Song Sung Research Articles

Peter Satir (1936–2022), cell biology pioneer and mentor

Peter Satir (1936–2022), cell biology pioneer and mentor

The Truths in the Songs of the Woman's Statement in Ainkurunooru Kurinjithinai

Ainkurunooru of the Sangam literature has the lowest number of feet. This book serves as a mirror to capture the events that take place in the lives of similar people who are in love. In it, there are twenty-one songs sung by Kapilar in Kurinjithinai songs, which are composed of the woman's statements. The songs are full of reality and show the events that take place in the mind. Among the realities mentioned by the Tolkappiar are the reality of crying, with movement as the stationary field the reality of lightness is because of tenderness, and the reality of fear in the substance of its God The reality of pride is centered on the truth in the materiality of innocence. In this article, it has been explained and examined that the reality of the ego is also based on perception.

Effect of using songs to teach junior secondary mathematics

Singing songs is part of human everyday lifestyle, they can easily be recalled and thereafter affect other aspects of human life. The studyexamined the effect of songs application in teaching junior secondary mathematics. The junior secondary level being the intermediateand upper basic level of education where learners are prepared for the serious academic rigour of the post-basic or senior secondary levelin Nigeria require the introduction of more learner-centred, learner-friendly and activity-based methods. Teaching Mathematics with useof songs will be one of such methods. The study employed the pre- test, post-test, quasi experimental design. Using purposive samplingtechnique, one hundred and twenty (120) junior secondary students from two public secondary schools were selected for the sample.Three hypotheses were formulated and tested. Two instruments, procedural and main instrument, were used. The data collected were analyzedusing analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The result of the study revealed that there was a significant effect of songs on the academicachievement of students in Mathematics and it was recommended that teachers should be encouraged to adopt songs composed duringteaching since their use sustains students’ interest and retention.

How a young child sings a well-known song before she can speak

AbstractThrough micro-genetic analysis of early singing, I describe and explain the complexity of song as an elementary cultural expression. For educators, it is important to understand the key role of song with and by young children as a means to convey feelings and musico-linguistic rules. Song consists of melody and lyrics, both of which are connected by metrical rules to form a Gestalt. A song sung by 18-month-old Lynn exemplifies that she produces the melody with ease, but shows difficulty forming the words. By following rules, she forms and expresses feelings of belonging to those who shared their singing with her previously.

Women, Witchcraft, and the Inquisition in Spain and the New World

This valuable collection of essays highlights the work of 11 international scholars, almost all of whom are based in Spanish or Mexican universities. The book offers English-language-only readers examples of scholarship from outside the United States, spanning anthropology, art history, history, and literary studies. The notes, bibliographies, and author biographies provide an excellent resource for students and scholars who wish to expand their knowledge of the topic of women, witchcraft, and the Spanish and American Tribunals of the Holy Office of the Inquisition.It is not surprising that the contributions vary in both their readability and the originality of the insights that they provide on this very well-studied topic. Holy Office case studies often tempt scholars into simply summarizing their content; they are so fascinating and even bizarre that scholarship tends to repeat the back-and-forth narrated in the documents, the painful dance between accusations, individuals' testimonies, and inquisitors' reactions. So much more can be done with these documents.The best work on Inquisition case studies demonstrates a strong knowledge of the conventions of this tribunal as well as the expectations for testimonial verbiage; such work frames and contextualizes the narratives and processes for readers in a way that illuminates analytical points that only a highly trained scholar can discern. This scholarship treats the paper trail relating to the Holy Office as a textual record of cultural and political forces at work in Iberia and its territories.A handful of the essays in this volume do this kind of work very well. First, Sonia Pérez-Villanueva examines five Francisco Rizi paintings commissioned by the mid-seventeenth-century Madrid tribunal as a propaganda effort. The paintings depict highly gendered, antisemitic stories drawn from coerced confessions as if they were real events. Instead of a realistic portrayal of a working-class family, the paintings show the accused crypto-Jews as if they were among the class of financiers who had recently roused popular ire. Perhaps even more shocking, the existing official description of the paintings repeats the story again as if it were true. Continuing his work as a propagandist for powerful institutions, a few decades later Rizi painted the famous Madrid auto de fé scene for his patron King Carlos II.In another well-organized and engaging contribution, Cecilia López-Ridaura delves into a convincing comparison between case records in New Spain and the infamous Malleus Maleficarum, creating a conversation between different but closely related texts. The alleged offenses have to do with men and their sexuality, and López-Ridaura underscores that whether or not the events from the tribunal files took place, clearly the Malleus Maleficarum played a role in how people continued to believe for centuries in witches' abilities to control or destroy male sexual potency.Demonstrating a nuanced understanding of the historiography of the Novohispanic tribunal, Yadira Munguía examines a self-denunciation done in 1796 by a young woman named Felipa Olaeta. This essay provides a brief but very helpful overview of gender and the Holy Office in New Spain, and might offer an excellent short introduction to the subtleties of this tribunal for students. Olaeta's self-confession of a very casual or even dismissive attitude toward Catholicism, as well as her public singing of love songs, makes this an appealing case study to present to undergraduates. Her confession of the offense of feeling that God was cruel due to the commonplace nature of corporal punishment resonates strongly in a time when the secular judiciary annually executed dozens of accused men, as well as a few women, in the plazas of Mexico City. Olaeta's light punishment underscores the variety present in the centuries of the Holy Office's existence.Another fascinating essay in this collection comes from Claudia Carranza Vera and Jair Antonio Acevedo López, who discuss the popular poetry of spells documented in Inquisition records in the context of curing the skin disease known as erysipelas.Some of the less effective essays here derive almost entirely from a very limited selection of secondary sources and seem to focus on simply denouncing the abuses of the Holy Office in a highly emotional tone that echoes Black Legend language familiar for almost five centuries. In other essays, the cited sources are quite dated, with many recent contributions to the literature left out. For example, a growing and excellent historiography exists for medical history across the Americas, beyond the mid-twentieth-century publications of Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán. On the whole, the provocative and well-researched essays outweigh these less original or up-to-date contributions.Although joining a packed field of similar collections, these ten essays present a diverse range of intriguing approaches from the perspective of different fields of study and analytical methodologies. Readers will benefit from exposure to authors whose writings have previously only appeared in Spanish. This is an important collection for these reasons.

Kajian Stilistika Sastra Lisan Tembang Asal Sanga Desa Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin

The problem in this research is how to study the stylistics of the oral literature of Tembang fromSangaDesa, MusiBanyuasin Regency based on figurative language and imagery. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe figurative language and imagery in the study of Tembangstylistics from Sanga Village, Musi Banyuasin Regency. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. The source of data in this study is video recording from YouTube. The videos that will be analyzed are 3 videos of Tembang chanting, namely Tembang from SangaDesa sung by a young woman from SangaDesa (SMAN1 SanDes Channel) July 2020 edition, Tembang sung by parents/artists of Tembang from Ngulak, SangaDesaSubdistrict (ImahNurdin ) April 2017 edition and a song sung by a Tembang artist from Ngulak, Sanga Desa Subdistrict (Budaya Muba) May 2021 edition. The results of the research on the stylistic study of Tembang from Sanga Desa, Musi Banyuasin Regency, obtained 10 language styles and 5 imagery which has 4 lines in each stanzas. The language style studied consisted of simile, metaphor, ellipsis, repetition, litotes, hyperbole, personification, irony, association and cynicism while the imagery consisted of visual, auditory, motion, smell and taste images.

Song functions for joint territory defence and within-pair communication in female and male lovely fairy-wrens

Song has been extensively studied in birds and is considered a classic example of a sexually selected trait. However, this interpretation is based predominantly on studies of males. There is growing evidence that female song is common and phylogenetically widespread, but there are still relatively few species for which song similarities and differences between the sexes have been described. We investigated the function of female and male song in the lovely fairy-wren, Malurus amabilis , a tropical species that maintains territories year-round. We tested whether song structure and sex-specific seasonal variation in song rates across breeding and nonbreeding stages were consistent with expectations of key hypotheses for song function. We did this with temporarily caged and free-living birds. We also experimentally examined female and male responses to simulated territorial intrusion, using playbacks simulating solo intruders of either sex singing songs that varied in complexity (i.e. the variety of elements in song). Females and males had similar song structure, complexity and natural song rates and both sang more during nonbreeding than breeding periods. Within each breeding stage, males sang more than females during incubation, a period of female-only investment in parental care. Both sexes sang more when they were more than 5 m apart than when close together in their dense tropical habitat. Females and males responded similarly to simulated intrusion and coordinated their responses. They responded more strongly to male than female song playbacks and to simple playback songs after they were exposed to complex songs, during both breeding and nonbreeding periods. Our observational and experimental data show that female and male songs are similar and suggest that convergent selective pressures may explain similar functions of song, primarily in joint territorial defence of resources and within-pair communication for coordination. • More systematic studies comparing female and male birdsong are needed. • We investigated birds' song form and function in a female and male tropical bird. • Females and males have similar songs which suggests convergent selective pressures. • Both sexes sang more during nonbreeding periods than during breeding periods. • Both sexes have similar song functions for territorial defence and pair communication.

Introduction: Socialist World Literature

Introduction:Socialist World Literature Yanli He (bio) and Daniel W. Pratt (bio) This special issue of The Journal of Narrative Theory, "Socialist World Literature," opens a window onto World Literature from the socialist perspective, through a focus on Socialist Realism broadly considered.1 Socialist Realism as a genre has largely been pilloried in Western scholarship, with a few notable exceptions, such as in the work of Katerina Clark and Evgeny Dobrenko. Clark herself describes the reaction when she would tell someone that her research was "on the Soviet Soviet novel, on those hundreds of unreadable texts that serve as examples of Socialist Realism": there would be a "dreadful pause," presumably of disbelief that such works could be seriously studied (Clark ix). Clark describes Socialist Realism as a taboo topic in Western scholarship (ix), and this situation is still true to a certain degree to this day. However, such a dismissive approach to Socialist Realism belies the power that it had throughout the twentieth century, and not just as the official genre of Soviet literature from 1933 to 1988. Socialist Realism, along with the Soviet project more generally, represented an alternative to Western European cultural hegemony for much of the world. If Russia had been "belated," as it was so often described, then the Bolshevik Revolution and the new Proletarian art transformed it into a leader on the world-historical stage. Socialist Realism went hand in hand with anti-colonial movements, liberation struggles, and the voices of ignored and oppressed literati all over the world. This led to a construction of World Literature centered on Moscow instead of the West, with Socialist Realism being the foundational form radiating from the new center. [End Page 267] In the Socialist countries, reimagining World Literature started in the 1930s, as a method of battling rising nationalism and fascist movements. During the First Soviet Writers' Congress of 1934 in Moscow, the German/Soviet critic and Socialist activist Karl Radek delivered a lengthy address, "Contemporary World Literature and the Tasks of Proletarian Art." According to Radek, there were three important historical events in the twentieth century that formed the criteria of how to evaluate the progress of World Literature: "the World War, the October Revolution and the fascists' advent to power in a number of countries" (74). Radek criticized the content of World Literature during World War I because it "sang songs in praise of war," with only a few exceptions, such as Maxim Gorky and Martin Andersen Nexø, but he claimed that the February Revolutions started to "turn world literature against the wars" of imperialism and colonial oppression (78). Radek specifically announced a new line of Socialist World Literature in his speech. According to him, the October Revolution began to change the landscape of World Literature, at first only in the negative way, because bourgeois literature became "an object of libel" for treating the October Revolution as "a mutiny of slaves engineered by scoundrels" and "the progeny of hell" (86). The development of an alternative to the hegemonic culture, according to Radek, "disturbed the minds of the more reflective representatives of world literature far more than did the events of October 1917" (91). The rise of the Soviet Union contributed to the "split in world literature" into two forms: "the literature of decaying capitalism, inevitably evolving towards fascism, [and] the new proletarian literature" with Moscow at its center (94). Bourgeois literature lost its "monopoly in world literature," and "proletarian literature was beginning to spring up in all countries" (95). Writers from all over the world were turning to Moscow for inspiration, and not just any authors, but already world-famous writers, such as Theodore Dreiser, Nobel laureate Romain Rolland, future Nobel laureate André Gide, and others. Radek understood Socialist World Literature and Socialist Realism in particular as part of the battle against fascism. Anyone who had remained with bourgeois literature was now forced to "side with [fascists]," and "write from the viewpoint of [fascist] philosophy" or join the proletariat (109). Thus, only one month after German fascists came to power on January 30, 1933, they lit a bonfire of German and World Literature near the [End Page 268] square of the University of Berlin. The...

Andal Priyadarshini's the Position of Women in the Working Class

Singing songs about God, the king, and upper castes are mostly found in Tamil literature. The singing of working class people is rarely found in a few pieces of literature like Pallu (Agriculture Songs) and Kuravanchi. Modern literature gives complete freedom to sing about the working class. In it, Andal Priyadarshini has created modern literature such as poetry, short stories, novels, etc. In it, the creators have made the lower class people aware of their life status by singing and creating characters. Her works frequently depict hustlers, roadside dwellers, scavengers, cremators, and transgender women and girls. They are the members of society. Some are working people, who have every right to live here, and are economically backward. People have continued their lives at the bottom of society for centuries. Mere pity for the working class will not lift them up. If individual value, castelessness, labour value, and non-discrimination come together, then a society called the working class will disappear.

Controlling Voices in Fourteenth-Century Salzburg: Singing and Identity in the ‘MÖnch von Salzburg’ Songs

ABSTRACT The songs attributed to the so-called ‘Mönch von Salzburg’ offer a vivid picture of the late fourteenth-century ecclesiastical court of Archbishop Pilgrim von Pucheim. Against the background of historical and legal documentation from Salzburg, this article explores the way these songs negotiate the desires and anxieties of a mixed clerical-courtly milieu with a particular concern for regulating the human voice in both artistic and social senses. Taking as my central example Dy trumpet, one of the earliest pieces of recorded secular polyphony in the German world, I examine how both the singing and composition of song at Pilgrim’s court offered ways to certify one’s vocal interventions as positive and thereby to assure curial kudos. In a final section, I consider how later, non-curial recipients of these songs were able to vehicularize these courtly voices to their own advantage.

DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE MEANING IN LYRIC “MOCKINGBIRD” SONG BY EMINEM

This research aims at analyzing several words, phrases, and clauses in 'Mockingbird' song sung by Eminem (2004) which have denotative and connotative meaning and finding the relation between the meaning found to the context of the singer's real life. In analyzing the denotative and connotative meaning of the selected words, phrases, and clauses, this study uses Palmer’s theory of denotative and connotative (1976) as a theoretical basis. The source of data was from “Mockingbird” song lyric by Eminem. This study uses descriptive qualitative as the design of study. After analyzing the data from the lyrics, this study found that (1) some lyrics contained with connotative and denotative meaning on referring a specific object or emotion. (2) Connotative meaning of these lyric have a relation with context family relationship in Eminem's real life .

ЕТНОПЕДАГОГІЧНІ ТРАДИЦІЇ ВИХОВАННЯ В РОДИНІ КОСАЧІВ-ДРАГОМАНОВИХ У КУРСАХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН «ІСТОРІЯ ПЕДАГОГІКИ» І «ТЕОРІЯ ТА МЕТОДИКА ВИХОВАННЯ»

The purpose of the study is to reveal the ethnopedagogical traditions of education in the Kosach-Dragomanov family in terms of courses of educational disciplines «History of pedagogy» and «Theory and methodology of education» in the conditions of distance learning. The article proves that the dominants of the upbringing of children in the Kosach-Dragomanov family were cultural, patriotic, spiritual, moral, mental, labor and religious education; the ethnopedagogical potential of the family accumulates spiritual, moral, cultural, national, mental, aesthetic, emotional, labor education through the cultivation of the Ukrainian mentality, in respect of the ethnopedagogical traditions of the Ukrainian people. It is proved that the successful assimilation of the achievements of the ethno-pedagogical familial experience by students, the acquisition of the highest spiritual and moral qualities of the individual is facilitated by audit and practical work: in classes on the theory and methodology of education, the history of pedagogy, the preparation of abstracts, research and search design, Internet quizzes, flash mobs. For example, now we are forced to study remotely, so within 25 days the online project of the Department of Pedagogy of Berdyansk State Pedagogical University «Paths of Pedagogical Heritage of Lesia Ukrainka» took place on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of her birth. Every day students of the Faculty of Psychological and Pedagogical Education and Arts introduced Lesia Ukrainka to poetry for the youngest in different formats: read poems, sang songs on the words of poets, painted portraits. Key words: ethnopedagogical tradition, upbringing of the children, family, experience, educational process, distance learning.

As Though “Wit” Never Were: The Dual Pronoun as Interpretive Crux in The Wife's Lament

As Though “Wit” Never Were: The Dual Pronoun as Interpretive Crux in <i>The Wife's Lament</i>

Is the Unity of Nigeria Negotiable or Not?

One popular saying among the elites in Nigeria is that ‘unity of Nigeria is not negotiable’. However, going by the daily experiences or occurrences and views of ordinary Nigerians, the statement seems aloof of the realities in Nigeria in all the decades of her creation. Indeed, there seems to be more factors pointing to the need for re-negotiation than a blanket non-negotiability-the sing song of the elites. The concern of this paper is to explore the factors that have made Nigerians unwilling to live together. In this regard therefore, the paper shall unravel reasons advanced by the elites for the non-negotiability of Nigeria in spite of her challenges and unwillingness to live together; find out why some Nigerians belief and call for self-determination or a complete re-negotiation of Nigeria and finally document the daily experiences of Nigerians in the last sixty years to supply empirical evidences for the need for a renegotiation of a nation on the brink.

The Dispute of Flirtation and Enthusiasm in Pre-Islamic Poetry An Objective Artistic Study For Teaching Arabic Literature/ جدلية الغزل والحماسة في الشعر الجاهلي دراسة موضوعية وفنية لتعليم الأدب العربي

Teaching Arabic, especially literature related to poetry, must also teach the character of Arabic writers. The flirtation movement was mixed with enthusiasm because it is found in all atmospheres, even in the poems of love, especially when it grows stronger and becomes the beloved in the comedy of heroism. For example, Antarah bin Shaddad, who collected the sword and the arrows, stabbed the honey in an atmosphere in which war and love were mixed for the sake of highness and the sublime (Al-Baldawi). Therefore, we find his poetry strong, devoid of softness and tenderness because he lived in the atmosphere of war, suffering, and the cruelty of its conditions. Thus, his language is enthusiastic, intense, and lacks indolence. The Arabic people are the sons of their environment. They are knights who stretch in the desert (the Arabian Peninsula) with all dignity and pride, confident in step, strong-willed, basking in the whims of freedom and fulfillment. The Arabs are assertive and do not slacken in the face of adversity, no matter the sacrifices it costs. This is how they love life and land—singing in it the hymn of war and flirting with those on it with the passion of love. It was a subject that occupied the interest of the pre-Islamic poets until they issued it at the beginning of his poems. That nature of art which is a psychological need, represents facts and consciousness as it is. The spirit of life awakens a person's sense of meanings that cannot be hidden or ignored, no matter how great or magnificent it is, because it is part of his breath (Abdullah). Thus, the psyche of the knights' poets was a song sung by the poem of love following the blockages and desertions they are experiencing and the separation or departure that makes them sleepless. It also provokes their anger towards those they love, as they convey their complaints in an unbearable alienation, continuing to talk about their suffering in search of solutions to resolve their crises and seeking to deal with the sad things (Abdel-Baqi).

Abstract 5081: Proteomic analysis of ascites- and cancer cell-derived EVs for identifying ovarian cancer diagnostic biomarkers

Abstract Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer in the world. Most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages with the formation of ascites. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been elucidated to play a pivotal role in cancer development and progression, also emerging as promising resources for clinical biomarkers in liquid biopsy. In this study, we aim to identify cancer-specific protein biomarkers in ascites-derived EVs for ovarian cancer diagnosis. Malignant ascites from high grade ovarian cancer patients (HGSOC) and benign peritoneal fluids from female patients with benign gynecologic diseases were collected with informed consent. EVs were isolated from these biofluids using the Exoquick kit. Meanwhile, HGSOC cell lines and normal cell lines were cultured in conditioned media supplemented with EVs-depleted FBS. EVs were isolated from the culture media. Proteins were extracted from EVs and fragmented into peptides. Tandem mass tag (TMT) hyper multiplex quantitation assay was carried out to detect the EV proteomic profiling. EVs isolated from biofluids and cell culture media were identified as double-membrane nanoparticles sizing ranging from 30nm to 200nm. Proteomic analysis of biofluids-derived EVs showed that malignant ascites-derived EVs displayed different proteomic profiling compared to benign peritoneal fluids-derived EVs. The differently expressed proteins between malignant ascites-derived EVs and benign peritoneal fluids-derived EVs were defined as candidate EV protein biomarkers. In addition, proteins that were expressed in at least one cancer cell line-derived EVs but not expressed in normal cell line-derived EVs were also identified as ovarian cancer-specific proteins. A diagnostic model constructed based on the integrative analysis of candidate EV protein biomarkers and ovarian cancer-specific proteins yielded a good discrimination ability between benign and cancer patients.In conclusion, this study demonstrates the distinct proteomic profiling in ascites- and cancer cell-derived EVs in ovarian cancer, which sheds new light on implementing EV proteins as a potential diagnostic strategy in clinical settings. Citation Format: Wenyu Wang, Dohyun Han, Yong Sang Song. Proteomic analysis of ascites- and cancer cell-derived EVs for identifying ovarian cancer diagnostic biomarkers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5081.

SUARA PEREMPUAN DALAM LAGU PADUAN SUARA DIALITA

&lt;p&gt;The women, who survived the 1965 tragedy and had been political prisoners because they were thought to have ties to the Indonesian Communist Party, had been silenced for a long time. Those female survivors then spoke through songs in the Dialita Choir. What they do is a form of women’s writing which is an attempt to include women in historical narratives. This study aims to analyze their act as a form of feminine writing that can be seen through the lyrics of a song sung by the Dialita Choir. The lyrics from the Dialita Choir are treated as text. The analysis in this study uses a feminist perspective with a critical discourse analysis approach. This study found that written songs became a coping mechanism for them while being arrested.&lt;/p&gt;

ANALISIS KLASIFIKASI ARTIST MUSIC MENGGUNAKAN MODEL REGRESI LOGISTIK BINER DAN ANALISIS DISKRIMINAN

Characteristics of a song are an important aspect that must be kept authentic by a singer. Using the Spotify API feature, we can extract the characteristics or elements of a song sung by a singer. There are eight (8) elements that we can get from the extraction of a song, namely: Danceability, Energy, Loudness, Speechiness, Acousticness, Liveness, Valence, and Tempo. Based on the extraction results, we can label the music artist using the classification analysis method. In this study, the labels are music artists, namely Ariana Grande and Taylor Swift. This study aims to obtain the classification of music artist labels using binary logistic regression methods and discriminant analysis. The response variable used in this study is Artist Music (Y) which is categorized into two categories, namely Ariana Grande (Y=0) and Taylor Swift (Y=1). The data will be divided into training and testing data with the proportion of data 90:10 and 80:20. Based on the results of the analysis, the binary regression model that was built, with the proportion of training testing data that is 90:10 has a classification accuracy for data testing of 90.00%.

Anlo War Songs: The Linguistic Prowess of Warriors

Purpose: Language is the heart of every communication. The choice and use of language determine the appropriateness and clarity of the speaker’s intentions. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the composers of Anlo war songs employ literary devices in their compositions to realize the intended purposes.&#x0D; Methodology: Anlo war songs are always replete with themes and figurative messages. The research approach was purely qualitative as data for analysis was ethnographically gathered through observation and interview. The population was the natives of Anlo-Ewes. Primary data was collected from three Anlo communities. Fifteen respondents (eight women and seven men), whose ages were between seventy and ninety years were selected for the study through snowballing. Hogbetsotso and Godigbe festivals of the chiefs and people of Anlo and Aflao were visited for data saturation. Five songs were selected out of the twelve for the study through simple random sampling.&#x0D; Findings: It was discovered that a lot of literary devices are used in the Anlo war song. Idioms, proverbs, repetitions, personifications, symbolism, rhymes, imagery, pun on a line, alliteration, assonance, parallelism, synecdoche and apostrophe were identified from the songs and analyzed. It was revealed from the analysis that repetition, symbolism, imagery and rhyme are common in all the songs. Composers do this to ensure that they are emphatic, explanatory and meaningful, and there is also musical harmony in their compositions.&#x0D; Recommendations: The paper suggested that stakeholders of the Anlos should initiate programs to create awareness in the people about the language use in singing of Anlo war songs. Inter-cultural education should be intensified to wipe out the erroneous impression that Anlo war songs are demonic. Anlo war songs should be documented and taught in schools serving Ewe communities to preserve the cultural heritage of the people. The value in the language used in singing Anlo war songs should be shared with the outer world by translating and publishing them in the local and foreign languages.&#x0D;

Mitochondria as the powerhouses of sexual selection: Testing mechanistic links between development, cellular respiration, and bird song

The developmental environment can affect the expression of sexually selected traits in adulthood. The physiological mechanisms that modulate such effects remain a matter of intense debate. Here, we test the role of the developmental environment in shaping adult mitochondrial function and link mitochondrial function to expression of a sexually selected trait in males (bird song). We exposed male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to corticosterone (CORT) treatment during development. After males reached adulthood, we quantified mitochondrial function from whole red blood cells and measured baseline CORT and testosterone levels, body condition/composition, and song structure. CORT-treated males had mitochondria that were less efficient (FCRL/R) and used a lower proportion of maximum capacity (FCRR/ETS) than control males. Additionally, CORT-treated males had higher baseline levels of CORT as adults compared to control males. Using structural equation modelling, we found that the effects of CORT treatment during development on adult mitochondrial function were indirect and modulated by baseline CORT levels, which are programmed by CORT treatment during development. Developmental treatment also had an indirect effect on song peak frequency. Males treated with CORT during development sang songs with higher peak frequency than control males, but this effect was modulated through increased CORT levels and by a decrease in FCRR/ETS. CORT-treated males had smaller tarsi compared to control males; however, there were no associations between body size and measures of song frequency. Here, we provide the first evidence supporting links between the developmental environment, mitochondrial function, and the expression of a sexually selected trait (bird song).