Simultaneous Removal Of Cd Research Articles

Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and phosphate by nanoscale zero-valent iron from solution: Co-sorption and implication of corrosion

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been extensively utilized in environmental remediation, but its reactivity in the presence of co-contaminants requires further investigation for effective application in complex environments. Here, we conducted batch removal experiments to systematically investigate the co-removal behaviors of Cd(II) and phosphate by nZVI. Results showed that nZVI can synergistically remove Cd(II) and phosphate in solution, with the removal efficiency of Cd(II) and phosphate in the binary system being approximately 2 and 5 times higher than those in the single system, respectively. Sequential removal experiments combined with characterization analysis revealed the co-sorption of Cd(II) and phosphate onto the corrosion product of nZVI mainly by forming the ternary complexes (≡Fe–P–Cd). The Fe(OH)2 formed as the initial nZVI corrosion product provides numerous active sites for immobilization of Cd(II) and phosphate. Such effective co-sorption of Fe(OH)2 inhibits its subsequent phase transformation to Fe3O4. Overall, our work sheds light on how nZVI, Cd(II), and phosphate interact in solution as well as highlights the influence of phase transformation on co-removal, which can broaden the potential applications of nZVI in the practical environment.

The performance and mechanism of sulfidated nano-zero-valent iron for the simultaneous stabilization of arsenic and cadmium

Co-contamination of soil and groundwater with arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) is widespread. Sulfidized Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (S-nZVI) is effective in removing As and Cd from contaminated environments. However, the mechanisms governing As and Cd removal from systems containing both species are still unclear. This study investigated the effectiveness of S-nZVI in the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(III) from contaminated solutions and their interaction mechanisms. Adsorption experiments were conducted under aerobic conditions to investigate the effect of Cd(II) and As(III) on their co-immobilisation at different As(III) and Cd(II) concentrations. S-nZVI was characterised before and after the reaction to elucidate the mechanism of its simultaneous immobilisation of As(III) and Cd(II). Batch experiments revealed that the presence of Cd(II) and As(III) together considerably promotes the passivation of S-nZVI. The adsorption of Cd(II) at Cd:As = 1:3 was 198.37 mg/g, which was 27.6 % higher than that in Cd(II)-only systems, and the adsorption of As(III) at As:Cd = 1:3 was 204.05 mg/g, which was 175 % higher than that in As(III)-only systems. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the removal of Cd(II) and As(III) by S-nZVI involves electrostatic adsorption, complexation and oxidation reactions, amongst which electrostatic adsorption and ternary-complex generation are responsible for the synergistic effect. As and Cd ions can form two types of surface complexes with FeOH or FeS on the outer layer of S-nZVI: anionic bridging to form Fe–As–Cd and cationic bridging to form Fe–Cd–As. This investigation elucidates the synergistic action of Cd(II) and As(III) during their removal using S-nZVI. Thus, S-nZVI is a promising material for the combined removal of Cd(II) and As(III), which can mitigate environmental pollution.

Simultaneous removal of Cd and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by ZVI/biochar composite in water: Compound effects and removal mechanism

The combined pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics in wastewater does great harm to the ecological environment in recent years. In this work, ZVI/biochar (Fe@C) was prepared by a simple green method and was used to remove Cd2+ and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (HCIP) from aqueous solution. The material has shown splendid efficiency in the simultaneous adsorption of Cd2+ and degradation of HCIP. The adsorption isotherms results exhibited that the adsorption capacity of the Fe@C for Cd2+ and HCIP was 367.95 and 262.76 mg/g, respectively. The TOC removal efficiency reached 33.64 % after degradation for 4 h. The adsorption mechanisms of Cd2+ were precipitation adsorption and complex formation with oxygen-containing functional groups, while the HCIP were cation bridging, electrostatic interactions, π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction, and Cd2+ could act as a bridge. The adsorption of Cd2+ was enhanced because of the existence of HCIP. The degradation of HCIP was promoted visibly due to the complexation of Cd2+ and HCIP. The quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis showed that the superoxide free radical (O2·−) rather than SO4·− and ·OH was the main species leading to HCIP degradation. This work provides a simple, green and low-cost way for the preparation of environmental remediation materials, and can effectively achieve co-removal of Cd2+ and HCIP, which has potential application prospects.

Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(V) by ferrihydrite-biochar composite: Enhanced effects of As(V) on Cd(II) adsorption

The coexistence of cadmium (Cd(II)) and arsenate (As(V)) pollution has long been an environmental problem. Biochar, a porous carbonaceous material with tunable functionality, has been used for the remediation of contaminated soils. However, it is still challenging for the dynamic quantification and mechanistic understanding of the simultaneous sequestration of multi-metals in biochar-engineered environment, especially in the presence of anions. In this study, ferrihydrite was coprecipitated with biochar to investigate how ferrihydrite-biochar composite affects the fate of heavy metals, especially in the coexistence of Cd(II) and As(V). In the solution system containing both Cd(II) and As(V), the maximum adsorption capacities of ferrihydrite-biochar composite for Cd(II) and As(V) reached 82.03 µmol/g and 531.53 µmol/g, respectively, much higher than those of the pure biochar (26.90 µmol/g for Cd(II), and 40.24 µmol/g for As(V)) and ferrihydrite (42.26 µmol/g for Cd(II), and 248.25 µmol/g for As(V)). Cd(II) adsorption increased in the presence of As(V), possibly due to the changes in composite surface charge in the presence of As(V), and the increased dispersion of ferrihydrite by biochar. Further microscopic and mechanistic results showed that Cd(II) complexed with both biochar and ferrihydrite, while As(V) was mainly complexed by ferrihydrite in the Cd(II) and As(V) coexistence system. Ferrihydrite posed vital importance for the co-adsorption of Cd(II) and As(V). The different distribution patterns revealed by this study help to a deeper understanding of the behaviors of cations and anions in the natural environment.

Adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of simultaneous cadmium and fluoride removal on waste bovine bone from aqueous solution

Cadmium (Cd2+) and fluoride (F-) are frequently detected simultaneously in wastewater. Simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and F- in wastewater is urgent. In this study, bovine bone meal (BBM), mainly consisted of hydroxyapatite, was used as a green adsorbent for Cd2+ and F- adsorption in single and binary solutions. The results showed that with the increase of pH, the uptake ability of BBM towards Cd2+ and F- showed an upward and downward trend, respectively, suggesting that electrostatic interaction was an important mechanism. Cl- and NO3- had little effect on Cd2+ and F- adsorption, while H2PO4- enhanced adsorption capacities. The kinetic data of Cd2+ and F- removal were successfully described by pseudo-second order model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of Cd2+ obtained from the Langmuir model was 78.969 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm of F- was consistent with S-type and satisfied with the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model. In the binary system, F- slightly decreased the adsorption capacity of BBM on Cd2+, while Cd2+ increased the adsorption capacity of BBM on high-concentration F- from 38.724 to 86.966 mg/g. This study provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for separate and simultaneous removals of Cd2+ and F- from water, which provides a practicable way for the treatment of cadmium-fluorine wastewater and resource utilization of bovine bone.

Application of Orange Peel Waste as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue and Cd2+ Simultaneous Remediation.

Pollution by dyes and heavy metals is one of the main concerns at the environmental level due to their toxicity and inefficient elimination by traditional water treatment. Orange peel (OP) without any treatment was applied to effectively eliminate methylene blue (MB) and cadmium ions (Cd2+) in mono- and multicomponent systems. Although the single adsorption processes for MB and Cd2+ have been investigated, the effects and mechanisms of interactions among multicomponent systems are still unclear. Batch experiments showed that in monocomponent systems, the maximum adsorption capacities were 0.7824 mmol g−1 for MB and 0.2884 mmol g−1 for Cd2+, while in multicomponent systems (Cd2+ and MB), both contaminants competed for the adsorption sites on OP. Particularly, a synergic effect was observed since the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ increased compared to the monocomponent system. Results of desorption and adsorbent reuse confirmed that the adsorbent presents good regeneration performance. The low cost of this material and its capacity for the individual or simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and MB in aqueous solutions makes it a potential adsorbent for polluted water treatment processes.

Simultaneous Removal of Cd(Ii) and As(V) by Ferrihydrite-Biochar Composite: Enhanced Effects of As(V) on Cd(Ii) Adsorption

Simultaneous Removal of Cd(Ii) and As(V) by Ferrihydrite-Biochar Composite: Enhanced Effects of As(V) on Cd(Ii) Adsorption

Novel Silanized Graphene Oxide/TiO2 Multifunctional Nanocomposite Photocatalysts: Simultaneous Removal of Cd2+ and Photodegradation of Phenols under Visible Light Irradiation.

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-TiO2 nanocomposites have exhibited effective photocatalytic degradation of various organic pollutants. However, their poor solubility could limit their application in water and other organic solvents. In this study, new graphene-based cross-linked ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-RGO-TiO2 (ERGT) nanocomposites were synthesized for the removal of Cd(II) and photodegradation of phenol from wastewater by surface-functionalized cross-linking heavy metal chelating agent sodium edetate (EDTA) and photocatalyst titanium dioxide. The structural properties of fabricated nanocomposites were characterized using SEM, TEM, XPS, FTIR, XRD, UV–vis, gas sorption, and Raman spectroscopy analyses. Moreover, the adsorption of Cd(II) and the degradation of phenol under different conditions were studied. The experimental results revealed that the optimal catalytic degradation and adsorption performance could be achieved at pH 5.5, and the maximum absorption ratio of cadmium ions and the degradation efficiency of phenol can reach 178.2 mg/g and 90%, respectively. The results suggested that ERGT is a potential material for the removal of threatening pollutants from wastewater.

Self-immobilized biochar fungal pellet combined with bacterial strain H29 enhanced the removal performance of cadmium and nitrate

A newly isolated strain Phoma sp. ZJ6, which could form fungal pellet (FP) by self-immobilization, was identified. A novel longan seed biochar embedded in FP (BFP) combined with strain H29 (BFP-H29) effectively improved the Cd(II) removal efficiency and simultaneously removed nitrate. The adsorption process of BFP was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model, which demonstrated that the adsorption process was favorable and mainly dominated by chemisorption. Compared with single FP, biochar, and strain H29, BFP-H29 significantly enhanced the Cd(II) removal and the removal ratio reached 90.47%. Meanwhile, the simultaneous removal efficiency of the BFP-H29 for nitrate could reach 93.80%. Characterization analysis demonstrated that the primary removal mechanisms of BFP-H29 were precipitation and surface complexation. BFP-H29 had excellent performance in simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and nitrate, indicating its potential as a promising composite in the removal of cadmium and nitrate in wastewater.

Removal of Cadmium, Zinc, and Manganese from Dilute Aqueous Solutions by Foam Separation

As environmental regulations are becoming stricter, new techniques must be developed for the removal of trace concentrations of heavy metals from mineral processing effluents. Foam separation techniques are an interesting alternative to more conventional processes such as ion exchange because of their efficiency to treat dilute aqueous streams. In this paper, the simultaneous removal of Cd2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ from dilute aqueous solutions was investigated by using sodium dodecyl sulfate as collector and triethylenetetramine as auxiliary ligand via a series of batch-mode flotation experiments. Experimental results showed that Cd2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ can be completely removed in one step under the following conditions: pH 9.50, flotation time = 120 min, auxiliary concentration 0.1 mmol L−1, collector-to-metals molar ratio 2:1, ethanol concentration 0.5% (v/v), and a nitrogen gas flowrate set at 25 mL min−1. An excess in auxiliary ligand concentration yielded to low removal efficiency. The modeled speciation of the examined system suggested that the metals are separated from the bulk solution to the foam phase via a combination of ion flotation and precipitate flotation.Graphical Abstract

Influence of salinity and rare earth elements on simultaneous removal of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb from contaminated waters by living macroalgae

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are of major concern due to their high persistence and toxicity. Recently, rare earth elements (REEs) concentration in aquatic ecosystems has been increasing due to their application in modern technologies. Thus, this work aimed to study, for the first time, the influence of REEs (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium and yttrium) and of salinity (10 and 30) on the removal of PTEs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb) from contaminated waters by living macroalgae (Fucus spiralis, Fucus vesiculosus, Gracilaria sp., Osmundea pinnatifida, Ulva intestinalis and Ulva lactuca). Experiments ran for 168 h, with each macroalga exposed to saline water spiked with the six PTEs and with the six PTEs plus nine REEs (all at 1 μmol L−1) at both salinities. Results showed that all species have high affinity with Hg (90–99% of removal), not being affected neither by salinity changes nor by the presence of other PTEs or REEs. Cd showed the lowest affinity to most macroalgae, with residual concentrations in water varying between 50 and 108 μg L−1, while Pb removal always increased with salinity decline (up to 80% at salinity 10). REEs influence was clearer at salinity 30, and mainly for Pb. No substantial changes were observed in Ni and Hg sorption. For the remaining elements, the effect of REEs varied among algae species. Overall, the results highlight the role of marine macroalgae as living biofilters (particularly U. lactuca), capable of lowering the levels of top priority hazardous substances (particularly Hg) and other PTEs in water, even in the presence of the new emerging contaminants - REEs. Differences in removal efficiency between elements and macroalgae are explained by the contaminant chemistry in water and by macroalgae characteristics.

Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and phenol pollutions through magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites coated polyaniline using low temperature plasma technique

Herein, polyaniline functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composites (PANI-g-MGOs) are successfully prepared through adopting low temperature plasma induced technique. The synthesized PANI-g-MGOs composites having excellent saturation magnetization and physicochemical stabilization can be separated using external magnet and removed simultaneously cadmium ion and phenol contaminants. The underlying interaction mechanisms of PANI-g-MGOs towards cadmium ion and phenol are conducted under coexistence experimental conditions. The adsorption kinetics processes and isotherms performances of cadmium ion and phenol onto PANI-g-MGOs composites can be remarkably imitated with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively. The adsorption performance of Cd(II) ion onto PANI-g-MGOs composites is remarkably increased by coexistent phenol, whereas the adsorption of phenol onto PANI-g-MGOs composites is not influenced with Cd(II) ion coexisting in binary solutions systems. The outer-sphere surface complexation or ion exchange is dominantly assigned to Cd(II) ion adsorption onto PANI-g-MGOs composites at low pH values, and then inner-sphere surface complexation is primary adsorption mechanism at high pH values. The adsorption performance of phenol onto PANI-g-MGOs is contributed to π–π conjugate interaction between aromatic ring of phenol and special structures of PANI-g-MGOs. The experimental results illustrate that PANI-g-MGOs composites can be utilized as latent adsorbents for efficient remove of cadmium ion and phenol from wastewater in environmental remediation.

Selective separation of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) from Pb-Zn smelter wastewater via shear induced dissociation coupling with ultrafiltration

Treatment of Pb-Zn smelter wastewater via complexation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) was studied using copolymer of acrylic acid-maleic acid (PMA) as complexant. The complexing reaction kinetics of M (Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II)) with PMA were examined for the first time and the pseudo-first-order model could be employed to simulate the reaction. The effects of the mass ratio of PMA to metal ions (P/M) and pH on the simultaneous removal of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) via C-UF were investigated, and the optimized P/M and pH are 10 and 7.0, respectively. Furthermore, the shear stability of PMA-Cd, PMA-Zn and PMA-Pb complexes was investigated, and the corresponding critical shear rates (γc), the smallest shear rate at which the complexes begin to dissociate were 1.98×105, 1.81×104 and 1.38×105 s−1, respectively. The selective recovery of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) from Pb-Zn Smelter wastewater as well as the regeneration of PMA were fulfilled by shear induced dissociation coupled with ultrafiltration (SID-UF) according to the difference of critical shear rates of PMA-M complexes, and the regenerated PMA showed almost the same complexation ability as the original.

Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(III) by graphene-like biochar-supported zero-valent iron from irrigation waters under aerobic conditions: Synergistic effects and mechanisms

Irrigation water is commonly contaminated with cadmium and arsenic near mining regions, which significantly contributes to excessive heavy metals in rice grains. Herein, we have developed a novel graphene-like biochar (GB)-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and the underlying mechanisms of synergistic effects between GB and nZVI for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(III) under aerobic conditions. The results show that GB/nZVI has a high removal capacity of 363 mg/g (nZVI) for As(III) at pH 4 and 92.8 mg/g (nZVI) for Cd(II) at pH 7. These values are significantly higher than GB and nZVI (1.7 times for Cd(II); 1.4 times for As(III)) alone, suggesting strong synergistic effects between GB and nZVI. GB promotes nZVI oxidation to form iron oxyhydroxides and causing 35 % of As(III) converting to As(V). Importantly, As(III) significantly enhance Cd(II) removal by GB/nZVI (i.e., 131.8 mg/g as nZVI). Coexisting ions such as phosphate and humic acid have a stronger inhibitory effect on the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(III). Our results indicate that oxidation and surface complexation are the dominant mechanisms and electrostatic binding exists for As(III) removal, while surface complexation predominates for Cd(II) removal. These findings provide insight into developing an effective solution for removing Cd(II)/As(III) from irrigation waters.

Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(III) from co-contaminated aqueous solution by α-FeOOH modified biochar

A novel α-FeOOH modified wheat straw biochar (α-FeOOH@BC) was developed and the findings of the current study showed that α-FeOOH@BC is an efficient material for the simultaneous removal of cations (Cd(II)) and anions (As(III)) from aqueous solutions. The SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis proved that α-FeOOH@BC was covered by α-FeOOH. In the single adsorption system, the maximum adsorption capacities of α-FeOOH@BC for Cd(II) and As(III) were 62.9 and 78.3 mg/g, respectively. In the dual adsorption system, the maximum adsorption capacities of α-FeOOH@BC for Cd(II) and As(III) dropped to 39.3 and 67.2 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption capacities of Cd(II) and As(III) by α-FeOOH@BC were much higher by BC and α-FeOOH both in single and dual adsorbate system. The adsorption results were well fitted by the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics models. The Cd(II) and As(III) co-adsorption on α-FeOOH@BC had a competitive effect, and the dominant adsorption mechanisms were co-precipitation and ion exchange. Our study showed that α-FeOOH@BC could be an effective remediation material for Cd(II) and As(III) co-adsorption from aqueous environment.

Simultaneous removal of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn from synthetic solutions on a hemp‐based felt. III. Real discharge waters

ABSTRACTTwo hemp‐based materials were used as nonconventional adsorbents for the final treatment of industrial discharge waters (DWs) from a metal‐finishing plant. The first adsorbent, referred as HEMP, was a felt made of 100% hemp fiber. The second was the same felt coated with a maltodextrin‐1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic crosslinked polymer (HEMPM) in order to provide ion‐exchange properties to the material by introducing carboxylic groups. The batch experiments showed that both materials exhibited high adsorption capacities toward metal ions present in 12 DWs, leading to concentrations well below those allowed by the French regulation. Measurements of the germination rate of Lactuca sativa seeds and of mobility inhibition of Daphnia magna, used as ecotoxicological tests, were carried out on DWs before and after hemp treatment. The average germination rate before and after treatment were 47.2 ± 4.1 for untreated DWs, 71.2 ± 6.3 for DWs treated by HEMP, and 89.3 ± 4.7 for DWs treated by HEMPM. The EC50 values for four DWs were between 2.1 and 10.4% of DW, indicating high toxicity. After HEMPM treatment, exposure to the DW for 24 h did not cause immobilization (EC50 > 90%). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48823.

Simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution using an upflow Al-electrocoagulation reactor: optimization by response surface methodology.

The presence of heavy metals in the environment has increased, and cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) are considered to be among the most dangerous. An upflow Al-electrocoagulation reactor was used to remove Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions from aqueous media. The system consisted of perforated aluminum circular electrodes for fluid distribution with elimination of external agitation. The effect of different parameters, i.e. current intensity, electrolysis time, concentration of Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions and electrolytic support dose were optimized by response surface methodology. The results indicated that increasing the current intensity and the electrolysis time had a positive effect on the elimination efficiency of the pollutant ions. Likewise, increasing the dose of electrolytic support and decreasing the concentration of the pollutants improved the efficiency of the system. The optimal results were: current intensity of 0.4 A, electrolysis time of 40 min, ion concentration of 44.6 mg·L-1 and electrolytic support dose of 0.56 mg·L-1, with the maximum elimination percentages of 96 ± 3.8% and 96 ± 2.7% for Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively. This study showed that the electrocoagulation process in an upflow electrocoagulation reactor could be successfully applied to remove pollutants from water.

Applying β-cyclodextrin to amaranth inoculated with white-rot fungus for more efficient remediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and BDE-209

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a series of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) concentrations on bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and BDE-209 using amaranth and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, with BDE-209 degrading ability. Results showed that the white-rot fungus was beneficial to the growth of amaranth, Cd uptake and BDE-209 degradation. Addition of β-CD further increased biomass of both shoots and roots, shoot Cd concentrations and contents, chlorophyll concentrations and soil manganese peroxidase (MnP) activities. Furthermore, well-organized mesophyll cells were observed in β-CD treatments, implying that the combination of white-rot fungus and β-CD can alleviate the stresses of Cd and BDE-209 to mesophyll cells. The BDE-209 degradation rate was positively correlated to β-CD concentration and MnP activity in soil. Our results also revealed that RF+β0.8 treatment possessed the greatest Cd removal efficiency due to its well-configured mesophyll cells and the highest shoot biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and shoot Cd concentration. Considering simultaneous removal of Cd and BDE-209 from soil, using 0.8% β-CD to amaranth inoculated with white-rot fungus is a promising way forward for the phytoremediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and BDE-209. A high percentage of mono-BDE was detected in inoculated amaranth, suggesting that BDE-209 was debrominated into low brominated PBDEs by the fungus in soil, which were then absorbed and further debrominated into mono-BDE in the plant.

Simultaneous Removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) Using a Fungal Isolate, Aspergillus penicillioides (F12) from Subarnarekha Estuary

The present study has been undertaken to find out the potential of soil inhabiting fungi within freshwater ecosystem for the bioaccumulation to ensure the removal of such toxic heavy metals from the aquatic system. Several species of soil inhabiting fungi have been isolated from different stretches of Subarnarekha River (upstream, middle part and extreme downstream) at the confluence of the river with sea. Aspergillus penicillioides has been found to exhibit maximum heavy metal tolerance ability up to 1000 ppm of Cd(II), and Pb(II). The strain was identified with amplification and sequencing of ITS genetic system. A. penicillioides has also been observed to produce huge amount of exopolysaccharide that helps in maximum heavy metals immobilization. In such context, it can be inferred that both biomass and exopolysaccharides are supposed to be responsible for heavy metal bioremediation from riverian flow.

Comparative performance of aerobic and anaerobic environments on simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and Mn2+ by Fe–electrocoagulation

Comparative performance of aerobic and anaerobic environments on simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and Mn2+ by Fe–electrocoagulation