Single Cap Research Articles

Practice and ideology of regional studies of religious security

The contemporary Russian map of threats to religious security is multifaceted. The first place in the hierarchy of threats is the activity of radical Islamists promoting extremist goals, while the second place belongs to the activity of non-traditional religions. This article is devoted to the analysis of methodological tools and results of regional and All-Russian sociological surveys aimed at determining the quality of interfaith relations and the place of religious risks in the national security system. Research into the religious sphere requires a certain sensitivity, which only complicates the process of compiling empirical tools. This article analyzes the experience of sociological surveys in the Volga Region (Bashkortostan, Penze, Ulyanovsk, Mordovia, Astrakhan) and the North Caucasus, using the data from All-Russian surveys. The purpose of this article is to identify the most effective methodological strategies for measuring sectarian tension and determining the risk of religious violence. The analysis of methodological tools shows that the high anxiety of mass consciousness can be recorded using questions on a number of issues. They include the admissibility or inadmissibility of violence in interreligious relations; the need to grant special rights to a denomination (to formalize its dominant position); the benefits or harms of the transition from one religion to another; the attitude towards the demonstration of religious symbols in the public sphere (e. g. hijab). The analysis of empirical research strategies allowed recording the tendency to present non-traditional faiths for Russia as a serious threat to the religious security, as well as to unite under a single cap such diverse phenomena as Wahhabism, the movement of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Protestantism, and Krishnaism. On the contrary, Russian political scientists consider traditional religions the main allies of the state in the field of maintaining religious security. The author concludes that the choice of methods can influence individual and collective perceptions of religious security.

Effect of Nucleotide State on the Protofilament Conformation of Tubulin Octamers.

At the molecular level, the dynamic instability (random growth and shrinkage) of the microtubule (MT) is driven by the nucleotide state (GTP vs GDP) in the β subunit of the tubulin dimers at the MT cap. Here, we use large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and normal-mode analysis (NMA) to characterize the effect of a single GTP cap layer on tubulin octamers composed of two neighboring protofilaments (PFs). We utilize recently reported high-resolution structures of dynamic MTs to simulate a GDP octamer both with and without a single GTP cap layer. We perform multiple replicas of long-time atomistic MD simulations (3 replicas, 0.3 μs for each replica, 0.9 μs for each octamer system, and 1.8 μs total) of both octamers. We observe that a single GTP cap layer induces structural differences in neighboring PFs, finding that one PF possesses a gradual curvature, compared to the second PF which possesses a kinked conformation. This results in either curling or splaying between these PFs. We suggest that this is due to asymmetric strengths of longitudinal contacts between the two PFs. Furthermore, using NMA, we calculate mechanical properties of these octamer systems and find that octamer system with a single GTP cap layer possesses a lower flexural rigidity.

Preferences for green electricity, investment and regulatory incentives

This paper develops a theoretical model to investigate how consumers' preferences for green electricity affect the incentives of a regulated firm to provide and invest in electricity from green sources. Optimal incentive regulation implies a trade-off between providing an optimal match of consumers with green and brown electricity and efficient incentives to invest in cost reductions. We show that a single price cap on green electricity is ineffective as it yields the same expected market outcome as with an unregulated firm. Price caps on both green and brown electricity are akin to a market share target policy which implements efficient investment but gives an inefficient ex post consumer allocation. A single price cap on brown electricity (weakly) dominates these schemes and gives rise to three different optimal regulation regimes as a function of the underlying technology parameters.

Redescription and commentary on the Chinese mayfly Vietnamella sinensis (Ephemeroptera: Vietnamellidae)

The genus Vietnamella Tshernova, 1972 is reviewed and 3 valid species are confirmed. They are V. ornata (Tshernova, 1972), V. sinensis (Hsu, 1936) (=V. dabieshanensis You & Su, 1987, new synonym; =V. qingyuanensis Zhou & Su, 1995, new synonym; =V. guadunensis Zhou & Su, 1995, new synonym) and V. thani Tshernova, 1972. The nymphal and key imaginal characters of V. sinensis are described and figured. The monogeneric family Vietnamellidae has long series of autapomorphies (two pairs of projections on head, modified mandibles, slender maxillae with few setae, round hindwings, and half of egg covered with single cap) and some plesiomorphies (seven pairs of gills, large hindwings, few marginal intercalaries on forewings). The structures of mouthparts, head and forefemora suggest that nymphs of Vietnamella may be able to move substrates and scrape food from them. Morphological evidences show that the family Vietnamellidae is a basal clade of Ephemerelloidea.

The rapid formation of Sputnik Planitia early in Pluto's history.

Pluto's Sputnik Planitia is a bright, roughly circular feature that resembles a polar ice cap. It is approximately 1,000 kilometres across and is centred on a latitude of 25 degrees north and a longitude of 175 degrees, almost directly opposite the side of Pluto that always faces Charon as a result of tidal locking. One explanation for its location includes the formation of a basin in a giant impact, with subsequent upwelling of a dense interior ocean. Once the basin was established, ice would naturally have accumulated there. Then, provided that the basin was a positive gravity anomaly (with or without the ocean), true polar wander could have moved the feature towards the Pluto-Charon tidal axis, on the far side of Pluto from Charon. Here we report modelling that shows that ice quickly accumulates on Pluto near latitudes of 30 degrees north and south, even in the absence of a basin, because, averaged over its orbital period, those are Pluto's coldest regions. Within a million years of Charon's formation, ice deposits on Pluto concentrate into a single cap centred near a latitude of 30 degrees, owing to the runaway albedo effect. This accumulation of ice causes a positive gravity signature that locks, as Pluto's rotation slows, to a longitude directly opposite Charon. Once locked, Charon raises a permanent tidal bulge on Pluto, which greatly enhances the gravity signature of the ice cap. Meanwhile, the weight of the ice in Sputnik Planitia causes the crust under it to slump, creating its own basin (as has happened on Earth in Greenland). Even if the feature is now a modest negative gravity anomaly, it remains locked in place because of the permanent tidal bulge raised by Charon. Any movement of the feature away from 30 degrees latitude is countered by the preferential recondensation of ices near the coldest extremities of the cap. Therefore, our modelling suggests that Sputnik Planitia formed shortly after Charon did and has been stable, albeit gradually losing volume, over the age of the Solar System.

Ultrasonographic clues for diagnosis of spina bifida occulta in children.

The aim of the current study was to find out if spinal ultrasonography might have a predictive potential for detection of spina bifida occulta (SBO) in pediatric nocturnal enuresis patients. A total of 108 children (58 females, 50 males) with a mean age of 8 (range, 6-15) years diagnosed for nocturnal enuresis in our tertiary care center were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Half of the cases (n=54, 50%) were found to have SBO, while the other half did not have SBO. After obtaining radiographs and computed tomography examinations of L5-S1 vertebra, patients were examined by spinal ultrasound regarding radiologic clues which may aid in the detection of SBO. The clues of "single and double echogeneous cap signs and the V-shaped tip of spine" were found useful for diagnosing SBO at levels of L5 and S1 in pediatric patients suspected for SBO. Receiver operating curve (ROC) curve analysis of CT and ultrasonographic clues for diagnosis of SBO on S1 level revealed that these clues yielded a comparable diagnostic accuracy to CT. Areas under curve for CT and studied ultrasonographic clues were are 0.667±0.053 and 0.907±0.032 (P<0.001) respectively. Ultrasonography seems to be a useful and practical diagnostic tool for diagnosing spina bifida. However, to implement our ultrasonographic criteria in routine radiological practice, further studies in larger series are warranted.

Analytical prediction of radiation from a multi-element variable-directivity spherical loudspeaker array and construction and measurement of a prototype

An analysis of radiation from a spherical surface with twelve radiating spherical caps oriented in a dodecahedral arrangement is performed. The approach generalizes the classical single cap solution by utilizing spherical trigonometry transformations to create many spherical caps in different orientations. The calculations include far-field directivity, surface impedances, and net radiated power for a variety of cap motions within the spherical array. Simulations show how well the discrete caps can produce monopole, dipole, and higher mode directivity patterns. Relative motions of the caps are calculated that best simulate these individual radiation modes. The frequency ranges for accurate reproduction of these radiation modes using discrete caps are quantified, and the role of large cap sizes to extend the range is shown. At higher frequencies, the phase interference between discrete cap radiators cause the intended radiation patterns to break down in complicated ways. A prototype 12-element spherical speaker enclosure has been constructed, with the help of a 3-D printer, and tested in an anechoic chamber. The configuration of typical cone loudspeakers creates constraints on the practical design of spherical speakers, limiting the radiating area fraction. Driver design changes to allow more compact spherical speakers with extended frequency range are suggested.

A method for wafer level hermetic packaging of SOI-MEMS devices with embedded vertical feedthroughs using advanced MEMS process

This paper presents a novel, inherently simple, and low-cost fabrication and hermetic packaging method developed for SOI-MEMS devices, where a single SOI wafer is used for the fabrication of MEMS structures as well as vertical feedthroughs, while a single glass cap wafer is used for hermetic encapsulation and routing metallization. Hermetic encapsulation can be achieved either with the silicon-glass anodic or Au–Si eutectic bonding techniques. The dies sealed with anodic and Au–Si eutectic bonding provide a low vertical feedthrough resistance around 50 Ω. Glass-to-silicon anodically and Au–Si eutectic bonded seals yield a very stable cavity pressure below 10 mTorr with thin-film getters, which are measured to be stable even after 311 d. The package pressure can be adjusted from 5 mTorr to 20 Torr by using different outgassing, cavity depth, and gettering options. The packaging yield is observed to be around 64% and 84% for the anodic and Au–Si eutectic packages, respectively. The average shear strength of the anodic and eutectic packages is measured to be higher than 17 MPa and 42 MPa, respectively. Temperature cycling, high temperature storage, and ultra-high temperature shock tests result in no degradation in the hermeticity of the packaged chips, proving perfect thermal reliability.

Design and Synthesis of Some Newer Pyrimidine Hydroxamates as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of enzymes that has become one of the potential, promising and well established targets for the treatment of cancer. In the present work, a series of pyrimidine hydroxamates were designed and synthesized as novel HDAC inhibitors.The compounds possess diaryl pyrimidine as cap, piperazine as linker and hydroxamate at Zn2+ binding group. These were designed with an idea to substitute diaryl group in place of single aryl cap in continuation to our earlier reported compounds from our lab. First S-methylisothiuronium hydroiodide 1 was prepared, which is reacted with monoboc piperazine 2 to form tert-butyl 4-carbamimidoylpiperazine-1- carboxylate 3, further it is treated with different substituted Chalcones (4a-k) to form 2, 4, 6- tri substituted pyrimidine (5a-k). After addition of ethylchloroacetate, the compounds formed are then treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to give the final compounds (7a-k). The antiproliferative activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated by MTT assay against human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231. The compounds found active were later on tested for Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory activity. The IC50 values of the best-performing compounds were found to be in-between 9 to 38 M. The results obtained suggest that in a few cases, the modifications carried out retained the selectivity towards HDAC with increased potency, which may be associated with variation in the aryl cap region along with an increase in linker length. Out of all synthesized compounds, 2-(4-(4, 6-bis (2-hydroxyphenyl) pyrimidin-2-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-N-hydroxyacetamide (T8) showed promising inhibitory activity (MDA-MB-231= 9 M) & (HDAC = 6M). Further ADMET results also demonstrated that these synthesized compounds exhibit good absorption, permeability and penetration abilities in the human body. The ability of the diaryl cap of the compounds to accommodate both the pocket of the HDAC (B & D) may be the reason for its enzyme inhibitory activity. Keywords: Histone deacetylase, hydroxamates, pocket, pyrimidine.

Refinements of the Medicare Outpatient Therapy Annual Expenditure Limit Policy.

A Medicare beneficiary's annual outpatient therapy expenditures that exceed congressionally established caps are subject to extra documentation and review requirements. In 2011, these caps were $1,870 for physical therapy and speech-language pathology combined and $1,870 for occupational therapy separately. This article considers the distributional effects of replacing current cap policy with equal caps by therapy discipline (physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology) or a single combined cap, and risk adjusting the physical therapy cap using beneficiary characteristics and functional status. Alternative therapy cap policies are simulated with 100% Medicare claims for 2011 therapy users (N=4.9 million). A risk-adjusted cap for annual physical therapy expenditures is calculated from a quantile regression estimated on a sample of physical therapy users with diagnoses and clinician assessments of functional ability merged to their claims (n=4,210). Equal discipline-specific caps of $1,710 each for physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology result in the same aggregate Medicare expenditures above the caps as 2011 cap policy. A single combined-disciplines cap of $2,485 also results in the same aggregate expenditures above the cap. Risk adjustment varies the physical therapy cap by as much as 5 to 1 across beneficiaries and equalizes the probability of exceeding the physical therapy cap across diagnosis and functional status groups. One limitation of the study was the assumption of no behavioral response on the part of beneficiaries or providers to a change in cap policy. Additionally, analysis of risk adjusting the therapy caps was limited by sample size. Equal discipline-specific caps for physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology are more equitable to high users of both physical therapy and speech-language pathology than current cap policy. Separating the physical therapy and speech-language pathology caps is a change that policy makers could consider. Risk adjustment of the therapy caps is a first step in incorporating beneficiary need for services into Medicare outpatient therapy payment policy.

Final Results from Quasar2, a Multicentre, International Randomised Phase III Trial of Capecitabine (Cap) +/- Bevacizumab (Bev) in the Adjuvant Setting of Stage Ii/Iii Colorectal Cancer (Crc)

ABSTRACT Aim: The aims of Q2 were to assess whether the addition of BEV 7.5mg/kg q3/52 (12/12) to single agent CAP 1250mg/m2, 14 of every 21/7 (6/12), increases disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in CRC patients after resection of the primary; and to validate suggested, or discover new, biomarkers of BEV efficacy and toxicity. Methods: A phase III international randomised controlled trial, coordinated by the UK and recruiting in 6 countries. In addition to the collection of data on toxicity, DFS and OS, a biobank comprising 1350 FFPE blocks and 1000 germline DNA samples was established. Hypothesis-driven biomarkers (MSI status and epithelial/stromal ratio) and hypothesis-driven biomarkers (chomosomal instabiity, ras, raf, POLE and an 80-gene ion torrent panel) were analysed to assess their prognostic and predictive (BEV) utility. Results: 1941 patients were randomised in a 1:1 ratio and demographics and disease characteristics were well balanced between the two arms. DFS in the whole trial population demonstrates that BEV does not improve outcome in this setting (3 year DFS 75.2% for CAPBEV vs 78.2% for CAP: HR = 1.06; p = 0.54). Similarly OS was not improved (3 year OS 85.5% for CAPBEV vs 87.2% for CAP; p = 0.38; HR = 1.12). There may be a temporal trend in HRs (HRs: 1 year 0.83[0.61-1.13], 2 year 0.87[0.65-1.17], 3 year 1.32 [0.9-1.98]. Biomarker analyses confirm that high tumour stromal content confers a worse prognosis (3 year DFS HR 1.58 [1.22-2.05]; p = 0.001). MSS positivity was associated with a worse DFS in patients treated with CAP/BEV compared to those treated with CAP alone (n = 840; HR 1.43; p = 0.005) suggesting a negative predictive effect for BEV: For MSI positive patients, there was no significant difference in DFS between the two arms (n = 135; HR 0.74; p = 0.42). Conclusions: Q2 supports data from two other trials suggesting no role for BEV in the adjuvant setting of CRC. The Q2 biobank and linked database allows further collaborative biomarker hypotheses to be tested. There is a rationale for meta-analysis of all BEV adjuvant CRC studies to more fully explore the putative temporal effect of BEV administration on DFS. Disclosure: R.S. Midgley and D.J. Kerr: has received research funding in the form of an unrestricted educational grant from Roche. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Double-Cap Differential Codebook Structure for MU MISO Systems in Correlated Channels

We propose a double-cap differential codebook (DCB) design for multiuser (MU) multiple-input-single-output systems. The MU transmission uses signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio precoding. The double-cap DCB is designed for temporally/ spatially correlated channels and is based on a combined spherical and polar cap structure. We consider an inner spherical cap and an outer polar cap structure with different radii. The design allows us to systematically alter the radii of the caps over the feedback time depending on the previously selected codeword. The proposed double-cap DCB does not require knowledge of temporal or spatial channel correlation at the base-station, thus removing the overhead of additional feedback from the user. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed double-cap DCB over a single polar cap DCB in terms of sum capacity gain and quantization errors.

Symmetry Breaking in Spore Germination Relies on an Interplay between Polar Cap Stability and Spore Wall Mechanics

The morphogenesis of single cells depends on their ability to coordinate surface mechanics and polarity. During germination, spores of many species develop a polar tube that hatches out of a rigid outer spore wall (OSW) in a process termed outgrowth. However, how these awakening cells reorganize to stabilize this first growth axis remains unknown. Here, using quantitative experiments and modeling, we reveal the mechanisms underlying outgrowth in fission yeast. We find that, following an isotropic growth phase during which a single polarity cap wanders around the surface, outgrowth occurs when spores have doubled their volume, concomitantly with the stabilization of the cap and a singular rupture in the OSW. This rupture happens when OSW mechanical stress exceeds a threshold, releases the constraints of the OSW on growth, and stabilizes polarity. Thus, outgrowth exemplifies a self-organizing morphogenetic process in which reinforcements between growth and polarity coordinate mechanics and internal organization.

Coupled Field Thermoelectric Simulation of High Voltage Ceramic Cap and Pin Disc Type Insulator Assembly

Transmission of high power at high voltages over very long distances has become very imperative. At present, throughout the globe, this task performed by overhead transmission lines. The dual task of mechanically supporting and electrically isolating the live phase conductors from the support tower is performed by insulators. The electrical potential, field and temperature distribution along the insulators governs the possible effects, which is quite detrimental to the system. However, a reliable data on electrical potential, field and temperature distribution in commonly employed insulators are rather scarce or access individually for thermal or electrical load only. Considering this, the present work has made an attempt to study accurately, thermal and electrical characteristics of 11 kV single cap and pin type ceramic disc distribution insulator assembly used for high voltage transmission. The coupled field thermo electrical finite element by using commercially available FEM software Ansys-11 is employed for the required field computations. This new set of ANSYS coupled-field elements enables users to accurately and efficiently analyze thermoelectric devices. This paper review the finite element formulation, which in addition to Joule heating, includes Seebeck, Peltier, Thomson effects and electrical load, i. e. by considering thermal and electric loads acting simultaneously. The Electrical voltage, electrical field and temperature distribution is deduced and compared with various other/individual analyses.

Thermal and electrical simulation of high voltage ceramic cap and pin disc type insulator assembly

In this paper, an attempt is made to study accurately, the temperature, potential and electrical field distribution for the 11 kV single cap and pin ceramic disc type insulator assembly. The FE coupled field thermo-electrical computer simulation is carried out by using a commercially available software Ansys-11. The simulation results obtained are analysed and compared with individual FE thermal and FE electrical simulations. It is observed that the thermal and electrical loads are coupled like observed in other thermo-electrical machines/systems. However, this coupling effect of a thermal and electrical load was not those of prominent to either change the thermal or electrical characteristics of an insulator assembly. This indicates that the coupled field simulation can provide considerable accurate information of temperature, potential and field distribution in insulator assembly and its effects by considering the actual working field condition, i.e., thermal and electric loads acting simultaneously as compared to individual FE thermal and FE electrical simulations.

Microwave-assisted solution combustion synthesis of high aspect ratio calcium phosphate nanoparticles

Abstract

Synthesis, Structure and Property of a Dawson-type Arsenomolybdate with an Appended AsIII Cap

An inorganic–organic hybrid compound, (H2bpy)3[AsIIIAs2 VMo15 VIMo3 VO62]·3H2O (bpy: 4,4′-bipyridine) (1) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectrum, UV–Vis spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystallographic analysis reveals that compound 1 is composed of a Wells–Dawson polyoxoanion [As2 VMo15 VIMo3 VO62]9− with the mixed valence of MoV,VI, which acts as a tetradentate ligand coordinating with the AsIII cation to form the mixed valence AsIII,V containing arsenomolybdate with the single cap structure in a chelate coordination mode. In the solid state, compound 1 shows a 3D supramolecular structure through hydrogen-bonding interactions (C–H···O, N–H···O, N–H···N). In addition, compound 1 exhibits reversible multi-electron redox processes and effective electrocatalytic activities towards the reduction of H2O2, NaNO2 and KBrO3. Moreover, compound 1 is used as a reducing agent of the graphene oxide to prepare graphene by a green chemistry type one-step synthesis method, which is characterized by XPS, Raman spectroscopy, PXRD, IR, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

EU ETS market interactions: The case for multiple hypothesis testing approaches

As the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) enters into the post-2012 Phase III period that runs to 2020, a timely assessment of European Union Allowance (EUA) and Certified Emissions Reduction (CER) price interactions over the Phase II period is presented. Vector autoregression and Granger causality testing is employed for this analysis. As a key contribution to the existing literature, the paper sets out the case for the application of sophisticated multiple hypothesis testing (MHT) procedures to control for the multiple comparisons problem, whereby under naive analysis the identification of significant results from performing multiple simultaneous hypothesis tests may occur by pure chance alone. Two classifications of procedures are employed to control for the multiple comparisons problem in the vector autoregression and Granger causality tests performed: (i) generalised familywise error rate procedures and (ii) false discovery proportion procedures. Over the latter part of Phase II, the generalised familywise error rate procedures show evidence of term structure interactions within both the EUA and CER forward curves. Interactions between the EUA and CER markets are also shown to exist. All of this evidence points to the improved structural reforms to Phase III of the EU ETS that include the extended greenhouse gas coverage, extended sectoral coverage (including aviation), single EU-wide emissions cap, introduction of auctioning and tighter offset limits. However, a word of caution is sounded as the false discovery proportion procedures fail to confirm any such interactions. This comparison of alternative MHT procedures in an empirical study provides important insights for researchers.

Simulation of Structural, Thermal and Electrical Load for High Voltage Ceramic Cap and Pin Disc Insulator Assembly

This paper studies mechanical- stress-strain, thermal- temperature distribution, electrical potential and electric field distribution for 11 kV, single ceramic cap and pin disc insulator assembly used for high voltage transmission and distribution systems. The coupled field finite element computer simulation is carried out by using a commercially available software package, which allows quantifying the effects of insulator assembly on where structural, thermal and electrical load distribution considered simultaneously. The simulation result shows stress concentration due to application of structural, thermal, and electrical load. The stress was maximum on pin and moderate on sealing material and disc. Similarly in electrical analysis, nodal electrical potential and electrical field distribution observed decreasing from bottom pin of insulator assembly to top cup end of insulator model. Remarkable stresses, temperature, electrical potential and electrical field rise was not observed at porcelain but mainly observed in critical areas like triple junction (pin-porcelain, porcelain-cup junction of insulator assembly), despite high tension, high temperature of conductor and high voltage-current. With continuous use of an insulator and varying environmental condition, this high tension, temperature and high voltage may cause small crack in sealing material and the insulator disc material. This may reduce performance or cause failure of an insulator without any prior notice.

A study of capping layers for sulfur monolayer doping on III-V junctions

Recently, high dosage doping on Si multi-gate field effect transistors and III–V planar structures using a self-limiting monolayer doping technique was reported to overcome challenges in scaling nano-sized transistors. The stoichiometry or composition of the capping layer was found to affect the diffusion efficiency of this process. In this work, we study the effect of a capping layer in sulfur monolayer doping on III–V junctions. Various capping temperatures and growth methods were compared. Based on the theoretical and experimental results, we suggest an optimized scheme consisting of a bi-layer capping structure. From Hall measurements and secondary ion mass spectrometry, a SiNx/BeO bi-layer capping, compared to single layer cap, exhibited the best results with a surface sheet resistance of 232 Ω/sq, junction depth of 11 nm, dopant profile abruptness of 3.5 nm/dec, electrically active S concentration of 4.9 × 1019/cm3 (=1.34 × 1013/cm2), and 3 times higher activation efficiency without significant transient-enhanced dopant diffusion.