Single Aggressor Research Articles

Analysis of reported cases of repeated violence in Espírito Santo.

Identify the frequency of recurrent violence in cases reported in Espírito Santo and the associated factors. Cross-sectional study. Which included data on violence in Espírito Santo from 2011 to 2018, from the Notifiable Diseases Information System, and, Statistical analyzes were performed using the chi-square test and Poisson regression. 54.2% (N:14.966) of reported cases of violence are repeated, and higher prevalences were associated with female sex (PR:1.54), child (PR: 1.29) or elderly victims (PR: 1.25), the presence of disabilities/disorders (PR:1.42) and occurrence in urban/peri-urban areas (PR: 1.10). Furthermore, there is a greater frequency of injuries caused by a single aggressor (PR: 1.20), man (PR: 1.28), aged 25 or over (PR: 1.09), known to the victim (PR: 2.81) and at home (PR: 1.69). The reported cases of violence showed a high frequency of recurrence, and were associated with the studied characteristics of the victim, the aggressor and the event.

Homicidio por combinación de métodos de asfixia

IntroductionHomicide by combination of suffocation methods is observed mainly in elderly people or with some physical impediment capable of counteracting the aggression. Material and methodsA retrospective observational study was carried out on 634 autopsies. Five met the characteristics of homicides by combination of asphyxiation methods. ResultsTwo men and three women, average age 69 years, with negative toxicological studies, victims of a single aggressor, presented peri orificial skin lesions (mouth and nose), muscle hemorrhages in the thorax, rib fractures, blunt injuries to the head interpreted as like submission. DiscussionIn the combination of asphyxia methods the findings that must be seen together: Head injuries to subdue the victim, skin lesions on the neck, face, inner face of the lips, rib fractures, and counter-pressure injuries to the back, buttocks, or elbows. Contextualized together, can explain the dynamics of this homicidal modality.

Sexual violence against women in the Western Amazon.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE:To characterize sexual violence cases suffered by women notified by the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) in the city of Rio Branco (AC - Brazil) from 2011 to 2016.METHODS:Descriptive study based on information from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The study population consisted on women victims of sexual violence reported in the city of Rio Branco (AC), from 2011 to 2016.RESULTS:The results show a higher number of notifications during 2012, especially among single, brown, and aged between 10 and 14 years victims; usually they have 5 to 8 years of schooling. Normally violence occurred in residences and by a single aggressor, male and non-alcoholic.DISCUSSION:The large number of notifications of pregnant women aged 10 to 14 years corresponds to the compulsory notification of rape of a vulnerable person, identified at the time of prenatal care or childbirth.CONCLUSION:We confirm the susceptibility to sexual violence of young women in Rio Branco, raising the issue of child marriage and teenage pregnancy.

Análise das ocorrências de violência sexual contra mulheres atendidas em um serviço de referência

Objetivo: Analisar as ocorrências de violência sexual contra mulheres atendidas em um serviço de referência em Teresina, Piauí. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, retrospectivo, realizado no Serviço de Atendimento à Mulher Vítima de Violência Sexual, referência na capital do estado. A população foi definida por todas as ocorrências de violência sexual entre janeiro e dezembro de 2016, na cidade de Teresina, sendo incluídas todas as mulheres que relataram agressão sexual e foram registradas no serviço; e excluídos os casos em que não houve comprovação de violência sexual. As variáveis foram coletadas seguindo um formulário elaborado pelos autores e após aprovação da pesquisa pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Foi aplicada estatística descritiva aos dados coletados e comparados com a literatura científica. Resultados: Foram atendidas 484 mulheres, sendo que 235 casos ocorreram na cidade de Teresina e desses, 146 foram caracterizados como violência sexual. As vítimas eram jovens, entre 10 e 19 anos (61%), com menos de 8 anos de estudo (74%), em sua maioria estudantes (78,1%), além de não possuírem parceiro fixo (41,1%). Os atos de violência ocorreram no ambiente domiciliar (63,9%), no turno diurno (38,2%), com agressor conhecido (85%) e único (82,5%), que utilizou força física (47,5%). Conclusão: As ocorrências de violência sexual se deram em mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade: jovens, com pouco estudo, desempregadas, sem parceiro fixo; sendo os atos praticados em ambiente residencial, durante o dia, por agressor único, conhecido e que utilizou força física para consumar a agressão.

Características dos casos de violência sexual contra mulheres adolescentes e adultas notificados pelos serviços públicos de saúde em Santa Catarina, Brasil

Sexual violence against women is a form of gender violence and both a severe human rights violation and public health problem. This ecological, descriptive, and temporal series study aims to analyze sexual violence against pre-adolescent, adolescent, and adult females in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, based on data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, in order to describe the characteristics of cases of sexual violence perpetrated against women, reported by health professionals from 2008 a 2013. A total of 15,508 cases of violence were reported, including 2,010 cases of sexual violence (12.9%). Cases of violence totaled 950 reports in the 10 to 14 year bracket (47.3%), 450 in the 15 to 19 year bracket (22.4%), and 610 (30.3%) in women 20 years or older (adults). Adolescent females suffered violence by a single aggressor, at home, at night, with vaginal penetration, and with greater tendency to repeated assault and pregnancy as a result. For females 10 to 14 and 15 to 19 years of age, the aggressors were unknown in 32.9% and 33.1% of the reports, respectively. Adult women were sexually assaulted either at home or on public byways, at night or in the early morning hours, by a single aggressor, with vaginal penetration in more than half of the cases, with more physical injuries, and with more subsequent suicide attempts. The information should contribute to awareness-raising of policymakers, health professionals, researchers, and health field professors concerning the importance of reporting violence in order to help develop interventions to prevent such violence against women.

Epidemiology of rapes in Costa Rica: Characterization of victims, perpetrators and circumstances surrounding forced intercourse

Since the year 2000, the number of rapes in Costa Rica has increased at a rate of 42 cases per year. In 2011, 1786 rape cases were reported to the prosecution offices throughout the country, but only 1081 reports continued through the investigation process by the Judicial Investigation Agency. A randomly collected sample of 272 reports received by Judicial Investigation Agency, between July 2012 and June 2013, were prospectively studied. The analysis was limited to cases reported within 30 days following the rape. Results indicate that most of the provinces in the country show an incidence of about 38 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Ninety-six percent of the victims were women, 50% of which were between 10 and 19 years old. More than 99.5% of violators were men. The rape was perpetrated by a single aggressor in 85% of the cases. It was found that 48% of the victims were within the first 11 days of their menstrual cycle at the time of the attack. Twenty-nine percent of rapes occurred in “high rape-risk” circumstances—e.g., victims attacked by strangers in public outdoors or indoors. Twenty-five percent of rapes occur in “moderate rape-risk” circumstances—e.g., victims attacked indoors at public locations or at the home other than the victim's by relatives, sentimental partners or acquaintances. Fifteen percent of rapes occurred in “low rape-risk” circumstances—e.g., victims attacked in their homes by relatives or sentimental partners. In 67% of the cases the perpetrator was an acquaintance of the victim. Eleven percent of the cases corresponded to rapes in which the perpetrator was a partner or ex-partner of the victim. Fourteen percent and 25% of rapes could be classified as “proactive drug-facilitated rapes” or “opportunistic drug-facilitated rapes”, respectively. Semen in the vaginal fluid of victims and the genetic profile of the alleged perpetrator were detected in 55% and 33% of the cases, respectively.

Microcontextual Characteristics of Peer Victimization Experiences and Adolescents’ Daily Well-Being

Microcontextual factors (i.e., contextual characteristics of the specific victimization incident) may help to explain the association between adolescents' daily peer victimization experiences and well-being. In the present study, daily report methodology was used to assess sixth (N = 150; 53% girls) and ninth grade (N = 150; 50% girls) students' current well-being and peer victimization earlier in the day on 5 random school days within a 2-week period. Associations between peer victimization microcontextual factors (number of aggressors, presence of witnesses, and receipt of help) and fluctuations in adolescents' daily well-being (humiliation, worry, and physical symptoms) were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of White, Latino, Asian, African American, and multiethnic students. Humiliation increased on days in which students reported public victimization, multiple aggressors, and no help. Worry increased on days students experienced private victimization and when boys (but not girls) experienced private victimization, victimization by a single aggressor, and received peer help. Physical symptoms were higher on days that victimization occurred, regardless of context, but only for sixth graders and not ninth graders. These findings suggest that the victimization microcontext can offer insight about the types of peer victimization exposure that might produce the greatest daily risk for adolescents.

Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence

The objective of this study was to examine associations between maternal and paternal use of corporal punishment (CP) for 3-year-old children and intimate partner aggression or violence (IPAV) in a population-based sample. The study sample (N=1997) was derived from wave 3 of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Mother and father reports regarding their use of CP and their IPAV victimization were analyzed. IPAV included coercion and nonphysical and physical aggression. Approximately 65% of the children were spanked at least once in the previous month by 1 or both parents. Of couples who reported any family aggression (87%), 54% reported that both CP and IPAV occurred. The most prevalent patterns of co-occurrence involved both parents as aggressors either toward each other (ie, bilateral IPAV) or toward the child. The presence of bilateral IPAV essentially doubled the odds that 1 or both parents would use CP, even after controlling for potential confounders such as parenting stress, depression, and alcohol or other drug use. Of the 5 patterns of co-occurring family aggression assessed, the "single aggressor" model, in which only 1 parent aggressed in the family, received the least amount of empirical support. Despite American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendations against the use of CP, CP use remains common in the United States. CP prevention efforts should carefully consider assumptions made about patterns of co-occurring aggression in families, given that adult victims of IPAV, including even minor, nonphysical aggression between parents, have increased odds of using CP with their children.

Accurate crosstalk noise modeling for early signal integrity analysis

In this paper, we propose an accurate and fast method to estimate the crosstalk noise in the presence of multiple aggressor nets for use in physical design automation tools. Since noise estimation is often part of the inner loop of optimization algorithms, very efficient closed-form solutions are needed. Previous approaches model aggressor nets one at a time, assuming that the coupling capacitance to all quiet aggressor nets are grounded. They also model the load from interconnect branches as a lumped capacitor, the value of which is the sum of interconnect and load capacitances of the branch. Finally, previous works typically use simple lumped 2-4-node circuit templates and employ a so-called dominant pole approximation to solve the template circuit. While these approximations allow for very fast analysis, they may result in significant underestimation of the noise. In this paper, we propose a new and more comprehensive fast noise estimation method. We propose a novel reduction technique for modeling quiet aggressor nets based on the concept of coupling point admittance. We also propose a reduction method to replace tree branches with effective capacitors which models the effect of resistive shielding. Furthermore, we model the simplified single aggressor net crosstalk noise problem using a 6-node template circuit and propose a new double pole approach to solve the template circuit. We have tested the proposed method on noise-prone interconnects from an industrial high-performance processor. Our results show a worst case error of 7.8% and an average error of 2.7%, while allowing for very fast analysis.