Single Character Research Articles

Polymovment technical devices – basis of the problem teaching of physics

In the article actual methodical direction – use of problem training in a course of physics is considered. If now this direction is guided by movement "from a problem to knowledge", the author offers as an educational technique to take movement "from representation about a principle of action of the technical device" to "comprehension in him of functions of physical processes" and to "mastering of knowledge about physical processes ". Concerning technical devices the new concept "polymovment" is entered. It occurs from "poly" – much, and "movement" – to move and means such samples of engineering or technology, in which some subsystems using the simultaneously different forms of movement work.
 The separate illustrations of the physical phenomena in the plan of studing are poorly effective, as have single character and are connected to isolated examples. By more effective from the point of view the mastering of knowledge, is illumination of the interconnected phenomena, which display a principle of action polymovment of the technical device. Use of the offered approach puts forward on the foreground of training an especially practical problem – understanding of principles of action of concrete samples of engineering and the ability of the schoolboys them is qualified to interpret in language of a physical science.

Holocaust Literature for Children

Recent incidents of book challenges have reinforced the need for libraries to offer Holocaust education for young readers. This article discusses three categories of books for younger readers. Picture books, for children four to eight years old, are centered around a single character and run about 1,000 words. Books for middle readers, those aged nine to eleven, often run 100 − 150 pages and feature a larger case of characters. Finally, books for young adults deal with more mature themes and address adolescent concerns. Books from each category are profiled. The article provides historical context for each book, examine their contents, and highlights popular reviews of each book All books in this bibliography informs younger readers about the Holocaust, and many show how difficult it was for survivors of the Holocaust to return home again.

Research on combined radio frequency fingerprint identification model with limited samples

Aiming to solve the real problem of civilian aircraft identification, a novel combined radio frequency fingerprint (RFF) identification model is proposed, consisting of data analyzing processing, standard characteristic parameter database establishment, classification and optimization. In data analyzing processing step, discrimination was realized for wavelet coefficients, instantaneous phase, Hilbert huang transform energy spectrum, coefficients, time field envelope, probability density function, on basis of which, characteristic parameters were confirmed. In standard characteristic parameter database establishment step, a standard database was found through direct measurement method to avoid losing the RFF feature. In classification step, single character assortment rule and combined classifying rule were defined, with correlative concept and threshold concept. Finally, optimization for the model was realized by modifying parameters manually. Results show that, though hardware was limited and amount of samples were fewer, average identification rate is near to 69.75 percent, providing a theoretical reference for the real problem of identifying different aircrafts.

A Coverless Text Steganography by Encoding the Chinese Characters' Component Structures

The current coverless text steganography methods have a low steganographic capacity, and yet some of them cannot assure a message can be concealed. How to achieve a high steganographic capacity has become the research hotspot in text steganography. This paper proposes a text coverless steganography method by encoding the Chinese characters’ component structures. Its main idea is that a binary bit string can be conveyed by the Chinese characters’ component structures. The positions of Chinese characters that carry a secret message will be expressed in two systems of the linear remainder equations, whose solutions will be secretly sent to the receiver to extract the secret message. In the method, a single Chinese character can express p bits. The analyses and statistics show that its capacity will be much higher when the same Chinese character is used more than once than existing methods, and it can conceal any message successfully. In addition, this method can also be employed in other languages.

Band crossover and magnetic phase diagram of the high- Tc superconducting compound Ba2CuO4−δ

We present the influences of electronic and magnetic correlations and doping evolution on the groundstate properties of recently discovered superconductor Ba$_{2}$CuO$_{4-\delta}$ by utilizing the Kotliar-Ruckenstein slave boson method. Starting with an effective two-orbital Hubbard model (Scalapino {\it et al.} Phys. Rev. {\bf B 99}, 224515 (2019)), we demonstrate that with increasing doping concentration, the paramagnetic (PM) system evolves from two-band character to single-band ones around the electron filling n=2.5, with the band nature of the $d_{3z^{2}-r^{2}}$ and $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ orbitals to the $d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$ orbital, slightly affected when the electronic correlation U varies from 2 to 4 eV. Considering the magnetic correlations, the system displays one antiferromagnetically metallic (AFM) phase in $2<n<2.16$ and a PM phase in $n>2.16$ at U=2 eV, or two AFM phases in $2<n<2.57$ and $2.76<n<3$, and a PM phase in $2.57<n<2.76$ respectively, at U=4 eV. Our results show that near realistic superconducting state around n=2.6 the intermediate correlated Ba$_{2}$CuO$_{3,2}$ should be single band character, and the s-wave superconducting pairing strength becomes significant when U$>$2 eV, and crosses over to d-wave when U$>$2.2 eV.

Distribution and Differentiation Patterns of Sympatric Squids Alloteuthis media and Alloteuthis subulata (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) Using Morphological and Molecular Approaches

Identification of the two sympatric species,Alloteuthis mediaandAlloteuthis subulata, has long relied on a set of identifying morphometric parameters and descriptive guidelines. To resolve taxonomic status ofAlloteuthisin the Eastern Adriatic, we used morphological and molecular approach on a dataset collected during MEDITS expeditions sampling the entire Eastern Adriatic over consecutive summers. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences confirmed presence of both species in the Eastern Adriatic, withA. subulataoccurring only in its central and southern parts. Analyses of genetic diversity showed thatA. subulatasamples in the Eastern Adriatic shared a single haplotype whileA. mediashowed high haplotype diversity. Comparison of Eastern AdriaticA. mediasamples and populations from other regions showed statistically significant genetic differentiation between the Atlantic haplotypes and each of the Adriatic, Aegean, and Ionian populations. Conversely,A. subulatahad low genetic diversity with only two haplotypes present across samples collected globally. There was no single morphometric character with strong enough power to discriminate between species, however, when morphological traits were looked as a composite metric rather than in isolation, the majority of individuals were correctly classified into one of three groups (A. mediamales or females andA. subulata).

Novel Spaces

Novel Spaces

Universal Structural and Dynamic Features in Metals Near Their Melting Points

The results of a comparative analysis of experimental data for the equilibrium properties and characteristics of liquid alkaline earth (magnesium, calcium, strontium), alkaline (lithium, sodium, potassium) and transition metal groups: elements of the subgroups of nickel (Ni, Pd, Pt) and copper (Cu, Ag, Au) near their melting points are presented. Reduced spatial r/rm = rkm /2π and time scales, in which km is the first peak position of the static structure factor S(k) and β = 1/kBT is the inverse temperature, are introduced as the basis for the law of corresponding states. Based on these scale transformations and x-ray diffraction analysis, it was found that the groups of liquid alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals are described by universal r- and k- dependencies. It has been established that the dispersion law of longitudinal polarization ωc (k), given in accordance with these scale relations, for elements of groups of liquid alkaline, alkaline earth and transition metals has a single universal character. An analysis of the properties of three groups (alkaline, alkaline earth and transition) liquid metals using scale transformations shows that the law of the corresponding states is valid for these substances.

A Research on Handwritten Text Recognition

Over the years we have started accumulating handwritten documents, like pdfs, doc files and numerous other formats for reading, writing and studying. Often we come across situations where we need to utilize the text of those documents. Manually transcribing large amounts of handwritten data is an arduous process that’s bound to be fraught with errors. Automated handwriting recognition can drastically cut down on the time required to transcribe large volumes of text, and also serve as a framework for developing future applications of machine learning. Recognition can be offline or online and both can be implemented in applications to progressively learn based on the user’s feedback while performing offline learning on data in parallel. Some recognition systems identify strokes, others apply recognition on a single character or entire words. Some steps involved in the area(in no particular order): Image preprocessing, Segmentation, Classification &amp; Recognition, Feature Extraction. Finally, some limitations of the direction of current and future research are presented. Keywords: CNN, DTCN, TrOCR, DTCN, RNN

Africanized honeybee population (Apis mellifera L.) in Nicaragua: Forewing length and mitotype lineages.

Various subspecies of Apis mellifera L. were introduced to Central America since colonization 500 years ago. Hybridization increased with the entrance of the Africanized bee in Nicaragua in 1984. Rustic beekeeping activities and numerous feral swarms define the genetic pattern, reflected in phenotypic heterogeneity and remarkable differences in the behaviour of the bee colonies, especially the nest defence. Due to these facts, the question emerge about the degree of Africanization of honeybee colonies in Nicaragua. In this study, we identified Africanized honeybee colonies based on the single character "mean forewing length" and we corroborated our results by determining mitotypes using mtDNA analysis. Morphometric and genetic approaches were realized in three different geographical zones of Nicaragua and related to beehive characteristics and management. Worker bee samples were taken from the inside of 146 hives from 26 apiaries. Abdominal colour as phenotypic character was the first examination, followed by measurement of 1460 right forewings to determine corresponding probability of Africanization. More than 60% of the beehives showed phenotypic heterogeneity and mean forewing length of 8.74 mm (SD 0.16 mm) indicated a high degree of Africanization. Those results provided a selection of 96 worker bees to perform PCR of two worker bees per hive. For mitochondrial DNA analysis 14 samples from sentinel apiaries were added. Three from 61 beehives presented bees with different mtDNA. Throughout, three mitotypes of the African (A) lineage were detected; one mitotype is still unidentified. Mitotype A1 A. mellifera iberiensis was represented by 88 bees and mitotype A4 A. mellifera scutellata by 21 bees. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the PCR findings. No associations were found between mitotypes, forewing length, beehive characteristics and management. A high degree of Africanization in A. mellifera colonies represented by two predominating mitotypes from the A lineage, prevail in Neotropical Nicaragua, with mitotype A4 predominating at higher altitudes.

Species delimitation, hybridization and possible apomixis in a rapid radiation of Western AustralianLeptospermum(Myrtaceae)

AbstractSpecies delimitation is challenging in rapid radiations because the typical markers of speciation are often obscured. Here, we use comprehensive sampling and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to assess species boundaries in a radiation of nine morphologically similar Leptospermum taxa that failed to be discriminated in previous phylogenomic analyses. Our data recovered clear separation of L. maxwellii, L. sericeum and L. inelegans as currently circumscribed. A phrase-named taxon, Leptospermum. sp. Peak Charles/Norseman, was not distinct from L. incanum, and we recommend their synonymization. Another pair, L. nitens and L. roei, were also indistinct and differ by a single morphological character that also varies in L. inelegans without taxonomic recognition. We recommend synonymization of L. nitens and L. roei and consistent treatment of this character as a non-diagnostic, variable trait. Difficulty arose in discriminating L. erubescens and L. oligandrum; we make three suggestions and recommend further morphological investigation to determine the most appropriate taxonomic outcome. As expected, hybridization was common across the complex, but, unexpectedly, many individual plants were genetically identical within, and sometimes between, populations of most species. We hypothesize that this is due to apomixis. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of population genomics in the integrative taxonomy toolbox for disentangling species in rapid radiations, while also offering insight to the evolution of this poorly known group of Australian Leptospermum.

On the ineffectiveness of grubbs-type iron olefin metathesis catalysts: Role of spin-state isomerism and cyclopropanation

Unlike Grubbs-type Ru(II) catalysts, the corresponding Fe(II) catalysts are ineffective for olefin metathesis. A DFT study on the mechanistic pathways of Fe(II) analogues of the Grubbs first and second generation catalysts has been done on the basis of 16-electron dissociative (16eD) and 18-electron associative (18eA) pathways to unravel the reasons behind the ineffectiveness of the catalysts to perform CC bond metathesis. Both the singlet and triplet spin states of the catalysts and the intermediates have been considered for the evaluation of the reaction profile. The [2 + 2] cycloaddition step to form the singlet ironacyclobutane, FeCB is very facile for Fe(II) systems and the behavior is very similar to the Grubbs catalysts. Though FeCB systems showed activated agostic-type CC bonds, metathesis is prevented due to the spin crossover transition during the cycloaddition to significantly more stable 3FeCB. Formation of 3FeCB is exergonic with respect to the olefin coordinated Fe(II) complex. Also the CC bonds of 3FeCB show normal inactivated single bond character suggesting high energy barrier for the cycloreversion to produce a new olefin. Moreover, cyclopropane formation from 3FeCB is very facile, exergonic and leads to the degradation of the catalyst.

Keto-enol tautomerism from the electron delocalization perspective.

The equilibrium between keto and enol forms in acetylacetone and its derivatives is studied using electron delocalization indices and delocalization tensor density. We demonstrate how electron delocalization governs the equilibrium between keto and enol forms. The less stable enols have more distinct double and single bond character in the CCC fragment, while electron delocalization in this fragment is more pronounced in more stable enols. Looking for the origin of such behavior, we considered the one-electron potentials entering the Euler equation for the electron density. We found that electron delocalization is mainly governed by the static exchange potential, which depends on the three-dimensional atomic structure. It, however, does not distinguish differences in electron delocalization in more and less stable enols, the effect arising from the kinetic exchange contribution, which reflects spin-dependent effects in the electron motion. The local depletion of kinetic exchange in the conjugated fragment yields the enhanced electron delocalization along the CCC bonds in more stable enols. Thus, a combination of considered descriptors allowed us to reveal the influence of electron delocalization on the equilibrium between keto and enol forms and showed the significant features of this phenomenon.

The Big-O Problem

Given two weighted automata, we consider the problem of whether one is big-O of the other, i.e., if the weight of every finite word in the first is not greater than some constant multiple of the weight in the second. We show that the problem is undecidable, even for the instantiation of weighted automata as labelled Markov chains. Moreover, even when it is known that one weighted automaton is big-O of another, the problem of finding or approximating the associated constant is also undecidable. Our positive results show that the big-O problem is polynomial-time solvable for unambiguous automata, coNP-complete for unlabelled weighted automata (i.e., when the alphabet is a single character) and decidable, subject to Schanuel's conjecture, when the language is bounded (i.e., a subset of $w_1^*\dots w_m^*$ for some finite words $w_1,\dots,w_m$) or when the automaton has finite ambiguity. On labelled Markov chains, the problem can be restated as a ratio total variation distance, which, instead of finding the maximum difference between the probabilities of any two events, finds the maximum ratio between the probabilities of any two events. The problem is related to $\varepsilon$-differential privacy, for which the optimal constant of the big-O notation is exactly $\exp(\varepsilon)$.

SOT-MRAM-based Binary Neural Networks Demonstration for Single Character Recognition

With the substantial increase in the amount of data, the mismatch between the processing speed of the hardware and the software results in the ‘Memory Wall’ problem. Processing-in-memory (PIM), in which the compute and memory units are integrated, can avoid frequent data transmission. Binary neural network (BNN) uses binary weights and activations instead of full-precision weights and activations in the convolutional neural network, which reduces computational complexity with minor influence on accuracy. In this paper, we used a one-step operation to write a pair of SOT-MRAM cells and verified the two basic operations in BNN: XNOR and bitcount. Then, we employed an external control circuit with FPGA and accomplished ‘I’ single-character recognition based on vector-matrix multiplication in the SOT-MRAM array.

Contributed Session I: The effect of spherical defocus on vergence and diplopia in adults and children

Anisometropic children (with unequal refractive error in the two eyes) are at risk for strabismus or amblyopia. We simulated unilateral and bilateral spherical defocus to clarify the link between anisometropia, vergence eye movements and the perception of single vision. Adults (N=20, 15-51 yrs) and typically developing children (N=9, 5-8 yrs) viewed a dichoptic cartoon character presented in the fixation plane. Step changes in disparity of between 0 and 8 deg were introduced for 320 ms, followed by a blank screen. Vergence responses were recorded with an Eyelink 1000 and subjects reported whether they perceived a single (fused) or double (diplopic) character. Spherical defocus from 0.5 to 4D was applied to one or both eyes' stimuli using convolution of the point spread function for the subject's pupil size. Open loop vergence amplitude was used to estimate the reflex response (without feedback). For no defocus, open loop vergence peaked at +/-2 deg disparity with amplitudes of 0.29 deg convergence and -0.44 deg divergence for adults, and 0.56 deg and -0.46 deg for children. Bilateral defocus had no effect on this reflex response; however, 4D unilateral defocus significantly reduced vergence amplitudes in both age groups with no corresponding change in diplopia thresholds. Our results confirm that anisometropic blur is particularly disruptive to reflex vergence responses, which could limit the accurate realignment of the eyes and lead to atypical binocular development.

Aromatic B3 ring stabilized group 2 Dimer, B3-Y-Y-B3 (Y = Be, Mg, Ca)

Quantum chemical calculations have been performed on B3 ring stabilized Y-Y interaction (Y = Be, Mg, Ca) to understand the possibility of binuclear sandwich type complex formation. Calculations indicate single reference character of the studied systems. The complexes have been found to be stable towards dissociation into different fragments. Thermodynamic consideration also indicates the favourability of their formation.

Morphological and molecular data reveal the conspecificity of the spider mites Tetranychus gloveri and T. okinawanus (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)

Spider mites from Florida identified as Tetranychus gloveri Banks yielded COI and ITS1/ITS2 sequences that were either highly similar or identical to GenBank sequences of Tetranychus okinawanus Ehara from Japan. In the description of T. okinawanus, only a single morphological character, the length of the solenidion on tarsus III, was used to separate T. okinawanus from T. gloveri. Using types of both species, this character was reassessed and is shown to provide no basis for the treatment of T. okinawanus as a distinct species. Therefore, we assert that Tetranychus okinawanus Ehara is a junior synonym of Tetranychus gloveri Banks. We also provide a diagnosis and supplementary description of T. gloveri based on specimens from available geographic regions (USA: Louisiana, Florida; Japan) and designated a female lectotype.

A Novel Deep Learning Based ANPR Pipeline for Vehicle Access Control

Computer Vision and Deep Learning technology are playing a key role in the development of Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) to achieve the goal of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). ANPR systems and pipelines presented in the literature often work on a specific layout of the number plate as every region has a unique plate configuration, font style, size, and layout formation. In this paper, we have developed a smart vehicle access control system considering a wide variety of plate formations and styles for different Asian and European countries and presented novel deep learning based ANPR pipeline that can be used for heterogeneous number plates. The presented improved ANPR pipeline detects vehicle front/rear view and subsequently localizes the number plate area using the YOLOv4 (You Only Look Once) object detection models. Further, an algorithm identifies the unique plate layout, which is either a single or double row layout in different countries, and the last step in the pipeline is to recognize the number plate label using a deep learning architecture (i.e., AlexNet or R-CNNL3). The results show that our trained YOLOv4 model for vehicle front/rear view detection achieves a 98.42% mAP score, and the number plate localization model achieves a 99.71% mAP score on a 0.50 threshold. The overall average plate recognition accuracy of our proposed deep learning-based ANPR pipeline using R-CNNL3 architecture achieved a single character recognition accuracy of 96%, while AlexNet architecture recognized a single character with a 98% accuracy. In contrast, the ANPR pipeline using the OCR method is found to be 90.94%, while latency is computed as 0.99 s/frame on Core i5 CPU and 0.42 s/frame on RTX 2060 GPU. The proposed ANPR system using a deep learning approach is preferred due to better accuracy, but it requires a high-performance GPU for real-time implementation. The presented pipeline is developed and implemented for smart vehicle access control, but it can be deployed for any ANPR application.

The Trend of Segmentation for Arabic Handwritten Touching Characters

The paper is a comprehensive study of existing research trends in the sector of Arabic language, with a focus on state-of-the-art methods to illustrate the existing condition of various theory in that sector, with the goal of facilitating the adaptation and extension of prior ones into new systems and applications. In the Arabic alphabet, there are 28 letters. Depending on its place in the word, every Arabic letter has over one shape; a single character may have from one to four shapes. The Touching between character and the Overlapping occurred in the handwritten. Historical documents contained a massive knowledge and culture. There are many old books that need to be converted into readable format. Which would take a long time if humans converted it. However, the main problem is the lack of research in Arabic Handwritten especially for segmentation of touching characters. Thus, current trends of the segmentation techniques are investigated to identify the current state-of-the art of segmenting touching characters in other domains for constructing enhance techniques for Arabic touching characters. In this paper, it reviewed approaches for the segmentation of the touching characters. This paper presents the trend of approaches for the recognition process and segmentation of Arabic handwritten touching characters. In this paper, it highlighted the strength of each technique, the method used, and the drawback of the techniques. Based on the outcome, this will provide a good foundation for constructing a better technique for segmentation of Arabic touching characters, especially from the degraded documents.