional interpretation method, the peak selection, the double-tuber peak identification and the carbon dioxide flooding interpretation method were added. The results show that the test design and interpretation methods were applied well through a large number of field tests and production applications. Therefore, pulsed neutron oxygen activated injection profile logging technology is successfully applied in offshore oil fields.

Zebrafish as a Model to Screen the Potential of Fatty Acids in Reproduction.

Sperm quality is an important topic in general health, chemotherapy, and gamete preservation technology. Fatty acid (FA) composition of membranes, which is influenced by the diet, plays key roles in sperm biology and quality. Dietary supplementation with natural products can be used as a technique to screen potential agents to protect, modify, and recover sperm quality. In this study, zebrafish (male [♂-ZF] and female [♀-ZF]) were fed a single cultivar olive oil (OO) bioencapsulated in Artemia. OO-treated ♂-ZF had higher (p < 0.05) sperm density and motility compared to the Artemia nauplii (AN). A significant difference was also observed in follicle abundance at different stages of gametogenesis, and a nonsignificant increase in total fecundity between OO-treated ♀-ZF and the AN, although in OO-treated ♀-ZF, mature follicles had a smaller diameter. A higher fertility rate (FR) was observed in OO-treated pairs compared to the other groups. Hatching in the OO-treated fish was accelerated, although no significant differences could be found in terms of hatching rate (HR) and embryo/larval survival rate (SR). These findings in FR, HR, and SR were also confirmed in male and female replacement mating trials. Taken together, this study shows that altering the FA ratios in the diet has a clear impact on several reproductive parameters in the zebrafish, adding new information about the nutritional requirement of this model species.

Commercial fisheries losses arising from interactions with offshore pipelines and other oil and gas infrastructure and activities

Abstract Interactions between fishing vessels and oil and gas infrastructure can result in damage to fishing gear, loss of fishing time/access, and risks to crew health and safety. The spatial and temporal patterns characterizing previous incidents (and subsequent losses) between fishers and oil and gas infrastructure were quantified and used to identify key risk factors associated with fisheries losses. Between the years 1989 and 2016, 1590 incidents that resulted in a financial loss, vessel abandonment, or an injury/fatality for UK commercial fishers were recorded. The annual number of recorded incidents decreased by 98.6% over a 27-year period. The majority of past incidences resulted in financial losses (rather than injuries or fatalities) and were associated with interactions between single otter trawlers and oil and gas production-related debris. The odds of an incidence occurring varied according to substrate type and fishing intensity. A risk-model for pipeline–fishing interactions in the Fladen Ground showed that there was significant spatial heterogeneity in the risk of an incident along a pipeline according to the angle and intensity of fishing. The results highlight the need to include the full spectrum of potential losses in fisheries impact assessments associated with the installation and decommissioning of oil and gas assets.

Equivalent SPS Compact Double Hull (CDH) Bottom Structure Grounding of Inland Waterway Barges

MARPOL regulations stipulate that all single hull oil carrying barges must be made of double skin construction or modified by an alternate construction provided that the construction ensures at least the same level of protection against oil pollution. It is be demonstrated that the proposed alternative method of design, made with a SPS Compact Double Hull (CDH) applied to the bottom hull, does not rupture under the prescribed grounding event (no rupture, no oil outflow, no oil pollution). A sophisticated finite element model was developed to simulate the grounding event for a single hull barge. Based on the experience gained from this simulation, a comparative grounding simulation study was conducted where a specified embedded object causes rupture of the outer and inner hull for double hull construction (a non-zero probability of oil outflow and pollution) and no rupture of the SPS CDH which demonstrates superior performance.

Effect of Single Garlic Oil for Homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ Immuno-regulatory T Cells Controlling Hypercholesterolemia

This study aims to explore the alternation expression of NFkB, activation degree of naïve T cells, and role of regulatory T cell. Hypercholesterolemia mouse model was created by giving a high-fat diet (HFD) for 45 days, and then they were treated by 12.5 mg/kg BW, 25 mg/kg BW and 50 mg/kg BW SGO for 30 days. The end of the treatment, the mouse was sacrificed, and the spleen was isolated to analyze cell surface molecules and regulatory T cells using flow cytometry. The data were analyzed by Cell Quest software and tested by statistical analysis One Way ANOVA Analysis. The results showed that a high-fat diet decreased the number of regulatory T cell and also decreased the expression of NFkB on CD4+ T cell in hypercholesterolemic mice. Moreover, the SGO did not show a significant effect on increasing the number of naïve T cells expressing CD62L molecule. Thus, the administration of SGO might inhibit activation of the NFkB pathway and decrease the stimulation of effector cell development that plays a role in the inflammatory pathway.

Effect of processing conditions on the morphology and oxidative stability of lipid microcapsules during complex coacervation

The microencapsulation process of lipids by complex coacervation has been investigated in order to reach a better control of the morphology of microcapsules, and the oxidative stability of microcapsules with different morphologies was also explored. Methyl oleate was encapsulated by complex coacervation with the wall materials of gelatin and gum arabic. For improving standardization and miniaturization of microcapsules used for functional food ingredients, processing conditions of microencapsulation were optimized in order to obtain products with single oil droplets as the core materials and sizes less than oral sensory threshold of 10–25 μm. Both the stirring speed and the total wall material concentration had influence on the morphology by changing the Reynolds number (Re), which represents the turbulence level of flow system. Both the pH value and the ratio of gelatin and gum arabic could affect the morphology of final product by changing the absorbance value at 600 nm (A600 nm), which represents the agglomerated state of wall materials. A total wall material concentration of 4.00%, a stirring speed of 700 rpm, a pH of 4.20 and a ratio of gelatin to arabic gum of 1: 1 were selected as the appropriate operating parameters for the preparation of single core microcapsules. The Re value range of 1.26–1.86 × 104 and the A600 nm value greater than 0.25 were recognized as the key points for avoiding coalescence and acquiring microcapsules with single core. The change in the ratio of core to wall material had no influence on the morphology except the thickness of the wall material, which could affect the oxidative stability of core material at higher ratios of core to wall material. Considering the loading capacity and oxidative stability, 1: 1 was an ideal ratio of core to wall material.

Particle-Stabilized Fluid-Fluid Interfaces: The Impact of Core Composition on Interfacial Structure.

The encapsulation of small molecule drugs in nanomaterials has become an increasingly popular approach to the delivery of therapeutics. The use of emulsions as templates for the synthesis of drug impregnated nanomaterials is an exciting area of research, and a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the interfacial chemistry that is critical to controlling the physicochemical properties of both the encapsulated material and the templated material. For example, control of the interfacial tension between an oil and aqueous phase is a fundamental concern when designing drug delivery vehicles that are stabilized by particulate surfactants at the fluid interface. Particles in general are capable of self-assembly at a fluid interface, with a preference for one or the other of the phases, and much work has focussed on modification of the particle properties to optimize formation and stability of the emulsion. An issue arises however when a model, single oil system is translated into more complex, real-world scenarios, which are often multi-component, with the incorporation of charged active ingredients and other excipients. The result is potentially a huge change in the properties of the dispersed phase which can lead to a failure in the capability of particles to continue to stabilize the interface. In this mini-review, we will focus on two encapsulation strategies based on the selective deposition of particles or proteins on a fluid-fluid interface: virus-like particles and polymer microcapsules formed from particle-stabilized emulsion templates. The similarity between these colloidal systems lies in the fact that particulate entities are used to stabilize fluid cores. We will focus on those studies that have described the effect of subtle changes in core composition on the self-assembly of particles at the fluid-fluid interface and how this influences the resulting capsule structure.